Functional regionalization with the restriction of ecological shelter zones： A case of Zhaotong in Yunnan

Ecological shelter zones reconstruction is an ecosystem restoration and conservation project aimed to the ecological safety of nations, regions and basins. Reconstruction of ecological shelter zones of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River became one of the most important tasks of Western Development strategy. This article, taking Zhaotong as an example, studies the functional regionalization of ecological shelter zones. The study supplies a case for functional regionalization of small and medium regions whose main tasks are environment reservation. With the guidance of theories of functional regionalization, and based on the analysis of Zhaotong＇s natural, ecological and socioeconomic factors, the paper suggests five principles for factors selection. These principles include： （1） reversing order evaluation; （2） selecting main factors; （3） keeping the integrality of administrative regions of towns; and （4） making the products acceptable by local government. To analyze spatial status of selected factors, LUCC data in 2002, 1：50,000 relief maps and town-unit socioeconomic statistical data in 2004 are used. RS and GIS tools are also applied to melt traditional and modern geographical methods. This would be useful to functional regionalization research in mountainous areas. As a conclusion, the leading functional regions of ecological conservation or economic development are suggested, respectively. Zhaotong city is divided into two-level functional regions. The first-level includes three leading functional regions and they will lead developing direction of sub-regions. The second-level includes eight sub-regions, which are policy implemented regions, and will supply guidance to Zhaotong＇s ecological shelter zones reconstruction.

Breakthrough of shallow shale gas exploration in Taiyang anticline area and its significance for resource development in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, China

Based on exploration and development results and evaluation of marine shale gas in South China in the past ten years, in view of the features of "high maturity, strong tectonic reformation and high shear stress" of the shale in Zhaotong exploration zone in the Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau, as well as the key issues of long time diffusion and leakage of shallow shale gas, and the preservation conditions, the factors controlling shallow shale gas sweet spot and key zone selection evaluation technology of shale gas are investigated. From 2017 to 2018, the first significant exploration breakthrough was made in the Taiyang anticline at a buried depth of 700 to 2 000 m, discovering large-scale proved geological reserves of shallow shale gas. By examining the accumulation conditions and sweet spot control factors of the shallow shale gas in this area, it is found that the accumulation and productivity potential of shale gas in the mountainous area with complex structure outside basin are controlled by five factors:(1) The gas-rich area has weak tectonic reformation and good preservation conditions on the whole, taking on typical anticline trap occurrence mode.(2) The gas-rich area is in over-pressure state and high in shale gas content.(3) The gas-rich area has high quality shale and thus superior source rock condition.(4) The gas-rich area has high quality reservoirs dominated by class I.(5) The shale gas reservoir in the gas-rich area has high content of brittle minerals and small difference between maximum and minimum horizontal stresses which are conducive to hydraulic fracturing. The innovative practice and core technologies formed during the exploration and production capacity construction of shallow shale gas in the Zhaotong demonstration zone have great reference significance for shallow shale gas exploration and development in other areas.

Evaluation on Climate Suitability in Main Growth Stages of Zhaotong Apple in Recent 60 Years

Based on daily average temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours during 1961-2018 from two meteorological stations of Zhaoyang District and Ludian County at Zhaolubazi,Zhaotong City,Yunnan Province,using the freezing injury index at flowering stage(Ha),climatic suitability index during expansion period(Pa),climatic suitability index during coloring period(Dy)and climatic suitability index during fruit growing period(Si),etc.,the climatic suitability of Zhaotong apple during the main growth stages was evaluated.The results showed that the annual average temperature was 11.8-12.3℃at Zhaolu Bazi in recent 60 years,and the climate was the most suitable for Fuji apple planting both in the south and north;the average annual precipitation was 674.8-852.6 mm,and the climate was suitable in the north and sub-suitable in the south;the annual average sunshine hours was between 1845.4 and 1851.1 h,and the climate was sub-suitable in both areas.The Ha was between 0.42-0.50,serious in the north and moderate in the south;the Pa was between 0.92 and 1.02,and both the south and the north were suitable areas;the Dy was between 0.95 and 1.00,and the climate in the south was suitable,while it was sub-suitable in the north;the Si was between 1.38 and 1.59,and the climate was suitable in the south and sub-suitable in the north.There was a 4-year cycle in the interannual variation of Ha,Pa,Dy and Si.After the 1980s,the Ha decreased by 0.56-0.59,the Pa,Dy and Si respectively increased by 0.10-0.16,0.14-0.15 and 0.78-0.84 with the temperature rise,and the changes of these four indexes were all favorable for Fuji apple's fruits growth.It can be seen that under the background of the global warming,the climatic conditions in Zhaolu Bazi are becoming more and more favorable for popularizing the planting of Fuji apple.

Preliminary Breeding of Superior Maize Combinations in Zhaotong,Yunnan

[Objectives]This study was conducted to select superior maize combinations.[Methods]With the control maize variety Haihe 2 in the middle altitude area of Yunnan Province as the control,adopting a single-factor randomized block three-replicate experiment design,a one-year field cultivation experiment was carried out in Luyin Village,Yongfeng Town,Zhaoyang District,Zhaotong City.[Results]A total of 11 new superior maize combinations including ZT-1 and ZT-2 were obtained.Through comprehensive comparison analysis with Haihe 2(CK),we selected six superior combinations of ZT-1,ZT-3,ZT-4,ZT-6,ZT-7 and ZT-9,which showed overall performance better than the control Haihe 2(CK)in terms of resistance,yield,and ear traits.[Conclusions]The selected 6 superior combinations have promotion value,and are recommended for higher-level trials and demonstrations.

Development Situations and Countermeasures of Gastrodia elata Industry in Zhaotong City

With the rapid development of technology,people's living standards have been greatly improved,and more and more people have started to care more about the theory and health preservation function of TCM.Gastrodia elata,as a precious Chinese herbal medicine,is harmless to human health.Due to the high economic benefits and real benefits for farmers,the G.elata industry has developed rapidly.Zhaotong is the hometown of G.elata f.glauca in China,but the current situation of the G.elata industry lags behind other producing areas.Through field survey and literature review,this paper comprehensively analyzed the development status of the G.elata industry in Zhaotong City.Combined with the natural conditions,policy conditions,and socio-economic conditions of the G.elata industry in Zhaotong City to find countermeasures and recommendations to promote the further development of the G.elata industry in Zhaotong and provide recommendations for the sustainable development of G.elata industry.

SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOOD AND ECOLOGICAL SHELTER CONSTRUCTION IN UPPER REACHES OF CHANGJIANG RIVER——Case Study of Zhaotong of Yunnan Province

Sustainable livelihood theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the interactions between livelihoods of peasant households and regional environment change in low-income areas. Based on field survey and 946 questionnaires from peasant household conducted in the case study area of Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, the paper has analyzed the basic characteristics of the rural livelihoods, including the asset base status, the income-generating activities, the energy consumption pattern, and the fertility behavior, in the upper reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. The micro-level findings show the conflicts among extensive agricultural development models, rural energy consumption structures heavily relying on biomass and the environment protection. The conversion of cropland to forest and grass program(CCFGP) has exerted an important influence on the livelihoods of the peasant households, but its design has given little considerations to their long-term livelihood sources, which will affect its sustainability to a great extent. From the perspective of sustainable livelihoods framework, the objectives that must be addressed in the ecological shelter construction in the upper reaches of the Changjiang River should include, first, facilitating access of peasant households to credit, technology and public services, second, encouraging the peasant households to adopt agricultural technology with environmental benefits and strengthen resources-conserving investments, and third, paying close attention to the rural energy problems and the long-term livelihood sources of the households with CCFGP. Given the weak asset base and difficulties of livelihood strategies shift, ecological shelter construction in the upper reaches of the Changjiang River will take a long time.

Research on Fluorine release of coal and clay used by residents in Zhaotong Fluorosis areas,Yunnan Province

The Fluorine release rate of coal, clay of different Fluorine content, and coalmixed with clay used by resident households were studied by using the ion selective electrode(ISE) and solidoid balance methods, and the degree of influence on Fluorine pollutiongenerated by coal and clay was analyzed according to the proportion characteristicsof coal used by resident households.The results show that the Fluorine release rate ofcoal is more than 95% during combustion; The Fluorine release rate of clay is more than99%; The Fluorine release rate of coal mixed with clay is between 56.44% and 96.64%,and the average value is 76.68%.The clay as a binder for fine coal is one importantsource of Fluorine pollution caused by coal-combustion in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province.When the Fluorine content of coal is less than 80 mg/kg, the Fluorine amount releasedfrom clay (in which Fluorine content is more than 530 mg/kg) is more than 50% of the totalFluorine amount released from coal and clay during coal-combustion.The Fluorineamount released from clay (in which Fluorine content is more than 1 000 mg/kg) is morethan 70% of total Fluorine amount released from coal and clay during coal-combustion.

昭通褐煤催化热溶解聚及其可溶物组成和结构特征

温和热溶是从褐煤获取可溶有机质的有效途径,然而传统热溶过程可溶物收率较低。通过共沉淀法制备了一系列Al_(2)O_(3)负载金属催化剂,考察了昭通褐煤在异丙醇中的热溶和催化热溶行为。采用XRD、H_(2)-TPR、TEM和XPS研究了催化剂的物理化学特征,利用GC/MS、FTIR和MALDI-TOF-MS分析了热溶和催化热溶可溶物的组成和结构特征。结果表明,NiCu/Al_(2)O_(3)对昭通褐煤的催化热溶活性优于其他催化剂,该催化剂中活性组分以NiCu合金的形式存在,且Ni与Cu之间存在相互作用。热溶与催化热溶可溶物收率均随温度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,320℃可溶物收率最高,分别为27.69%和50.54%。催化剂的引入可提高昭通褐煤可溶物中油、沥青烯(AS)和前沥青烯(PAS)收率,其中油和PAS的收率提升相较AS更明显。酚类化合物是非催化热溶衍生油的主要族组分,相对含量达到64.44%,而催化热溶衍生油主要由芳烃、酚类、醇类和酮类化合物组成,说明催化剂促进了可溶有机质碎片中共价键的断裂和酚类化合物加氢。与非催化热溶得到的AS和PAS相比,催化热溶得到的AS和PAS分子量分布范围窄,且FTIR谱图中羟基和醚键对应的吸收峰变弱或消失,说明催化热溶促进了C—O键加氢裂解。催化热溶可在相对温和的条件下从煤中直接高收率获取可溶有机质,研究结果为从褐煤直接获取化学品技术的开发提供参考。

2个中晚熟黄绿色免套袋苹果新品种在昭通引种表现及栽培技术要点

“中田”“青林”是自日本引进的黄绿色中晚熟苹果新品种,“中田”果实短圆锥形,平均单果质量228.12 g,果面黄色,果肉黄白色,肉质细嫩、松脆,酸甜适度,可溶性固形物16.92%,带皮硬度7.28 kg/cm^(2),可滴定酸含量0.41%,维生素C含量6.86 mg/100 g,果实成熟期8月下旬;“青林”果实近圆形,平均单果质量217.34 g,果面采收时绿黄色,后逐步变黄色,果肉黄白色,肉质细嫩、脆,酸甜适度,可溶性固形物16.63%,带皮硬度9.82 kg/cm^(2),可滴定酸含量0.32%,维生素C含量6.48 mg/100 g,果实成熟期为9月中下旬。2个品种鲜食品质佳,常温条件下果实可保存35~40 d。“中田”“青林”2个苹果新品种,免套袋栽培性状良好,抗病性有所提高,可供应9—10月中高端市场,适宜在云南省昭通市昭阳区及气候类似地区作为特色品种进行推广种植。

云南省昭通地区结核分枝杆菌临床分离株遗传多样性和耐药分子特征

目的调查云南省昭通地区结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)临床分离株的遗传多样性和耐药分子特征。方法2022年9月—2023年8月从昆明医科大学附属昭通医院收治的298例涂阳肺结核患者中共采集了MTB 298株,用MeltPro TB测定法通过荧光聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)熔解曲线法鉴定所有分离株。用多色熔解曲线分析技术进行间隔区寡核苷酸分型(interval oligonucleotide typing,Spoligotyping)。用分枝杆菌散布重复单元(mycobcterial interspersed repetitive units,MIRU)-可变数目串联重复序列分型(variable number of tandem repeat typing,VNTR)(MIRU-VNTR)24位点分型法进行基因分型。使用PCR和靶向测序检测耐药基因突变。结果北京菌株占所有MTB菌株的69.80%(208/298)。其他谱系包括T、LAM、MANU2、CAS、NEW-1和SITVITWEB数据库中未发现的孤儿型,分别占5.70%(17/298)、3.36%(10/298)、0.67%(2/298)、0.34%(1/298)、8.39%(25/298)及11.74%(35/298)。北京菌株对左氧氟沙星的耐药率略高于非北京菌株(P=0.042),而北京菌株与非北京菌株2种基因型菌株对异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇、链霉素、吡嗪酰胺、卡那霉素耐药率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MIRU-VNTR 24位点分型分析结果显示,33个菌株可分为13株聚类,其聚类率为39.39%。每个等位基因的Hunter-Gaston指数在0~0.814之间,其中18个位点对非北京菌株具有中高鉴别能力。但只有10个位点对北京菌株具有中高鉴别能力。结论MTB菌株在中国云南省昭通地区表现出较高的遗传多样性,北京菌株是MTB和耐药结核病菌株的优势谱系。

云南昭通市2021年草地贪夜蛾成虫种群动态及物理防控效益分析

草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)自入侵以来就对中国粮食生产安全造成巨大的威胁,明晰昭通市草地贪夜蛾种群动态、采取有效防控措施是粮食生产安全的重要保障。2021年对云南省昭通市草地贪夜蛾成虫动态进行全年定点监测,并建立防控示范区对防控方案进行对比研究。结果表明:(1)昭通市的草地贪夜蛾成虫于3月1日起开始陆续出现;出现时序由西南向东北发展;(2)草地贪夜蛾成虫发生主要集中在巧家县、鲁甸县、永善县、彝良县、昭阳区和大关县;(3)昭通市西南部巧家县和永善县4—6月为草地贪夜蛾种群数量最多时期,鲁甸县、彝良县、昭阳区8月出现大量草地贪夜蛾迁入;(4)性诱、灯诱、性诱+灯诱混合防控的物理诱控方式能够显著降低草地贪夜蛾的危害,减少玉米产量损失,其中性诱+灯诱混合防控方式效果最为显著。

四川盆地南缘昭通示范区罗布向斜志留系龙马溪组页岩储层裂缝建模

基于岩心分析、成像测井分析和三维地震资料,对四川盆地南缘昭通示范区罗布向斜龙一1亚段和五峰组的多尺度离散裂缝网络建模方法进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)将蚂蚁体属性中的强响应部分确定性提取成面,可得到大尺度离散裂缝网络模型;用蚂蚁体沿层切片显示的带走向趋势的裂缝参与小尺度离散裂缝网络建模,降低了小尺度裂缝走向模拟的不确定性。(2)罗布向斜龙一1亚段和五峰组裂缝以高角度剪切缝为主,多被方解石充填,裂缝走向为北东—南西向,成像测井解释的裂缝走向与附近地震解释的断层走向一致。(3)大尺度离散裂缝网络模型与钻井的断层位置相符,小尺度裂缝发育部位与钻井液漏失部位吻合,多尺度离散裂缝网络模型可较好地表征罗布向斜龙一1亚段和五峰组的裂缝发育特征。(4)罗布向斜Y12H井应用多尺度离散裂缝网络模型优化压裂方案,压裂缝网复杂度高,试气产量较邻井提高了近41%,优化小尺度裂缝走向后的多尺度离散裂缝网络模型实际应用效果较好。

乌蒙山国家级自然保护区3种竹笋主要营养成分分析

测定分析了乌蒙山方竹春季笋和秋季笋的主要营养成分含量,并与春季发笋的筇竹笋和秋季发笋的永善方竹笋进行比较。结果表明,乌蒙山方竹笋可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸、纤维素含量均高于筇竹笋和永善方竹笋,可溶性糖含量低于筇竹笋、略高于永善方竹笋,可食率高于筇竹笋但低于永善方竹笋;乌蒙山方竹笋的主要营养成分含量与筇竹笋和永善方竹笋有明显的差异,且与永善方竹笋的差异小于与筇竹笋的差异。总体而言,乌蒙山方竹笋的营养品质相对较好,且春季笋品质优于秋季笋。研究结果可为探明乌蒙山方竹的亲缘关系及其笋营养价值提供数据支撑。

云南昭通苹果主产区桔小实蝇成虫消长规律研究

为明确昭通市苹果园桔小实蝇成虫田间种群动态,采用Steiner诱捕器内添加甲基丁香酚引诱剂的方法,2020—2022年在昭通市昭阳区守望乡、永丰镇、苏家院镇苹果园中对桔小实蝇发生数量进行连续监测。结果表明,在昭阳区苹果园内,桔小实蝇呈季节性发生,当年12月中旬至翌年4月未诱捕到成虫,5—7月种群处于较低水平,8—9月种群数量大幅上升并达到最高峰,10月后种群数量迅速下降,直至12月上旬种群数量降为0。8—9月是昭阳区苹果园桔小实蝇的主要发生期,也是桔小实蝇防控的关键时期。

瑞雪苹果在云南昭通的引种表现及栽培技术

从2020年开始,调查了瑞雪苹果在云南省昭通地区的引种表现和栽培技术要点,以期为瑞雪在昭通地区的推广提供技术支持。结果表明:瑞雪平均单果重246.4 g,果实圆柱形,果形指数0.91,果形端正,果面光洁;果肉甜脆多汁,风味浓郁,硬度8.30 kg/cm^(2),可溶性固形物含量16.09%,可滴定酸含量0.25%,具独特香气,品质佳,耐贮藏。结果早,易丰产,定植后第2年见果,定植后第5年平均株产达30.18kg,每667 m^(2)产量达3 380.2 kg。果实发育期188~193 d,抗旱能力较强,适应性较广,生产管理简单。

不同成熟期昭通苹果生产成本与收益对比分析

【目的】通过对昭通地区苹果种植户生产投入和产出水平的调查和生产成本收益分析,研究不同苹果品种苹果的生产成本和产出收益,从而帮助果农了解资源投入与产出的关系,优化资源的配置,为昭通苹果产业政策、产业规划、科技政策等提供理论依据。【方法】对昭通市苹果种植户早、中、晚3个成熟期不同品种的生产成本、产量、收益和纯收入等进行实地调查和数据分析。【结果】不同成熟期昭通苹果栽培品种的生产成本和产出之间均存在显著差异,早中熟品种‘昭锦’的每亩(667 m2)生产总成本(5 297.33元)和人工成本(5 297.33元)均最高;晚熟富士每亩(667 m2)的物资成本(527.31元)和每亩(667 m2)平均产量(2 800.69 kg)均最高;中熟品种2001富士每亩(667 m2)的平均收益和纯收入均最高,分别为10 317.63元和7 306.36元,但与晚熟富士之间不存在显著差异。【结论】对现阶段收集的数据进行了线性回归分析,结果显示,苹果产量与收益之间有一定的线性关系,但由于调查的年份和数据可能不足,该阶段建立的模型还有待优化,需要进一步大量采集不同年份不同样地的数据,才能更有效为生产决策提供参考,指导昭通苹果产业的发展。

昭通市方竹资源利用现状及发展分析

方竹不仅是经济价值极高的生物资源,也是生态功能强大的生态资本。昭通市在做大、做强竹产业的同时,也存在着利用率低、缺乏加工能力、林分质量下降、基础设施落后等问题,制约着竹产业的发展。现介绍了昭通市方竹资源利用及经营现状,分析了方竹产业化发展中存在的问题,提出了促进方竹产业化发展的思路及建议。

Fossil seeds of Euryale(Nymphaeaceae) indicate a lake or swamp environment in the late Miocene Zhaotong Basin of southwestern China

Euryale(Nymphaeaceae) is a monotypic genus distributed in eastern Asia, but fossils in its native distribution are sparse as compared to Europe where the genus has disappeared. Here, we describe a new fossil species, Euryale yunnanensis sp. nov., from the late Miocene Zhaotong Basin in southwestern China on the basis of seed remains. Characteristics including an ellipsoidal to almost spherical shape,a smooth surface, a germination cap that covers the micropyle, the separation of the hilum and germination cap(micropyle), elliptic testa surface cells with undulate margins and thickened cell walls collectively indicate a close affinity with the genus Euryale in Nymphaeaceae. Comparisons ofseed morphology and anatomy demonstrate that the newly described fossil species differs from modern and other fossil species of Euryale and thus verify the assignment to a new fossil species. As the modern Euryale is an aquatic plant,preferably living in swamps and lakes with shallow and stable water, we hypothesize that a lake and/or swamp environment with shallow water was present near Shuitangba in the Zhaotong Basin, where the Shuitangba hominoid lived during the late Miocene. This inference is generally consistent with paleoenvironmental data extracted from avian, fish, frog, turtle and crocodile fossils, as well as from aquatic pollen. The fossil history suggests a comparatively recent(Miocene) emergence of Euryale, which is roughly in agreement with the divergence time inferred from the molecular information.

基于4种技术方法的地下流体资料预报效能探讨

分别采用阈值法、速率变化法、趋势转折法和破年变法4种方法,对昭通地区全部地下流体观测资料进行预报效能R值定量计算。针对预报效能较好的测项,依据异常特征和水化学特征,并结合已有研究成果,对这些异常产生的孕震机理进行讨论。结果表明,昭通地区大多数流体异常的最佳预测时段在3个月以内,尤其是速率类异常和趋势转折类异常在出现转折后,具有较好的短临预测意义;11个测项的预报效能R>R 0,可作为滇东北地区日常跟踪的重点测项;推断认为大多数异常属于大气降水产生的流体力作用诱发的浅层前兆异常。

Effects of Different Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Techniques on Flue-cured Tobacco Production

[Objectives]This study was conducted to find out the most suitable special formula fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco production in tobacco-growing areas of Zhaotong City,so as to provide a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.[Methods]Different formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for tobacco were designed by optimizing and adjusting the application amounts and proportions of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and medium trace elements in fertilizer formulas,and the formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for flue-cured tobacco production were selected through a field plot experiment.[Results]The combination of special base fertilizer and special topdressing was conducive to the early growth and rapid growth of tobacco plants under the condition of reduced fertilizer application,and the treatment using organic-inorganic compound fertilizer as the special base fertilizer was the most obvious,with an average growth period of two days increased.Compared with conventional fertilization,the yield,output value,average price,proportion of superior tobacco and proportion of medium and superior tobacco increased in the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer treatment,with the yield increasing by 5.96%,the output value increasing by 17.08%,the average price increasing by 10.49%,the proportion of superior tobacco increasing by 4.63%,and the proportion of medium and superior tobacco increasing by 2.44%.It was concluded from indexes including growth period,agronomic traits,disease incidence and economic traits,the fertilization mode of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with the addition of trace elements(boron,magnesium and zinc)applied as the base fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium topdressing was most efficient and economic.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.