Relocation and seismogenic structure of the 1998 Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence

On January 10, 1998, an earthquake of ML=6.2 occurred in the border region between the Zhangbei County and Shangyi County of Hebei Province. This earthquake has been the most significant event occurred in the northern China in the recent years. Historical seismicity in the Zhangbei-Shangyi region was very low. In the epicentral area no active fault capable of generating a moderate earthquake like this event was found. The earthquake locations of the main shock and its aftershocks of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence given by several agencies and authors were diverse and the resulted hypocentral distribution revealed no any dominant horizontal lineation. To study the seismogenic structure of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake, in this paper the main shock and its aftershocks with ML3.0 of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence were relocated using the master event relative relocation algorithm. The relocated results show that the epicentral location of the main shock was 41.145癗, 114.462癊, which was located 4 km to the NE of the macro-epicenter of the main shock. The relocated focal depth of the main shock was 15 km. The hypocenters of the aftershocks distributed in a nearly vertical N20E-striking plane and its vicinity. The relocated results of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence clearly indicated that the seismogenic structure of this event was a nearly N-S- to NNE-SSW-striking fault with right-lateral and reverse slip, and that the occurrence of this event was associated with the horizontal and ENE-oriented compressive tectonic stress, which was compatible with the tectonic stress field in the northern China.

The Crust-Mantle Structure in Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake Area

The seismic data obtained from the wide angle reflection and refraction profiles that pass through Zhangjiakou area of Hebei Province were interpreted. Some conclusions drawn from the result are as follows: (1) The nearly EW-trending Zhangbei-Chongli crustal fault zone and WNW-trending Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea deep crustal fault zone meet in the Zhangbei earthquake (Ms = 6.2) area; (2) At the intersection, the two deep crustal fault zones that stretch to the Moho and the discontinuities of interfaces within the crust form the path for large area basalt eruption in Hannuoba; (3) In the earthquake area, the local velocity reversal in the middle-upper crust and abnormal low velocity zone in the lower crust imply that the magmatic activity there is still fairly violent; and (4) The recent activity of Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea deep crustal fault zone may be the main cause of the Zhangbei earthquake.

Probable satellite thermal infrared anomaly before the Zhangbei M_s=6.2 earthquake on January 10, 1998

This paper used the thermal infrared data of the satellite NOAA-AAVHRR of the north pat of North China (113°~119°E, 38°~42°N), and processed the remote sensing data through radiation adjustment, geometric adjust ment and so on by the software 'The Monitoring and Fast Process System of Earthquake Precursor Thermal Infra red Anomaly', inversed the each surface temperature. Some disturbances effect had been excluded, and thermal infrared temperature anomaly had been extracted by the picture difference method. The Zhangbei M_s=6.2 earth quake is used as the example in the paper, so that in the paper thermal infrared characteristics on time-space before earthquake and the relationship between the anomaly and the earthquake prediction have been summarized. Within more than ten days before the Zhangbei earthquake, the thermal infrared anomaly had emerged widely along Zhangjiakou-Bobal seismic belt, and the anomalous region seemed like a belt and it is also consistent with the tectonic background there; the anomaly expanded from the outside toward the earthquake focus, but the focus lay at the edge of the thermal infrared region. So it is possible to explore a new anomaly observation method for earthquake prediction by observing and studying the satellite thermal infrared anomaly before big earthquakes happen.

Relocation of the 1998 Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence using the double difference earthquake location algorithm

On January 10, 1998, at 11h50min Beijing Time (03h50min UTC), an earthquake of ML=6.2 occurred in the border region between the Zhangbei County and Shangyi County of Hebei Province. This earthquake is the most significant event to have occurred in northern China in the recent years. The earthquake-generating structure of this event was not clear due to no active fault capable of generating a moderate earthquake was found in the epicentral area, nor surface ruptures with any predominate orientation were observed, no distinct orientation of its aftershock distribution given by routine earthquake location was shown. To study the seismogenic structure of the Zhangbei- Shangyi earthquake, the main shock and its aftershocks with ML3.0 of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence were relocated by the authors of this paper in 2002 using the master event relative relocation technique. The relocated epicenter of the main shock was located at 41.145癗, 114.462癊, which was located 4 km to the NE of the macro-epicenter of this event. The relocated focal depth of the main shock was 15 km. Hypocenters of the aftershocks distributed in a nearly vertical plane striking 180~200 and its vicinity. The relocated results of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence clearly indicated that the seismogenic structure of this event was a NNE-SSW-striking fault with right-lateral and reverse slip. In this paper, a relocation of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence has been done using the double difference earthquake location algorithm (DD algorithm), and consistent results with that obtained by the master event technique were obtained. The relocated hypocenters of the main shock are located at 41.131癗, 114.456癊, which was located 2.5 km to the NE of the macro-epicenter of the main shock. The relocated focal depth of the main shock was 12.8 km. Hypocenters of the aftershocks also distributed in a nearly vertical N10E-striking plane and its vicinity. The relocated results using DD algorithm clearly indicated that the seismogenic structure of this event was a NNE-striking fault again.

The complexity feature of crust-mantle boundary in Zhangbei seismic region and its tectonic implication

The ProP waveform data obtained from a deep seismic sounding profile, which ran through Zhangbei seismic region, were processed by means of both seismic wave complexity coefficient and frequency spectrum analysis methods, and the complexity characteristics of crest-mantle boundary beneath the studied area and its adjacent region were determined. The results show that the place below epicenter can be taken as boundary, the northern side of which is Inner Mongolia axis with small complexity coefficient and the southern side of which is Huai＇an basin with large complexity coefficient. The different spectrum patterns at the two sides of the epicenter were inferred from spectrum analysis. In the epicentral area, there have been multi-period magmatic eruptions since Meso-Cenozoic and craters exist at the surface. From the velocity imaging of middle and upper crust in Zhangbei seismic region it can be found that there are crustal low velocity bodies around the craters and also there are low velocity zones, which went into deep crust. It is suggested that the distinct zones of crust-mantle boundary complexity may be the margin, where the magma had intruded due to magma activity in Meso-Cenozoic. The southern side with large complexity coefficient is deep magmatic activity area and the northern side with small complexity coefficient is stable crust-mantle tectonics. The difference of crust-mantle complexity provides deep background for the development of strong earthquake.

An analysis of anomalous weather and climate around the M_S=6.2 earthquake of Zhangbei region

Through analysis we found that some mesoscale anomalous regions (10 1～10 2 km) of meteorological parameters such as the special drought areas, unusual warm areas, the largest snowfall center, low pressure area together with the epicenter area of M S=6.2 Zhangbei earthquake on January 10, 1998 are located at the same area, i.e. there appears the ″Five areas corresponding″ phenomenon. Meanwhile, three times of low pressure evolution are generated and develop in the earthquake area in five days after the occurrence of the earthquake. The abnormal variation of the lower limit of frozen soil layer shows indirectly that unusual warm in earthquake areas are related to the upward thermal conduction from the deeper layer of earth surface.

Crustal Movement in the Northern Part of North China Associated with Zhangbei Earthquake

Crustal Deformation Monitoring Center, China Seismological Bureau, Tianjin 300180, China Crustal deformation in the northern part of North China associated with Zhangbei earthquake is analyzed using GPS data collected during 1992, 1996 and 1999, precise re-leveling data collected during 1992, 1998 and 2000, and INSAR result (September 22, 1997～May 6, 1998). The results indicate: ① The vertical deformation is not remarkable since 1992. The vertical crustal deformation in the central and northern part of North China in recent 10 years is of inheritance. The scope of the significant deformation is 15km×15km with a magnitude of 250mm when the event occurred. ② The horizontal deformation is not remarkable in any unit of North China. ③ Before and after the event (1992～1996 and 1996～1999), there is kinematic change of horizontal motion between different units. The activity mode along Yinshan tectonic zone changed from relative static state to left-lateral strike slip; The dominant extensional movement along Shanxi rift zone changed to right-lateral strike slip; Yanshan tectonic zone changed from left-lateral strike-slip with extension to left-lateral strike slip; Yanshan-Hebei transitional zone formed before the event disappeared after the event. ④ The scale of the deformation is closely related to the physical property of media and geological structure environment. Further analysis indicates that ① Zhangbei earthquake does not mean that the earthquake activity begins to be strengthened in North China; ② The crustal movement is normal at present; ③ Next stronger earthquake in North China might be located in Yanshan tectonic zone, especially at its both ends, and Shanxi tectonic zone.

Seismotectonic Environment for Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake and Characteristics of Macroscopic Damage

The regional seismotectonic environment for the Zhangbei- Shangyi earthquake is described, and in combination with the distribution of macroscopic seismic intensity, source mechanism solution, and interpretation of lineaments on satellite images, the seismogenic structure for the earthquake and possible seismogenic fault are discussed in this paper. It is suggested that the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake is a result of the latest movement along the northwestern termination of the Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault zone and we should pay serious attention to the future trend of seismic activity along this fault zone.

Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle Beneath the Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake Area and Its Surroundings

The study of deep-seated structure in the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake area and its surroundings indicates that in comparison with the Shanxi rift system, the North China rifted basin, the Yanshanian fold belt on both sides, and the Zhangjiakou-Penglai tectonic belt have lower resistivity, and a distinctly different velocity interface in the crust and depth distribution of Moho discontinuity. The Yanqing- Huai’lai basin bisects the Zhangjiakou-Penglai tectonic belt into two segments, the northwestern and the southeastern segments. The latest magnetotelluric sounding and investigation indicate that the electrical structure within the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake area is different to a certain degree from that in its surroundings. There exists a nearly NNW-trending structure in the crust. The main shock and most aftershocks occurred above the low-resistivity zone in the crust.

Tracing Subsurface Fluid Anomalies Before Zhangbei-Shangyi Earthquake and Prediction of the Earthquake

High-value subsurface fluid anomalies appeared in the northern part of North China region for more than two years before the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake. Some of the anomalies have appeared alternately and were correlated with moderate and moderately strong earthquakes in the region during the last year (1997). Typical short-term subsurface fluid anomalies have appeared in the area at 100 km ~ 200 km distance from the epicenter for two months before an earthquake. Tracing these anomalies during the last two years and repeatedly improving the knowledge of seismic regime, we have more successfully performed short-term and imminent earthquake prediction at half a month before its occurrence.

The coseismic displacement field of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake mapped by differ-ential radar interferometry

The coscismic deformation produced by 1998 earthquake (M8 = 6.2) in Zhangbei-Shangyi of northern China is measured by the differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (D-InSAR) technique using the European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS) SAR data. Interferograms are constructed from the ERS-1/2 SAR data by the three-pass method. The line-of-sight displacement map indicates that the deformation center of the earthquake is located at E114°20’, N40°57’, with the maximum uplift of 25 cm. The extent of the displacement is around 300 km2. The focal mechanism and earthquake-induced structures are analyzed based on the spatial distribution of the deformation. The results give new insights into the seismic mechanism study.

Focal mechanism analysis and parameter estimation of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake from differential SAR inter-ferometry

On 10 January, 1998 an earthquake of Ms=6.2 occurred in the Zhangbei-Shangyi region of North China. The surface seismic deformation was measured in the previous study using the 3 pass ERS-1/2 SAR differential inter-ferometric technology (D-INSAR). In this note the focal mechanism of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake is estimated from the D-INSAR measurement of surface deformation based on a standard elastic dislocation model for seismic displacement. The inversion procedure is an iterative, linear least-squares algorithm. Through the relation between the focal parameters and displacement in the line of sight direc-tion measured in the radar interferogram, the optimum focal parameter set is derived. The results show that the seismic fault of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake is a thrust fault dip-ping SW with a large right-lateral displacement component. The strike and dip are 95°and 30°respectively on a fault patch of 12 km long by 14 km wide. Its hypocenter is located at N40°58’, E114°21’, and 7.5 km in depth.

甘肃省白银市四龙镇—北湾镇耕地区土壤重金属现状及生态风险评价

[研究目的]甘肃省白银地区矿业发达,矿山开采导致土壤重金属污染严重,掌握当地土壤重金属污染及对生态健康风险的影响对生态环境保护具有重要意义。[研究方法]以甘肃省白银地区四龙镇一北湾镇耕地区表层土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法四种方法对区内表层土壤重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)污染进行了分析和评价。[研究结果]单因子指数法统计结果显示研究区土壤污染主要为Cd、As的污染,单因子指数PCd显示89.21%的土壤为一等清洁,8.63%为二等轻微污染,0.72%为三等轻度污染,1.44%为四等中度污染。单因子指数PAs显示94.24%为土壤为一等清洁,5.04%为二等轻微污染,0.72%四等中度污染。内梅罗综合指数Pz介于0.339~2.869,均值为0.603;Pz显示85.61%的土壤为清洁,7.91%为轻微污染,5.04%为轻度污染,1.44%为中度污染。地积累指数法结果显示研究区土壤重金属污染总体处于0~2级,以Cd、Hg、As、Pb污染为主。潜在生态危害指数法结果显示,研究区污染以Cd、Hg污染为主;Cd潜在生态风险最大,10.07%属于中潜在风险,5.04%属于较高潜在风险,1.44%属于很高潜在风险;潜在生态危害综合指数平均值为211.80,表明该地区土壤总体处于中等危害程度。四种方法评价结果总体一致,即研究区以Cd、As、Hg污染为主,应加强监测。[结论]以黄河为界对调查区进行分区研究,结果显示北岸灌淤土区(B区)污染最为严重,与东大沟河交界位置污染程度最高,水体及底泥样品重金属分析结果也证实东大沟河污染也较为明显,进一步证实了研究区北部主要受白银矿山东大沟河流域污染为主,而黄河南岸土壤相对清洁,但也受到不同程度的影响。近些年,随着引黄灌溉及矿山环境治理等措施,土壤污染有所缓解,但土壤中累积的重金属需要长时间的自然降解或迁移,对高风险区仍应加强监测及治理。

河北省张北地区土壤和莜麦重金属含量及健康风险研究

为探讨河北省张北地区土壤和莜麦中重金属元素含量及健康风险,选择17个适宜采样点进行表层土壤和莜麦籽实样品的采集,通过单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和富集系数分别对土壤质量和重金属元素从土壤向莜麦迁移能力进行研究。结果表明:研究区土壤和莜麦中重金属含量远低于国家标准,品质安全健康;区内重金属元素在土壤-莜麦系统中富集能力为Zn>Cu>Ni>Cd>As>Pb>Cr=Hg, Ni、Cu和Zn的富集系数远高于Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb, Cd迁移能力很弱,As、Pb几乎不发生迁移,Cr、Hg不发生迁移。

基于神经网络模型的富硒特色农作物产区预测——以河北省张北县为例

【研究目的】近年来,富硒产业迅速发展,但因土壤硒含量与农作物籽实硒含量并没有显著的正相关关系,依据土壤硒含量进行富硒农产品种植区划具有一定的不确定性。因此,如何通过建立农产品富硒模型预测富硒农产品产出区,进行合理规划是急需解决的科学问题。【研究方法】本文以河北省张北县农作物、土壤为研究对象,在测试土壤pH、有机碳、SiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)、CaO、MgO、Fe_(2)O_(3)、K_(2)O、Na_(2)O、Se等指标和搜集1/25万多目标区域地球化学数据的基础上,研究了农作物吸收硒的影响因素,建立了基于神经网络的农作物硒含量预测模型,进行富硒特色农作物产出区的预测。【研究结果】张北县表层土壤中仅有2.31%的点位达到了富硒土壤标准,主要分布在三号乡北部地区。满足富硒标准的莜麦有6件,富硒率为16.67%,亚麻有7件,富硒率为21.86%。亚麻、莜麦对硒的富集能力与土壤中的有机碳、Al_(2)O_(3)、Fe_(2)O_(3)含量呈负相关关系,与pH值呈正相关关系。据此,通过机器学习构建了亚麻、莜麦籽实硒含量预测模型,结果较为可靠。富硒亚麻、莜麦的可能产区主要分布在张北、小二台、台路沟、油娄沟、郝家营等乡镇,产出区面积分别为2486 km^(2)和2406 km^(2)。【结论】通过农作物富硒预测模型圈定的富硒作物产区面积远大于富硒土壤面积,对张北县发展富硒农业具有十分重要的意义。

张北-尚义地震的地震构造环境与宏观破坏特征

阐述了张北－尚义地震的区域地震构造环境，结合本次地震的宏观烈度分布、震源机制解和震区卫星影像的线性构造解释等资料，讨论了地震的孕震构造和可能的发震断层，认为本次地震是张家口－蓬莱断裂带北西端最新活动的结果，北西向的张家口－蓬莱断裂带未来的地震活动趋势应引起重视。

张北-尚义地震前后电阻率的变化及分析

在张北－尚义地震区震前已有大地电磁资料测点（５１１点）进行了两次重复观测，在震中区测点（ＭＭＣ点）进行了连续４昼夜的观测。测量结果显示：（１）与震前资料相比，５１１测点沿电性构造走向方向（ＮＮＷ）在０．２～４ｓ周期范围内的视电阻率减小，垂直走向方向的视电阻率增大；（２）ＭＭＣ测点两个方向在０．２～１０ｓ周期范围内的视电阻率随测量时间逐渐增大；（３）５１１测点两次重复观测和ＭＭＣ的观测可能都反映出震后电阻率正在逐渐恢复。此外，还对地震前后地下结构的变化进行了分析。初步推测，观测到的电阻率变化是由于地下流体活动引起的。

张北-尚义地震前的地下流体异常及其跟踪预报

张北－尚义地震前华北北部地区存在为期两年以上的地下流体高值中期异常；近一年来该区地下流体异常此起彼落并与某些中等或中强地震活动遥相呼应；震前两个月距震中１００～２００ｋｍ的地区出现典型的地下流体短临异常。两年来跟踪上述异常，不断修正对震情形势的认识，震前半个月做出较为成功的短临预报。

以震源精确定位结果分析张北地震序列的破裂特征

利用远场和近场数字地震观测记录 ,重新测定了张北地震序列ML≥ 3级地震的震源位置 ,结合修订后的震源机制、宏观烈度分布资料 ,给出了张北地震序列的破裂特征。地震序列由走向NWW、倾向NNE、倾角 4 4°、长 11.5km的左旋走向滑动的主破裂面 ,2条NNE走向、高倾角、右旋走滑的次要破裂面组合而成。NWW和NNE走向的破裂面共轭展布 ,2条NNE向的破裂面呈右阶斜列 ,3条破裂面先后依次出现。破裂面埋深 1.4～ 7.6km ,在地壳的浅部。研究表明 ,在没有发现活动断裂的“构造稳定区” ,利用精确可靠的强震序列震源位置、震源机制和宏观烈度分布资料 ,从三维空间分析研究强震序列的震源断层 。

张北-尚义地震现场CO_2测量与震后趋势判断

利用ＣＯ２快速测定法监测了张北－尚义地震现场４个观测点的ＣＯ２动态特征，并初步讨论了ＣＯ２的来源。结果表明ＣＯ２没有明显的异常，故认为６．２级地震之后，震区构造应力没有进一步增强的迹象。因此于１９９８年１月２０日和２月３日两次提出１５ｄ内震区发生ＭＳ≥５．０强余震的可能性不大的震后趋势预测意见。事实证明这个判断是正确的。