27-Hydroxycholesterol/liver X receptor/apolipoprotein E mediates zearalenone-induced intestinal immunosuppression:A key target potentially linking zearalenone and cancer

Zearalenone(ZEN)is a mycotoxin that extensively contaminates food and feed,posing a significant threat to public health.However,the mechanisms behind ZEN-induced intestinal immunotoxicity remain unclear.In this study,Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were exposed to ZEN at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day b.w.for a duration of 14 days.The results demonstrated that ZEN exposure led to notable pathological alterations and immunosuppression within the intestine.Furthermore,ZEN exposure caused a significant reduction in the levels of apolipoprotein E(ApoE)and liver X receptor(LXR)(P<0.05).Conversely,it upregulated the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs)markers(P<0.05)and decreased the presence of 27-hydroxycholesterol(27-HC)in the intestine(P<0.05).It was observed that ApoE or LXR agonists were able to mitigate the immunosuppressive effects induced by ZEN.Additionally,a bioinformatics analysis highlighted that the downregulation of ApoE might elevate the susceptibility to colorectal,breast,and lung cancers.These findings underscore the crucial role of the 27-HC/LXR/ApoE axis disruption in ZEN-induced MDSCs proliferation and subsequent inhibition of T lymphocyte activation within the rat intestine.Notably,ApoE may emerge as a pivotal target linking ZEN exposure to cancer development.

Isorhamnetin protects porcine oocytes from zearalenone-induced reproductive toxicity through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Background Zearalenone(ZEA)widely exists in moldy grains,which seriously destroys the fertility of females.Isorhamnetin,a natural flavonoid,has extensive of pharmacological activities.However,the beneficial effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of isorhamnetin involvement in ZEA-induced porcine oocyte damage have not been investigated.Methods Oocytes were treated with different concentrations of ZEA(3,5,8 and 10μmol/L)and isorhamnetin(5,10,20 and 30μmol/L)for 44 h at 39℃.ZEA(5μmol/L)and isorhamnetin(10μmol/L)were selected for subsequent studies.Polar body exclusion rate,apoptosis rate and apoptosis related proteins,ROS levels and SOD2 protein,mitochondrial membrane potential and distribution,endoplasmic reticulum distribution and proteins expression,and PI3K,Akt and p-Akt proteins expression of oocytes were detected.In addition,the effect of PI3K antagonist(LY294002)on oocyte nuclear maturation and apoptosis were used to determine the involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Results Our findings showed that ZEA exposure damaged oocytes and isorhamnetin therapy restored the developmental capability of porcine oocytes.Isorhamnetin promoted polar body extrusion rate to rescue ZEA-induced meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes.Isorhamnetin alleviated ZEA-induced oxidative stress by stimulating SOD2 protein expression and inhibiting ROS production.Moreover,isorhamnetin enhanced normal mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial membrane potential to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ZEA.Changing the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related marker proteins(CHOP,GRP78)and the distribution rate of normal endoplasmic reticulum showed that isorhamnetin relieved ZEA-caused endoplasmic reticulum stress.Mechanistically,isorhamnetin decreased Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression and inhibited ZEA-induced apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Conclusions Collectively,these results suggest that isorhamnetin protects oocytes from ZEA-caused damage through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,which enhances meiotic maturation and mitochondrial function,and inhibits early apoptosis,oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in porcine oocytes.Our study provides a new strategy for solving the reproductive toxicity induced by ZEA and treating woman infertility.

Adsorption behavior of activated carbon for the elimination of zearalenone during bleaching process of corn oil

Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species.It frequently contaminates cereals used for foods or animal feeds,especially deposited in crude corn oil.Certain amounts of zearalenone can be removed during refining processes.In this study,we studied the influence of activated carbon and six industial absorbents(zeolite,diatomite,attapulgite,perlite,montmorillonite and activated clay)on the elimination of zearalenone during bleaching process of corn oil and explored the absorption mechanism of activated carbon.Results showed that activated carbon had an excellent adsorption capacity of zearalenone compared with the other six industrial adsorbents.For activated carbon,a high removal rate of zearalenone(exceeding 83%)from heavily zearalenone-polluted corn oil was achieved and the removal rate of zearalenone was kept above 60%after five regeneration cycles.The research on the adsorption mechanism of activated carbon showed that Freundlich adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model could well described the adsorption process.The thermodynamic study demonstrated that adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy further revealed that activated carbon was effectively combined with zearalenone viaπ-πinteraction.Thus,activated carbon is an efficient and suitable adsorbent to control the levels of zearalenone during bleaching process of corn oil.This study not only proposed a systematic research scheme for the mechanism study of activated carbon for the elimination of zearalenone in corn oil,but also provided the scientific basis for developing effective methods to eliminate zearalenone in refined vegetable oils.

禾谷镰孢菌产玉米赤霉烯酮毒素zearalenone的PCR检测

玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)是由镰孢菌产生的真菌毒素,该毒素具有雌性激素生物活性。PKS4基因是禾谷镰孢菌中玉米赤霉烯酮生物合成途径中的必需基因。根据PKS4基因序列,设计一对PKS4基因特异性引物,通过检测PKS4基因的存在间接检测ZEN毒素的产生。特异引物在禾谷镰孢菌菌株以及被禾谷镰孢菌侵染的小麦籽粒中都能稳定地扩增出大小为1 076 bp的特异片段,扩增片段与PKS4基因(DQ019316)相同区段序列相似性达99.63%。同时,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)验证了PCR的检测结果,证明了该技术的可靠性。

Alleviation of mycotoxin biodegradation agent on zearalenone and deoxynivalenol toxicosis in immature gilts

Background: The current study was carried out to evaluate the effects of mycotoxin biodegradation agent(MBA, composed of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01 G and Devosia sp. ANSB714) on relieving zearalenone(ZEA) and deoxynivalenol(DON) toxicosis in immature gilts.Methods: A total of forty pre-pubertal female gilts(61.42 ± 1.18 kg) were randomly allocated to four diet treatments: CO(positive control); MO(negative control, ZEA 596.86 μg/kg feed and DON 796 μg/kg feed);COA(CO + 2 g MBA/kg feed); MOA(MO + 2 g MBA/kg feed). Each treatment contained 10 replicates with 1 gilt per replicate. Gilts were housed in an environmentally controlled room with the partially slatted floor.Results: During the entire experimental period of 28 d, average daily gain(ADG) and average daily feed intake(ADFI)of gilts in MO group was significantly reduced compared with those in CO group. The vulva size of gilts was significantly higher in MO group than CO group. In addition, significant increases in the plasma levels of Ig A,Ig G, IL-8, IL-10 and PRL were determined in MO group compared with that in CO group. ZEA and DON in the diet upregulated apoptotic caspase-3 in ovaries and uteri, along with down-regulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in ovaries. The supplementation of MBA into diets co-contaminated with ZEA and DON significantly increased ADG, decreased the vulva sizes, reduced the levels of Ig G, IL-8 and PRL in plasma, and regulated apoptosis in ovaries and uteri of gilts.Conclusions: The present results indicated that feeding diet contaminated with ZEA and DON simultaneously(596.86 μg/kg + 796 μg/kg) had detrimental effects on growth performance, plasma immune function and reproductive status of gilts. And MBA could reduce the negative impacts of these two toxins, believed as a promising feed additive for mitigating toxicosis of ZEA and DON at low levels in gilts.

Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of zearalenone in cereals with a europium chelate as label

A competitive indirect time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay(TRFIA) was developed for detection of zearalenone(ZEN) in cereals,in which ZEN conjugated to bovine serum albumin(BSA) is used as solid-phase antigen.A competitive indirect TRFIA was conducted by simultaneously incubating ZEN in standard or extracted samples with anti-ZEN monoclonal antibody over ZEN-BSA coated plates,and then determining the bound ZEN monoclonal antibody with goat anti-mouse europium conjugate.Samples were extracted with methanol/water...

Modified halloysite nanotubes reduce the toxic effects of zearalenone in gestating sows on growth and muscle development of their offsprings

Background： Zearalenone （ZEN） is an estrogenic mycotoxin that is primarily produced by Fusarium fungi and has been proven to affect the reproductive capacity of many species to varying degrees. The present experiment was designed to study the maternal persistent effects of zearalenone toxicity in gestating sows on growth and muscle development of their offsprings, and the alleviation of zearalenone toxicity by modified halloysite nanotubes （MHNTs）. Methods： Eighteen sows were fed with one of three dietary treatments that included the following： （1） a control diet, （2） a contaminated grain diet （with 50 % moldy corn, 2.77 mg/kg ZEN）, and （3） a contaminated grain diet （with 50 % moldy corn, 2.76 mg/kg ZEN） ＋ 1% MHNTs. Each sow was exclusively fed its experimental diets from 35 to 70 d of gestation at a total of 2 kg daily. Muscle samples were collected from six piglets per treatment at birth, weaning and finishing. Results： The results showed that feeding the sows with the ZEN-contaminated diets from 35 to 70 d of gestation decreased the ADG, ADFI and G：F of their offsprings （P 〈 0.05）. The muscle fiber numbers in the newborn, weaning and growing-finishing pigs and the muscle fiber diameters at birth and weaning were also decreased by maternal ZEN exposure （P 〈 0.05）. The expressions of IGF-I, IGF-II, Myf-5 and Mstn at birth and IGF-II, Pax7, Myf-5 and MyoD1 at weaning were altered by feeding gestating sows with ZEN-contaminated diets （P 〈 0.05）. The MHNTs reduced most of the ZEN-induced toxic effects： the ADG and ADFI on growth performance, the muscle fiber numbers at weaning and finishing and the muscle fiber diameters at weaning （P 〈 0.05）. The expression levels of IGF-II and Mstn in newborn piglets and IGF-II and Myf-5 in weaning piglets were also prevented by adding 1% MHNTs （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： The present study demonstrated that the offsprings of sows fed with ZEN-contaminated diets from 35 to 70 day of gestation exhibited weakening on growth performance, physiological changes in their muscle fibers and alterations of mRNA expression in their muscle tissues, and also indicated that MHNTs prevented most of the ZEN- induced weakening in the muscle tissues.

Occurrence of Aflatoxin B_(1),deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in feeds in China during 2018-2020

Background:The current study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined occurrence of aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1)),deoxynivalenol(DON)and zearalenone(ZEN)in feeds from various Provinces of China during 2018 to 2020.A total of 3,507 feed samples,including 2,090 feed ingredients and 1,417 complete feed samples,were collected from different areas of China for mycotoxins analysis.Results:The individual contamination of AFB_(1),DON and ZEN were present in more than 81.9%,96.4% and 96.9% of feed samples,respectively,with average concentration ranges of AFB_(1) between 1.2-27.4μg/kg,DON between 458.0-1,925.4μg/kg and ZEN between 48.1-326.8μg/kg.Notably,0.9%,0.5% and 0.1% of feed ingredients,and 1.2-12.8%,0.9-2.9% and 0-8.9% of complete feeds for pigs,poultry and ruminants with AFB_(1),ZEN and DON that exceeded China’s safety standards,respectively.Moreover,more than 81.5%of feed ingredients and 95.7% of complete feeds were co-contaminated with various combinations of these mycotoxins.Conclusion:This study indicates that the feeds in China were universally contaminated with AFB_(1),DON and ZEN during the past 3 years.These findings highlight the significance of monitoring mycotoxin contaminant levels in the domestic animal feed,and the importance of carrying out feed administration and remediation strategies for mycotoxin control.

Recent advances in detoxification strategies for zearalenone contamination in food and feed

Zearalenone(ZEN)is a widely distributed mycotoxin that frequently contaminates crops and animal feed.ZEN can cause serious health problems in livestock and humans alike,leading to great economic losses in the food industry and livestock farming.Therefore,approaches for efficient ZEN decontamination in food and feed are urgently needed.Traditional physical and chemical methods may decrease the nutritional quality of food and palatability of feed,or leading to residues and safety concerns.By contrast,biological methods for the removal or degradation of ZEN overcome these problems,especially for biological degradation by microorganisms and specific enzymes extracted from strains that can convert ZEN to less toxic or even completely harmless products.In this review,we comprehensively describe methods for ZEN degradation,focusing especially on biological strategies.Finally,emerging strategies and advice on remaining challenges in biodegradation research are also briefly discussed.

Investigation of the Biochemical and Histological Changes Induced by Zearalenone Mycotoxin on Liver in Male Mice and the Protective Role of Crude Venom Extracted from Jellyfish <i>Cassiopea Andromeda</i>

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species of fungi which contaminate human foods and animal feeds worldwide. In this study hepatotoxicity of ZEN was evaluated in mice by oral adminis-tration of single and repeated doses of ZEN mycotoxin (2.7 mg/kg b.w.). The protective effect of crude venom extracted from jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda was also assessed. Mice were divided into four groups (N = 10). G1: receiving the toxin once and sacrificed 48 h later, G2: toxin administered twice for one week, G3: toxin administered twice a week for two weeks, G4: pretreated orally by a single dose of crude venom (1.78 mg/20g) 24 hours prior to administration of ZEN twice a week for two weeks. Each treated group had its corresponding control which received 1% DMSO sa-line.ZEN treatment significantly increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartateaminotrnsferase (AST) and alka-line phosphatase (ALP) activities after 48 hours and two weeks, while ALT was also significantly increased after one week. Tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) level was undetected in treated and control groups except the group treated with ZEN for one week. Alphafetoprotein (AFP) level was increased significantly only after two weeks. The activity of antioxidants was significantly increased in all groups. ZEN was also found to modify the serum proteins especially gamma-globulin which showed a significant decrease after 48 h and two weeks. Improvement in liver func-tion occurred in the group pretreated with the crude venom, and AFP and antioxidants returned to normal level, while TNF-α level was also undetected. Gamma globulin was significantly increased. The recovery observed in the group which was pretreated with crude venom may related to bradykinin content of this venom which exhibits a hepatoprotective effect. Histological changes in mouse liver coincided with biochemical changes. In conclusion, this study revealed that ZEN induced liver function and structural changes promising an approach for using a crude venom of jellyfish to enhance liver function.

Aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed ingredients and complete feed from different Province in China

Background： The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B_1（AFB_1）,zearalenone（ZEN） and deoxynivalenol（DON） contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015.Methods： A total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble（DDGS）, 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed（powder）, 90 pig complete feed（pellet）, six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China,respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis.Results： The incidence rates of AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %.Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period.Conclusion： The current data provide clear evidence that AFB_1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB_1.Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China.

Review on microbial degradation of zearalenone and aflatoxins

The widespread contamination by mycotoxins,especially zearalenone and aflatoxins,in crops and their by-products has caused severe undesirable effects on human health and commercial trade.Researchers had screened out microorganisms from various media for degrading zearalenone and aflatoxins,and the results of a lot of studies showed that enzymes derived from microbial strains play a key role in degrading mycotoxins.Genetic engineering technology had been applied to improve the heterologously expressed degrading enzymes in several mature microbial hosts such as Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris.The separated and purified recombinant enzyme had high activity in degrading mycotoxins in vitro.This review summarized the types of mycotoxins-degrading microorganisms and enzymes,and the progress on synthesis of heterologously expressed degrading enzymes by genetic engineering technology as well as related researches on improving the effect of degrading enzymes.We also prospected the future development in the study of using recombinant enzymes formed by genetic engineering technology to realize the simultaneous degradation of multiple mycotoxins in crops.

Electrochemical Reduction of Zearalenone

Electrochemical reduction of zearalenone 1 and its derivatives was described. The ratio of a-and b-zearalanol 2 obtained by electrochemical reduction reached 8:1, much higher tan that obtained from catalytic hydrogenation. In addition to of the normal reduction products a rearranged product 5 was isolated. The reduction was supposed to be a electrocatalytical reaction.

基于金纳米花的双信号适配体传感器检测红酒中真菌毒素

构建基于金纳米花(gold nanoflower,AuFL)和适配体的双信号荧光适配体传感器用于同时检测赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)。以AuFL为载体,将含OTA和ZEN适配体的单链DNA共价交联在AuFL表面,进一步将其与两种荧光染料(FAM和Cy3)标记的互补DNA杂交,制备DNA功能化纳米探针。荧光染料和AuFL之间发生荧光共振能量转移(fluorescence resonance energy transfer,FRET)导致纳米探针自身无荧光。加入OTA和ZEN后,FAM和Cy3从探针表面脱落会扰乱FRET过程,导致两者荧光的恢复。优化条件下,该双信号荧光适配体传感器对OTA检测的线性范围为0.05~500 ng/mL,检出限为0.017 ng/mL。对ZEN检测的线性范围为0.1~500ng/mL,检出限为0.033ng/mL。该双信号荧光适配体传感器具有良好的选择性和重现性,并能够成功应用于红酒实际样中OTA和ZEN的检测。

高效液相荧光色谱法同时测定六神曲中黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素A

目的建立一种用免疫亲和柱净化-柱后光化学衍生-高效液相色谱同时检测六神曲中黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素A的方法。方法样品采用60%乙腈超声提取,免疫亲和柱净化,采用XBridge^(®)Phenyl苯基色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈和0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,光化学衍生仪衍生,通过切换荧光波长检测。结果黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素A标准曲线的线性范围分别为0.006~0.108、0.500~2.500和0.202~1.009 ng,6种毒素的线性关系在0.9994以上,检出限分别为1.2、100.0和40.3 ng/ml,平均加标回收率为73.2%~92.3%,相对偏差为2.1%~5.4%。结论该方法具有专属性强、操作方便等特点,能够有效用于六神曲中3种毒素的同时检测和安全质量控制。

电子束辐照对薏苡仁中5种真菌毒素降解率以及甘油三油酸酯含量的影响

为了科学利用电子束辐照技术有效降解薏苡仁中的5种真菌毒素[黄曲霉毒素4种:AFB_(1)、AFB_(2)、AFG_(1)和AFG_(2);玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)],利用高效液相色谱法,测定了不同剂量[0(未辐照)、2、4、6、8、10 kGy)的电子束辐照处理以及适宜剂量电子束辐照结合不同的水分、pH值、双氧水(H_(2)O_(2))处理后薏苡仁中5种真菌毒素降解率以及甘油三油酸酯含量的变化。结果表明:薏苡仁中5种毒素的降解率均随辐照剂量的增大而逐渐提高,其中8 kGy剂量处理的5种毒素降解率与10 kGy剂量处理差异均不显著,因此确定电子束辐照降解薏苡仁中5种毒素的适宜剂量为8 kGy。8 kGy剂量的电子束辐照时,控制薏苡仁水分含量为10%~12%,pH值为8~9,添加1.0%浓度的H_(2)O_(2),薏苡仁中5种真菌毒素的降解率高,且甘油三油酸酯含量仍能达到《中国药典》(2020版)标准。研究结果可为利用电子束辐照降解薏苡仁中5种毒素提供技术支持。

玉米赤霉烯酮对猪的危害及防控研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)是饲料中常见的霉菌毒素之一,主要影响猪的生殖系统、胃肠功能、免疫系统和细胞活力等。当猪摄入被ZEA污染的饲料后,易造成母猪流产、公猪精子活力异常、肠道炎症、降低机体免疫功能以及多种器官(肝脏、肾脏等)炎症反应,并造成细胞异常增殖、细胞氧化损伤等,引起细胞毒性,给养殖业造成严重损失。文章介绍了ZEA的理化性质、在谷物饲料中的限量标准及在猪体内的主要代谢过程,从生殖毒性、肠道毒性、免疫毒性和细胞毒性方面重点阐述了ZEA对猪的临床危害及可能的致病机理,提出了减轻ZEA毒性的主要方法以及防控措施,为推动养猪业的健康发展、确保饲料和肉制品的安全性提供参考。

褪黑素缓解玉米赤霉烯酮引发的卵巢颗粒细胞氧化应激与雌二醇合成异常

旨在研究玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)对卵巢颗粒细胞的毒性作用以及对雌二醇(Estradiol,E2)合成的影响,为筛选缓解ZEN毒性的药物提供参考.试验利用人颗粒细胞系(KGN)建立ZEN细胞攻毒模型,采用CCK⁃8法检测细胞活力,使用试剂盒检测细胞活性氧及线粒体膜电位水平,利用RT⁃qPCR检测E2合成基因的mRNA表达水平;同时,筛选缓解ZEN毒性的药物并验证其挽救作用.结果显示,添加ZEN(0、30、90μM)后,细胞活力随着ZEN浓度的升高而显著降低(P<0.05),细胞内ROS水平增加并且线粒体膜电位水平显著下降(P<0.05),E2合成基因CYP19A1、CYP11A1、STAR及HSD3B的mRNA表达水平显著下调(P<0.05).与ZEN处理组相比,联合添加褪黑素(Melatonin,MT)可以增加活细胞数量并显著提高细胞活力(P<0.05),同时,E2合成基因CYP19A1、CYP11A1、STAR及HSD3B的mRNA表达水平显著上调(P<0.05),细胞内ROS水平及细胞膜电位水平显著恢复.综上,ZEN导致KGN细胞氧化应激及E2合成紊乱,而MT可部分缓解上述中毒症状,提示MT可用于缓解ZEN毒性.

玉米赤霉烯酮毒素生物降解酶研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)及其衍生物是由镰刀菌产生的具有类雌激素效应及细胞毒性的次级代谢产物,广泛存在于受镰刀菌侵染的谷物及其制品中。ZEN不仅影响粮食的品质和产量,也会对人畜生命健康造成威胁。ZEN脱毒方法主要包括物理法、化学法和生物法。生物法特别是生物酶法因反应条件温和、特异性好、脱毒效率高、环保、便捷等优势而具有较高的应用价值。本研究对近年来报道的ZEN降解酶的挖掘、鉴定及其实际应用等方面进行了综述,旨在为ZEN的生物酶法脱毒研究提供参考。

玉米赤霉烯酮在玉米及其副产物中污染现状及生物脱毒研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)是镰刀菌属产生的一种真菌毒素,广泛存在于饲料和饲料原料中,其中玉米及其副产物是ZEN的主要污染对象。鉴于ZEN污染造成的巨大经济损失和健康隐患,迫切需要相关的技术对其进行快速有效脱毒。相较于物理和化学脱毒法的诸多弊端,生物脱毒法因其显著优势被认为是ZEN脱毒技术的最佳方法。本文通过概述ZEN的危害及限量标准,系统总结ZEN在玉米及其副产物中的污染现状,列举了可用于ZEN解毒的微生物,讨论了ZEN脱毒的生物学机制,以期为ZEN生物脱毒技术研究和实际应用提供理论依据。