Nest-site selection pattern of Grus japonensis in Zhalong Nature Reserve of northeast China

Nest-site selection patterns of Red-crowned cranes（Grus japonensis） and the effects of environmental variables were studied during the years of 2002-2008 in Zhalong Nature Reserve,Qiqihar city,northeast China.The nest-site selection pattern of Red-crowned cranes included two orders and three choices：the choice of nest-site habitat type within the macro-habitat order,nest zone selection and nest-site micro-habitat selection within the micro-habitat order.Various habitats（such as Carex swamps and reed fire districts） can be selected as the nest sites for Red-crowned cranes,of which reed swamps（93.15%） are given a preference.Factor Analysis reveals that the micro-habitat selection are affected by four main factors：fire,security（concealment /disturbance）,incubation（conditions,nest-material）,and food.Further analysis reveals that Red-crowned cranes have certain adaptability to the changes of nesting habitat quality in the Zhalong wetlands.In conclusion,fire,reeds,and water were the most important variables for nest-site habitat selection of Red-crowned Cranes in Zhalong Nature Reserve.

Impact of the Zhalong Wetland on Neighboring Land Surface Temperature Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Wetlands play a key role in regulating local climate as well as reducing impacts caused by climate change. Rapid observations of the land surface temperature(LST) are, therefore, valuable for studying the dynamics of wetland systems. With the development of thermal remote sensing technology, LST retrieval with satellite images is a practicable way to detect a wetland and its neighboring area’s thermal environment from a non-point visual angle rather than the traditional detection from a point visual angle. The mono-windows(MW) method of retrieving LST was validated. On the basis of estimated LST, we used Geographical Information System(GIS) technology to study the impact of wetland reclamation on local temperatures at a regional scale. Following that, correlations between LST and the wetland were analyzed. The results show that: 1) It is feasible to retrieve the LST from Landsat 8 OLI satellite images with MW model. The model was validated with the land surface temperature observed in four meteorological stations when the satellite scanned the study region. The satellite retrieval error was approximately 1.01°C. 2) The relationship between the spatial distribution of land surface temperatures and the Zhalong wetland was analyzed based on GIS technology. The results show that wetland has an obvious influence on LST, and that this influence decreases with increasing distance from the wetland. When the distance from the wetland was less than 500 m, its influence on LST was significant. Results also illustrated that the effect of the wetland’s different land use/land cover’s LST distribution varied with different seasons.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS OF SHALLOW LAKE IN THE ZHALONG WETLAND

The Zhalong wetland,a Ramsar listed wetland in China,which is located in the lower reaches of theWuyu’er River,perennially takes in lots of nutrient input of N and P from around the catchment.Nutrient substanceswere especially accumulated in the shallowlakes owning to the low-lying topography.The Xianhe Lake,where is loca-ted in buffer zone of the Zhalong wetland reserve,was chosen as our target area.The spatial variation of nutrient sub-stances in the shallow lakes was discussed and its influence factors were pointed out.The results showed that nitrogenand phosphorus in the wetland water existed mainly in the form of organic ones.The concentration of total nitrogen(TN)ranged from 0.65 mg/L to 10.64 mg/L and total phosphorus(TP) ranged from 0.013 mg/L to 0.052 mg/L.Ratio ofN/P was between 25.6 and 206.5.The water quality of the Xianhe Lake has been contaminated and is in heavy eutroph-ication.Total P has been acting as the major limiting factor.The distribution pattern of nitrogen and phosphorus in wet-land water showed characteristics of internal release except for the stream mouth area.There,the vertical distributions ofnitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were from both exterior source and internal release,and was mainly influenced by ex-terior source during flood period.Strong hydrodynamic disturb contributed to nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients suspen-ding and releasing in the sediments.The nutrients distribution in the water varied independent on regional changes ofdifferent frequency of hydrodynamic disturb.Mineralization and denitrification might be promoted in high frequency hy-drodynamic disturb area.In growing period,the absorption ofPhragmitesto nutrients was an important mechanism of nu-trients descending and spatial variation in the shallow lake.

Nest site selection of white-naped crane(Grus vipio) at Zhalong National Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang, China

White-naped crane （Grus vipio） is a globally threatened spe- cies. It is very important to analyze its nest site selection in circum- stances where there are multiple disturbances, and also helpful to accu- mulate valuable information about this threatened species and supply scientific suggestions for conservation and management. We studied nest site selection and the effects of environmental variables on nesting habits of white-naped crane at Zhalong National Nature Reserve, Qiqihar City, Heilongiiang, China, during March-May of 2002-2008. White-naped crane responded and adapted to changes in the quality of the spatial environments of landscape and microhabitat under multiple environ- mental disturbances. Nest site selection included two scales and two choices, namely the choice of nest site habitat type within the macro-habitat scale and nest site micro-habitat selection within the mi- cro-habitat scale. Nest sites were recorded only in reed marshes. The choice of nest site micro-habitat included three basic elements and six factors, namely incubation element （nest parameters factor, incubation temperature factor and incubation humidity factor）, safety element （pro- tection factor and concealment factor）, and food element （water factor）. Water, remnant reed clusters, and fire were major resource management challenges during the breeding period for the white-naped crane in this Reserve.

Nest site characteristics and nest loss of Marsh Grassbird at Zhalong National Nature Reserve, China

The Marsh Grassbird Locustella pryeri is an uncommon songbird endemic to East Asia. Suitable nest- site selection can minimize nest loss, especially for open- cup and ground nesting passerines. We located and mon- itored 66 Marsh Grassbird nests during 2004-2006 in Zhalong National Nature Reserve, northeast China, to identify characteristics of preferred nest sites. Marsh Grassbird nested mainly at sites with dense vegetation cover, high undergrowth and dry standing reed stalks, as well as small shallow ponds or rivers. Nests were more successful when they were placed higher above ground in patches with greater litter thickness. Predation and flooding were the leading causes of nest failure, accounting for at least 33 and 25 % of 24 nests lost, respectively. We ad- vocate retention of some unharvested reed patches and implementation of irrigation strategies that avoid increas- ing water levels during the breeding period （May-July） of Marsh Grassbirds.

Correlation between the avian community and habitat at different water levels during spring migration in Zhalong National Nature Reserve,China

Zhalong National Nature Reserve （Zhalong） is an important stopover for migratory birds. In recent decades, Zhalong has become the focus of researchers and public discussion in relation to irrigation. We studied relationships between birds and habitats at different water levels to guide development of more effective habitat management measures. We used line transects to survey bird numbers and distribution during April-May from 2005-2009 at Zhalong, and used cluster analysis and Chi-Square tests to analyze data. We recorded 139 bird species of 39 families and 13 orders during spring migration, including Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, Ciconiiformes, Columbiformes, Coraciiformes, Cucu- liformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes, Passeriformes, Pici- formes, Podicipediformes, Strigiformes. Dominant vegetation and geo- graphic region were the main influence factors of avian distribution. Different ecological groups preferred different water levels （p〈0.01） and different habitat types （p〈0.01）. Grallatores, Natatores and Passeres were the main ecological groups in different wetland habitats, and reed marsh and lake are the main habitats for management. Grallatores preferred reed marsh and lake with water levels 〉30 cm and 5-15 cm. Natatores preferred lakes with deep water （〉30 cm）. Passeres preferred open forest and reed marsh with no surface water. Different avian ecological groups occupied specific habitats depending on water level and we recorded some overlaps in bird distribution.

Effects of Climatic Change on Evapotranspiration in Zhalong Wetland,Northeast China

Evapotranspiration (ET) process of plants is controlled by several factors. Besides the physiological factors of plants, height, density, LAI (leaf area index), etc., the change of meteorological factors, such as radiation, temperature, wind and precipitation, can influence ET process evidently, thus remodeling the spatial and temporal distribution of ET. In order to illuminate the effects of meteorological factors on wetland ET, the ET of Zhalong Wetland was calculated from 1961 to 2000, the statistical relationships (models) between ET and maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), precipitation (P) and wind speed at 2m height (U2) were established, and the sensitivity analysis of the variables in the model was performed. The results show that Tmax and Tmin are two dominating factors that influence ET markedly, and the difference of rising rate between Tmax and Tmin determines the change trend of ET. With the climatic scenarios of four General Circulation Models (GCMs), the ET from 2001 to 2060 was predicted by the statistical model. Compared to the period of 1961-2000, the water consumption by ET will increase greatly in the future. According to the scenarios, the rise of Tmax (about 1.5℃ to 3.3℃) and Tmin (about 1.7℃ to 3.5℃) will cause an additional water con- sumption of 14.0%-17.8% for reed swamp. The ecological water demand in Zhalong Wetland will become more severe.

扎龙湿地景观的遥感信息提取

文章以扎龙自然保护区为研究区域,利用2014年与2020年扎龙湿地遥感影像作为数据源,对遥感影像进行处理,获取研究区内各种不同地表类型的训练样点,提取训练样本,得到各自的训练数据,利用神经网络分类方法对整个扎龙湿地地表覆盖类型进行分类,得到扎龙湿地景观类型分类图。通过2014年与2020年2a的影像对比,得出6a来扎龙湿地的各部分面积变化,分析6a间各部分景观面积变化的影响因素,为湿地生态系统的研究及保护工作提供数据基础。结果表明:神经网络分类结果较为精确,2014-2020年6a间,扎龙自然保护区内草地面积增加明显;明水、有水湿地面积略有增加;而农田、盐碱地、以及无水湿地面积减少,其中无水湿地面积减退较多,湿地整体情况稳中向好。

扎龙保护区烟筒屯站春季野生鸟类调查研究

2023年3~5月在黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区烟筒屯站监测范围内,以分层抽样原理和10%抽样强度设置了11条鸟类调查样线,对春季野生鸟类的种群数量、栖息生境进行了监测调查,共记录到鸟类14目23科53种,数量9 314只次。其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)、东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)、黄胸鹀(Emberiza aureola)等6种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物灰鹤(Grus grus)、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)等8种。监测种类最多的为鸻形目共13种,占比24.07%;监测数量上雁形目最多(53.83%),其次为鹤形目(21.56%);优势种为豆雁(Anser fabalis)、白骨顶(Fulica atra)、灰鹤(Grus grus)。鸟类构成以夏候鸟、旅鸟为主,河流湖泊生境的多样性指数最高,草甸草原生境最低。针对烟筒屯站鸟类监测调查现状,提出增加栖息场所、减少人为干扰及完善生态补水路径等相关建议,以期为该区域未来的野生鸟类监测与保护打下坚实基础。

Simulation and evaluation of the water purification function of Zhalong Wetland based on a combined water quantity-quality model

The water purification function of natural wetland systems is widely recognized,but rarely studied or scientifically evaluated.Extensive studies have been carried out by various international wetland research communities to quantify the water quality improvement ability of the natural wetlands,in order to maintain such ability and wetland ecological health.This study aims to evaluate the purification function of Zhalong Wetland in China for removing total nitrogen(TN) and phosphorus(TP),based on ex-situ experiments and the development of a combined water quantity-quality model.Experiments and model predictions were carried out with different input TP and TN concentrations.Statistical analyses demonstrated that the relative errors between model simulations and experimental observations for TN and TP were 8.6% and 12.4%,respectively.With water retention time being maintained at 90 d,the removal rate of these pollutants could not reach the required Grade V standards,if the inflow TN concentration was over 42 mg L-1,or the input TP concentration was over 14 mg L-1.The simulation results also demonstrated that,even with Grade V quality standard compliance,when the water inflow from surrounding industries and agriculture lands into Zhalong Wetland reaches 0.3×10 8 m 3 a-1,the maximum TN and TP loads that the reserve can cope with are 1.26×10 3 t a-1 and 0.42×10 3 t a-1,respectively.Overall,this study has produced a significant amount of information that can be used for the protection of water quality and ecological health of Zhalong Wetland.

扎龙湿地不同生境芦苇功能性状变异及其对土壤因子的响应

物种的遗传特征和外在环境条件的差异共同决定了植物功能性状的表达,植物功能性状可以反映物种对环境条件的适应策略。采用大样本抽样调查与统计分析方法,比较研究扎龙湿地4种生境(盐碱生境、旱生生境、湿生生境和水生生境)芦苇分株和叶功能性状,分析不同生境芦苇功能性状的分异规律及其对土壤因子的响应。结果表明:(1)不同生境芦苇功能性状均表现出中等程度变异。其中分株和叶性状均以盐碱生境最低(P<0.05),分株及除叶面积和比叶面积以外的叶性状均以水生生境最高;株高和株重在种群内的变异系数为15.96%—48.61%和38.65%—87.82%,种群间的变异系数为46.58%和66.39%;叶性状在种群内的变异系数为13.21%—72.37%,种群间的变异系数为26.46%—57.03%;(2)不同生境芦苇功能性状间存在协同变化特征。芦苇的株高、株重、叶长、叶宽、叶面积和叶重之间均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),比叶面积与其他性状的相关性因生境不同存在一定变化;(3)不同生境芦苇的原位土壤因子表现出异质性特征,芦苇功能性状的变异是含水量、pH、有机质和速效氮等土壤因子综合作用的结果。其中含水量、有机质和速效氮为正向驱动,而pH为负向驱动。因此,芦苇通过自我调节功能性状更好地适应不同的生存环境,局域尺度不同生境的土壤因子是引起芦苇功能性状产生分异的导因。

气候变化对扎龙自然保护区植被生产力的影响

[目的]准确了解2010年以来扎龙自然保护区生态变化,为提高湿地生态系统服务价值评估能力提供数据支持和理论参考。[方法]基于遥感、气象、地面协同观测数据,利用CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型、GSMSR(Geostatistical Model of Soil Respiration)模型和回归分析等统计方法,分析气候变化对2010—2020年扎龙自然保护区土地覆盖、植被生态质量、净生态系统生产力(NEP)等的影响。[结果](1)扎龙自然保护区的主要土地覆盖类型为有水草甸,占保护区面积的37.24%,主要分布在核心区,但面积总体呈下降趋势;(2)植被覆盖度呈波动增长趋势,年最高植被覆盖度平均为74.62%;(3)植被生态质量指数呈增加趋势,2019,2020年处于“好”等级;NEP平均为253.59 g/(m^(2)·a)(以C计),呈现东高西低的空间分布特征;(4)生长季平均固碳量为5.69×10^(5) t/a,释氧量1.52×10^(6) t/a,均存在上升趋势;(5)气温对生态监测指标的影响大于降水量。[结论]扎龙自然保护区是嫩江流域生态最为脆弱的区域,植被生产力受气候影响大,需要加强生态保护和修复。

1990—2015年扎龙湿地的景观变化图谱

基于GIS和RS技术,采用动态度、湿地动态变化图谱和质心转移的方法,对1990—2015年扎龙湿地景观的时空动态变化进行分析.结果表明:①扎龙湿地以沼泽湿地为主,占比约为92%;②1990—2015年研究区沼泽湿地和水体的面积均有所增加,水体面积的变化幅度大于沼泽湿地面积的变化幅度,沼泽湿地的质心向西南方向移动,而水体的质心则先向西北后向东北转移;③扎龙湿地面积增加主要受气候变化和人类活动影响.

扎龙自然保护区生态旅游景观环境通用设计改造研究

扎龙自然保护区是我国AAAA级生态旅游景区,是丹顶鹤等珍禽活动的栖息地,每年都吸引大量游客到此观赏和旅游。但是由于残疾人、老年人和体弱的伤病人的客观存在和数量上的持续增长,使现有扎龙自然保护区生态旅游景观环境难以满足所有人的需要。在当今环境下,扎龙自然保护区生态旅游景观存在功能缺失的现象,具体表现为轮椅使用者的功能缺失、拄拐杖者的功能缺失和视觉残疾者的功能缺失。功能缺失远远不适应生态旅游景观环境新的需求,因此,以保护湿地鹤类等生态系统稳定和发展为中心,对扎龙自然保护区生态旅游环境进行通用设计改造,是有效改变扎龙自然保护区生态旅游景观环境的行之有效的方法。通过对景观区域内的轮椅行进过道、存在高差的台阶、提示与行进型盲道、公共环境座椅与视觉识别符号和通用型卫生间等进行设计改造,使扎龙自然保护区生态旅游景观环境真正而切实地达到通用设计原则,从而打造一个碧水蓝天、人鹤共享、环境优美、全民通用的生态景观文旅结合的乐园。

基于景观格局的扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地保护成效评估

【目的】分析扎龙国家级自然保护区的湿地景观格局变化,探究其景观完整性与异质性特征,结合保护区的功能区划,对其各功能区景观动态进行评估,为扎龙保护区的湿地保护和管理提供科学参考。【方法】本研究基于2008年与2018年黑龙江省扎龙国家级自然保护区的TM影像数据,利用ArcGIS10.2.2软件分析保护区景观格局的时空变化情况,对土地利用变化转移进行统计,并利用Fragstats4.2软件完成各指数的计算以及分析,结合实地调查,从景观尺度上对扎龙保护区各功能区的保护成效进行评估。【结果】研究结果表明,2008—2018年扎龙保护区沼泽地的斑块数量与斑块密度均大幅度减少,景观聚集度升高,边界密度和分离度均有所下降。草地、旱地、盐碱地作为扎龙保护区次要组成斑块,其斑块数量、斑块密度、边界密度均呈现少量下降的情况,分离度均呈现上升趋势。通过对景观多样性指数分析结果表明:在景观面积基本不变的情况下,2018年保护区的景观数量为762个、斑块密度0.35个/(100 hm^(2)),均小于2008年的景观数量1304个、斑块密度0.60个/(100 hm^(2));2008—2018年期间景观香农多样性指数由1.38降至1.32,香农均度指数由0.6下降至0.57,2008—2018年扎龙保护区的蔓延度指数由66.55%上升至68.33%。从保护区各功能区的景观面积来看,实验区面积最大为78142.59 hm^(2),大于核心区71403.12 hm^(2)与缓冲区68884.65 hm^(2)。从景观数量上来看,实验区景观数量最高为595个,核心区最低为163个。由斑块密度可知,实验区斑块密度最大为0.76个/(100 hm^(2))。【结论】2008—2018年扎龙保护区景观多样性指数呈现下降趋势,景观完整性与连通性呈现上升趋势,景观的异质性呈现下降趋势,斑块类型趋于单一。保护区主要景观类型(沼泽地)聚集度升高,斑块间连通性增强,而次要斑块则出现破碎化趋势,连通性降低;2018年扎龙保护区功能区的景观完整性由高到低排序为核心区>缓冲区>实验区;异质性由低到高排序为核心区<缓冲区<实验区,核心区景观优于缓冲区与实验区,则说明核心区的保护成效较缓冲区与实验区更好。因此,应结合当地的社会经济情况,建议进一步加强缓冲区与实验区的保护,降低人为干扰,从而促进保护区各功能区的均衡发展。

自然保护区风景旅游绿道规划设计研究——以齐扎公路沿线湿地观光绿道景观设计为例

齐扎公路沿线湿地观光绿道规划设计依托扎龙湿地的优势资源,坚持系统性原则、人性化原则、生态性原则、协调性原则、特色性原则及经济性原则,从绿道景观规划与植物配置两方面入手,结合区域内的风景资源、居民区和旅游资源,突出地域性的景观风格表达,旨在丰富扎龙景区交通多样性,带动途经村镇发展,构建特色,保护生态环境,打造具有北方特色的风景旅游绿道,推进全域景区化建设,服务和促进旅游发展,为自然保护区绿道规划设计探索有效途径。

扎龙湿地藻类优势种生态位及其种间联结性动态分析

为了解扎龙湿地藻类群落结构的季节特征和演替规律,对扎龙湿地藻类群落进行了分析,主要涉及藻类优势度、生态位、MFG功能群划分、生态位重叠值及联结系数分析。结果表明:①在检出的8门311种藻类中,夏季种类丰富度最高,全年优势种为狭形纤维藻和啮蚀隐藻。②优势种种类和密度季节性差异较大,春季以金藻-绿藻种类为主,夏季以绿藻-隐藻种类为主,秋季以隐藻-绿藻种类为主。③生态位宽度值与MFG功能群划分结合分析表明,优势种可分为3个大类别,不同种类对资源利用情况的差异较大,各季节广生态位种能较好的反映扎龙湿地水体环境的季节变化趋势。④生态位重叠值在不同季节上有较大差异,O_(ik)>0.6的占比分别为42.86%(春)、28.57%(夏)和25.00%(秋),表明春季优势种种间资源的竞争最为突出,种间竞争强于夏、秋两季。⑤种间联结性检验结果显示,扎龙湿地藻类优势种间总体联结上呈正关联关系,但是种间联结较为松散,种与种之间相对独立。研究表明,扎龙湿地藻类群落结构生态位测度均存在明显的季节波动,较好反映出水环境季节变化特征,可用来指示湿地水体环境的变化。

扎龙保护区育苇场站鸟类多样性研究

于2022年3月至2023年5月在黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区育苇场站监测范围内,采用样线法、样点法对该区域中的芦苇沼泽、草甸草原、农田及河流湖泊4种主要生境类型的野生鸟类资源多样性情况开展了调查,主要从监测鸟类的物种组成、保护级别及群落特征等维度进行了统计学分析。调查结果表明:共记录野生鸟类70种,隶属于13目23科41属,累计监测数量59851只次,其中包括7种国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类、18种国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类;在监测种类、数量上,最多均是雁形目鸟类,分别为15种、28452只次,优势种为豆雁(Anser fabalis)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)、灰鹤(Grus grus);鸟类构成以夏候鸟、旅鸟为主,芦苇沼泽生境的鸟类多样性指数最高、农田生境最低。针对育苇场站野生鸟类资源监测调查现状,提出了科学设置禁渔期、增加觅食栖息场所等相关建议,以期为该地区未来鸟类多样性的监测与研究提供基础资料与实际借鉴。

国家自然保护区湿地边界划分与质量评价研究——以扎龙国家级自然保护区为例

本文以扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地为研究对象,采用抽样土地调查和遥感调查技术相结合的方法,建立扎龙国家自然保护区的湿地质量评价指标体系。经过调查评估发现,扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地水资源相对稀缺,自然降雨无法维持湿地的生存,水资源得分为65分;土壤状况良好,土壤质量得分为80分;土壤有机质含量较高,得分为100分;湿地破碎化程度相对较重,景观格局指数得分最低,为49分。对扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地状况的分析可以为未来其他保护区的分析提供一些思路和线索。

扎龙湿地生态系统服务价值评价

从避免重复计算的角度出发,将湿地生态系统服务分为最终服务和中间服务两部分,以最终服务的价值作为湿地生态系统服务的总价值。以扎龙湿地为例,其最终服务包括物质生产、土壤保持、水质净化、气候调节、固碳、调蓄洪水、大气调节、休闲旅游、科研教育和授粉服务,中间服务包括净初级生产力、营养循环、涵养水源、地下水补给和生物多样性维持服务,采用市场价值法、替代成本法和旅行费用法等生态经济学方法对扎龙湿地的生态系统服务进行了评价。结果表明,2011年扎龙湿地生态系统服务总价值为679.4亿元,中间服务价值为471.5亿元,各项最终服务的价值大小为气候调节>调蓄洪水>大气调节>固碳>休闲旅游>授粉服务>物质生产>水质净化>科研教育>土壤保持。扎龙湿地不仅是重要的蓄洪区和泥碳储存地,在区域气候调节方面也起着巨大的作用。针对扎龙湿地的管理,应该保护和恢复湿地面积,同时注意适当的增加旅游。