Machine learning-based automatic construction of earthquake catalog for reservoir areas in multiple river basins of Guizhou province,China

Large reservoirs have the risk of reservoir induced seismicity.Accurately detecting and locating microseismic events are crucial when studying reservoir earthquakes.Automatic earthquake monitoring in reservoir areas is one of the effective measures for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation.In this study,we first applied the automatic location workflow(named LOCFLOW)to process 14-day continuous waveform data from several reservoir areas in different river basins of Guizhou province.Compared with the manual seismic catalog,the recall rate of seismic event detection using the workflow was 83.9%.Of the detected earthquakes,88.9%had an onset time difference below 1 s,81.8%has a deviation in epicenter location within 5 km,and 77.8%had a focal depth difference of less than 5 km,indicating that the workflow has good generalization capacity in reservoir areas.We further applied the workflow to retrospectively process continuous waveform data recorded from 2020 to the first half of 2021 in reservoir areas in multiple river basins of western Guizhou province and identified five times the number of seismic events obtained through manual processing.Compared with manual processing of seismic catalog,the completeness magnitude had decreased from 1.3 to 0.8,and a b-value of 1.25 was calculated for seismicity in western Guizhou province,consistent with the b-values obtained for the reservoir area in previous studies.Our results show that seismicity levels were relatively low around large reservoirs that were impounded over 15 years ago,and there is no significant correlation between the seismicity in these areas and reservoir impoundment.Seismicity patterns were notably different around two large reservoirs that were only impounded about 12 years ago,which may be explained by differences in reservoir storage capacity,the geologic and tectonic settings,hydrogeological characteristics,and active fault the reservoir areas.Prominent seismicity persisted around two large reservoirs that have been impounded for less than 10 years.These events were clustered and had relatively shallow focal depths.The impoundment of the Jiayan Reservoir had not officially begun during this study period,but earthquake location results suggested a high seismicity level in this reservoir area.Therefore,any seismicity in this reservoir area after the official impoundment deserves special attention.

Temporal and Spatial Variation of Summer Extreme High Temperature in Guizhou Province from 1970 to 2020

Based on the daily maximum temperature data of 31 meteorological observation stations and some statistical methods, the temporal and spatial characteristics of summer extreme high temperature in Guizhou province from 1970 to 2020 are analyzed. The results indicate that: 1) The threshold of extreme high temperature (EHT) in summer in Guizhou province had a large spatial difference, with decreasing characteristics from the northeast to the southwest, it was negatively correlated with the altitude. 2) In most parts of Guizhou province, the extreme high temperature days (EHTD) in summer can reach about 4.2 d, the lowest EHTD occurred in the southernmost part. From June to August, the EHTD gradually increased, especially in Central and eastern parts of Guizhou province. However, the extreme high temperature intensity (EHTI) displayed similar distribution characteristics in summer, June, July and August, with larger value in the northeast part and lower value in the southwest part of Guizhou. 3) EHTD had a rising trend in almost stations, except for the PZ station, the increased range and intensity gradually increased from June to August. But the EHTI had a larger spatial difference, especially in June, it declined in most parts of Guizhou, the declined scope and intensity gradually decreased in July, and completely increased in August, this made EHTI show an increasing trend in summer in most parts the Guizhou province. 4) The averaged EHTD increased by 0.62 d/10a (p 0.1), the significant increase also occurred in August, but it increased insignificantly in June and July. The averaged EHTI had insignificant increase in summer and the three months. In general, the EHTD and EHTI increased in most parts of Guizhou province during the period of 1970-2020, this may be related to the changes of them in August.

Problems and Recommendations for Export of Guizhou Tea in the Context of Rural Revitalization Strategy

As a traditional advantageous industry in Guizhou and an important export product,tea plays an important role in the rural revitalization strategy.This paper first introduces the current situation of tea industry and export in Guizhou,then analyzes the problems that arise in the export process,and finally comes up with corresponding countermeasures and recommendations for the export development of tea,hoping to provide certain guidance and reference to the development of tea industry in Guizhou Province.

Species Composition and Diversity of Fagus longipetiolata in Leigong Mountain, Guizhou Province

[Objectives]To understand the species composition and diversity of Fagus longipetiolata community.[Methods]The F.longipetiolata community in Guizhou Province was investigated by typical plot method.[Results]There were 107 species of vascular plants belonging to 79 genera and 51 families in Leigong Mountain F.longipetiolata community,including 3 species of pteridophytes belonging to 3 genera and 3 families,104 species of spermatophytes belonging to 76 genera and 48 families,including 3 species of gymnosperms belonging to 3 genera and 3 families,and 101 species of angiosperms belonging to 73 genera and 45 families.The types of Leigong Mountain F.longipetiolata community were divided into 7 formations,and the top 10 important species of each formation were Fagaceae,followed by Lauraceae and Ericaceae.The change trend of tree layer richness index was formation I>formation IV>formation VI>formation III>formation VII>formation II>formation V;the dominance index was formation I>formation IV>formation V>formation VI>formation VII>formation III>formation II;H diversity index was formation V>formation II>formation I>formation III>formation VII>formation VI>formation IV;the evenness index is formation II>formation III>formation VI>formation VII>formation IV>formation I>formation V;the total diversity index of the community,formation I(3.67)was the highest,formation V(2.74)was the lowest,manifested as formation I>formation III>formation VI>formation II>formation IV>formation VII>formation V.[Conclusions]The community stability is closely related to its species composition,and the background species is the basis for the survival of the community;the existence of rare species can further enhance the community diversity index and enhance the community stability.

Coordinated Development of Tourism Economy and Ecological Environment Coupling in Mountainous Provinces:A Case Study of Guizhou

The degree of coupling coordination can reflect the intensity of interaction between multiple-indicator system,and can characterize the harmonious and consistent degree of benign correlation between them.It is an effective measurement method for analyzing the level of coordinated development of tourism economy and ecological environment coupling.Guizhou,a mountainous province,is taken as the research object in this paper.Using entropy method and coupling coordination model,the coordinated development level of tourism economy and ecological environment coupling during 2011-2020 is measured and analyzed,and the coordinated development strategies for the tourism economy and ecological environment coupling in Guizhou,a mountainous province,are proposed.

REE geochemistry of Early Cambrian phosphorites from Gezhongwu Formation at Zhijin, Guizhou Province, China

The Cambrian Gezhongwu Formation in Southwest China is the lowest Cambrian phosphorite unit. The Formation belongs to the Meishucun stage with small shelly fossils. Rare-earth element (REE) data from the Gezhongwu phosphorites of Zhijin documented the depositional conditions. The total REE concentrations are high in the Gezhongwu phosphorites, which are especially rich in yttrium. The PAAS-normalized REE patterns of the Gezhongwu phosphorites are characterized by negative Ce anomalies and slight enrichment of MREE, as being hat-shaped. The hat-shaped patterns suggest that the REE originated from depositional environments rather than from subsequent diagenesis. The negative Ce anomalies indicate that the depositional environments are oxic. The positive Eu anomaly, the high total REE and the hat-shaped REE pattern revealed contributions from the normal marine environment mixed with hydrothermal water to the REE budget of the Gezhongwu phosphorites.

Geological characterization and exploration potential of shale gas in the Carboniferous Jiusi Formation,northern Guizhou and Yunnan provinces,SW China

Dark mudstones and shales of the Carboniferous Jiusi Formation are widely developed in northern Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, SW China. However, the distribution, reservoir characterization, and exploration potential of organic-rich shales in this area are yet to be quantified, thus limiting the prospect of shale gas in this area. This study investigates the basic geological conditions of Jiusi shale gas, using core data, well-logs, and some other test data, obtaining the following results. The organic-rich shales are mainly composed of deltaic-to-shallow-shelf deposits, with thickness ranging from 0 to 450 m, and above 350 m around the subsidence center. The organic matter is mainly type Ⅱ kerogen with TOC content of mostly 1%–2%, indicating a moderate maturity. The argillaceous shale reservoirs are indicative of strong heterogeneity, high clay minerals content, low porosity, low permeability, high specific surface area, and relatively developed secondary porosity. The gas-log anomaly intervals obtained from the survey wells have a cumulative thickness that is apparently greater than 200 m, and a few shale intervals showing high desorbed and adsorbed gas contents. Due to complex structures in the study area, conditions responsible for shale gas occurrence and trapping are generally moderate. However, areas having wide and gentle folds with moderate depth of burial reveals relatively favorable conditions of hydrocarbon traps. In contrast with typical marine-continental transitional shales, the Jiusi shale have better geological conditions for shale gas preservation. The analysis of the geological framework and hydrocarbon potential of Carboniferous Jiusi Formation provide more insight for the exploration of Carboniferous shale gas in southern China.

Detection and Monitoring of Key Hazard Factors for Quality and Safety of Characteristic Berries and Standardized Production Technology and Application

Blueberry,kiwifruit,Rosa roxburghii,and raspberry are the characteristic fruits planted in Guizhou Province.However,in recent years,harmful factors such as plant diseases and insect pests,pesticides and heavy metal residues have affected the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii,raspberry and other berries.These problems mainly include the frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests,pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution,which not only seriously affect the quality and safety of berries,but also restrict the healthy development of berry industry.Therefore,it is very important to study the detection and monitoring of key hazard factors affecting the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii and raspberry,as well as the standardized production technology.Using literature analysis,field investigation,questionnaire survey,comprehensive analysis,SWOT analysis,laboratory testing and other methods,this paper made a comprehensive and in-depth study of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.Through the analysis of the current situation of the berry industry in Guizhou Province,the problems and shortcomings in the planting,management,sales and other aspects of the industry were revealed.In order to solve these problems,a series of practical measures were put forward,including strengthening pest control,optimizing pesticide application technology,and strictly controlling heavy metal pollution,so as to ensure the healthy and stable development of berry industry.The implementation of these measures will help to improve the overall quality level of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.

Ancient Zhenyuan, Gateway to East Guizhou

This ancient city has a history going back over 2,000 years.It has witnessed the fusion of multiple ethnic cultures including the Miao,Dong,and Han,and hosts a number of cultural heritage sites.THE old town of Zhenyuan is located in Zhenyuan County,Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture in southwest China’s Guizhou Province.Covering an area of just around three square kilometers,it sits on the banks of the Wuyang River and is surrounded by mountains.Zhenyuan has been a county for more than 2,281 years and was the prefectural capital during the Yuan(1271-1368)and Qing(1644-1911)dynasties.It is a multicultural region,with Miao,Dong,and other ethnic minorities making up nearly half of the population.

Chinese New Year Folk Culture Adds Impetus to Guizhou's Colorful Tourism Economy

During the Chinese New Year in 2024,a series of traditional folk activities were held all over Guizhou,attracting a large number of travelers,with the number of received travelers and comprehensive income of Guizhou reaching a new high.

Characteristics and Methods of Groundwater Environmental Impact Assessment in Mining Areas of Guizhou Province:A Case Study of Zhijin Area of Zhina Mining Area

In Guizhou Province,karst areas and springs are widely distributed,and hydrogeological conditions are complex in mining areas. Usually there are many hydrogeological units in a mining area,and the hydrogeological conditions are very different from that of most northern mining areas in China. In view of the uniqueness of mining areas in Guizhou Province,taking Zhijin area of Zhina mining area as an example,the planning characteristics of mining areas and characteristics of groundwater environment in Guizhou Province were analyzed firstly,and then the characteristics and key considerations of groundwater environmental impact assessment in mining areas of Guizhou Province were studied. For example,when the height of water flowing fractured zone,impact radius,and the amount of water resources affected are calculated,it is necessary to analyze and evaluate as many typical mines as possible. The impact on springs as the sources of residents＇ drinking water should be analyzed one by one.

Runout prediction of potential landslides based on the multi-source data collaboration analysis on historical cases

Long runout landslides involve a massive amount of energy and can be extremely hazardous owing to their long movement distance,high mobility and strong destructive power.Numerical methods have been widely used to predict the landslide runout but a fundamental problem remained is how to determine the reliable numerical parameters.This study proposes a framework to predict the runout of potential landslides through multi-source data collaboration and numerical analysis of historical landslide events.Specifically,for the historical landslide cases,the landslide-induced seismic signal,geophysical surveys,and possible in-situ drone/phone videos(multi-source data collaboration)can validate the numerical results in terms of landslide dynamics and deposit features and help calibrate the numerical(rheological)parameters.Subsequently,the calibrated numerical parameters can be used to numerically predict the runout of potential landslides in the region with a similar geological setting to the recorded events.Application of the runout prediction approach to the 2020 Jiashanying landslide in Guizhou,China gives reasonable results in comparison to the field observations.The numerical parameters are determined from the multi-source data collaboration analysis of a historical case in the region(2019 Shuicheng landslide).The proposed framework for landslide runout prediction can be of great utility for landslide risk assessment and disaster reduction in mountainous regions worldwide.

Rare Earth Elements Compositions and Genesis of Xinhua Large-Scale Phosphorite Deposit in Western Guizhou, China

Zhijin County in Western Guizhou is one of the most important production areas of phosphorites in China. In order to investigate genesis of the phosphorites, their REE compositions were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma emission mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. For comparison, phosphorites from the Lower Cambrian black rock series in Southern China, such as Zunyi in Guizhou and Zhangjiajie in Hunan Province, were also analyzed. The analytical data show that: (1) Xinhua phosphorites possess a quite high and greatly varied total rare earth elements (ΣREE), which varying between 164.23×10-6 and 1395.01×10-6 with average of 642.54×10-6, remarkable differentiation between light (LREE) and heavy rare earth elements (HREE), and the ΣLREE/ΣHREE ratios varying between 5.04 and 6.52. The ΣREE and ΣLREE/ΣHREE ratios of the Zunyi and Zhangjiajie phosphorites are 156.69×10-6～637.41×10-6 with average of 431 75×10-6 and 3.17～6.95 with average of 4.37 respectively; (2) All the phosphorites from Xinhua, Zunyi and Zhangjiajie show remarkable negative Ce anomalies. Besides, the Xinhua phosphorites possess lower δCe, which varying between 0.26 and 0.53 with average of 0.35, while δCe of the Zunyi and Zhangjiajie phosphorites are 0.30～0.66 with average of 0.47, suggesting that all of the phosphorites are typical marine sediments deposited mainly in ancient peri-continental seas, and the depositional position of the Xinhua phosphorite might be deeper; (3) Most phosphorites from Xinhua, Zunyi and Zhangjiajie possess unremarkable positive Eu anomaly, and only a few of samples show obvious ones. The δEu varies between 0.98 and 2.4, suggesting that hot (>200 ℃) and strong reductive hydrothermal fluids might have been involved in genesis of the phosphorites; (4) The Xinhua phosphorite is relatively depleted in HREE, and LaN/NdN and δY of most samples are >1 and >1.5 respectively. Besides, there exists no correlation between δY and δCe, suggesting that the phosphorite was subjected to quite strong weathering and leaching processes, and catagenesis do not greatly modify its REE compositions.

Conodont Evidence for the Age of the Panxian Fauna,Guizhou,China

Detailed conodont analysis on the Yangjuan-Chupiwa section, Xinmin, Panxian County, Guizhou Province, revealed a conodont sequence including four Anisian conodont zones, viz. Nicoraella germanica Zone, Nc. kockeli Zone, Paragondolella bifurcata Zone and Neogondolella constricta Zone. These zones indicate that the upper Guanling Formation consists of strata from the Bithynian to the lllyrian of the Anisian. Appearance of Neogondolella constricta suggests that the Anisian/Ladinian boundary might be in the overlying Yangliujing Formation. The Panxian Fauna with well-preserved marine reptile and fish fossils is proved to belong to the lower part of the conodont Nc. kockeli Zone in the studied area. Thus, the age of the Panxian Fauna could be the early Pelsonian of the Anisian.

Kaili Biota: A Taphonomic Window on Diversification of Metazoans from the Basal Middle Cambrian: Guizhou, China

A Burgess Shale-type biota is, in part, characterized by a wide diversity of taxa and soft-part preservation. Each provides unique historical insights into early metazoan evolution. Among the more than 40 globally distributed biotas, the early Cambrian Chengjiang and Middle Cambrian Burgess-type biotas are the largest. The Kaili Biota, from the earliest Middle Cambrian of Guizhou, China, contains representatives of 110 metazoan genera belonging to 10 phyla. It contains many well-persevered soft-bodied specimens. This Chinese biota has become the third most taxonomically diverse Burgess Shale-type fauna. Because the Kaili Biota formed in an outer-shelf environment, its main faunal character is large numbers of eocrinoids and planktoic trilobites. The Kaili is younger than the Chengjiang Biota but older than the Canadian Burgess Shale Biota; it shares 30 genera with the Chengjiang and 38 genera with the Burgess Biota. The Kaili Biota displays a taphonomic window to the diversification and evolution of marine offshore organisms covering 5.13 million years between the Early and Middle Cambrian.

Biodiversity and Sequence of the Middle Triassic Panxian Marine Reptile Fauna,Guizhou Province,China

The Middle Triassic Panxian fauna is a physical marker and representative record of the rapid recovery of the Triassic marine ecosystem following the Early Triassic stagnant stage after the end-Permian mass extinction. Ten marine reptile taxa have been found from the 1.82-2.10 m-thick fossiliferous level in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation, which can be subdivided into three marine reptile beds through the analysis on the stratigraphic distributions of fossil reptiles. The Lower Reptile Bed yields the sauropterygians Placodus inexpectatus Jiang et al., 2008 and Lariosaurus hongguoensis Jiang et al., 2006, the ichthyopterygians Xinminosaurus catactes Jiang et al., 2008 and Phalarodon cf. Phalarodon fraasi Merriam, 1910, associated with Mixosaurus panxianensis Jiang et al., 2006, representing a stage of predominance of durophagous taxa. In this bed, the large complete skeletons may reach up to 2.3 m in length, and lithofacies and chemostratigraphic analyses indicate a relatively deep carbonate platform with an oxic water environment near the bottom, as well as a rising sea level The Middle Reptile Bed yields the sauropterygian Nothosaurus yangjuanensis Jiang et al., 2006 and the archosaur Qianosuchus mixtus Li et al., 2006, associated with Mixosaurus panxianensis Jiang et al., 2006. The fossils in this bed are characterized by its pincering dentition and large overall body size, with the largest possibly exceeding 3 m in length. This bed might represent a time of deepest basin with relatively anoxic condition near the bottom. The Upper Reptile Bed yields the sauropterygians Wumengosaurus delicatomandibularis Jiang et al., 2008, Keichousaurus sp., the protorosaur Dinocephalosaurus orientalis Li, 2003, and the ichthyopterygian Mixosaurus panxianensis Jiang et al., 2006. In this bed, reptilian taxa characterized by suction feeding appeared, and most are less than 1 m long. This bed corresponds to a period of decreasing water depth.

New Bradoriid Arthropods from the Early Cambrian Balang Formation of Eastern Guizhou, South China

The Early Cambrian Balang Formation is comprised of mudrock and shale, which was deposited in a shelf environment in the eastern part of Guizhou, south China. The Balang Fauna, which consists of seven phyla, occurs in the middle and upper parts of the Balang Formation. Arthropods are important constituents of the Balang Fauna and include a great number of trilobites, large bivalved arthropods, and newly-discovered well-preserved bradoriid fossils. The bradoriids present include three genera and four species ： Comptaluta inflata （Cheng, 1974） emend Hou et al., 2002; Comptaluta kailiensis sp. nov., and Alutella elongeta sp. nov, Aluta sp. This faunal assemblage in the Balang Formation is distinguished from the Tsunyiella Chang, 1964, Songlinella Yin, 1978 and Kunmingella Hou, 1956 assemblage which occurs in the Niutitang and Mingxinsi formations of the Yangtze Platform in middle region of Guizhou and which is earlier than the Balang Formation in age. However, this assemblage resembles the Comptaluta Opik, 1968 assemblage from the Early Cambrian Heilinpu Formation in Wuding County, Yuanan Province and from the Ordian Stage of the Cambrian of Australia. The great abundance of Comptaluta Opik, 1968 and overall taxonomic diversity of the Comptaluta Opik, 1968 assemblage set it distinctly apart from theAlutella Kobayashi et Kato, 1951 and Aluta Hou, 1956 assemblages of the Balang Formation. Alutella Kobayashi et Kato, 1951 and Aluta Hou, 1956 also occur in the Early Cambrian Niutitang Formation of the Yangtze Platform of Guizhou. Individual Bradoriids from the Balang Formation are characterized by large size （〉3 mm）. The discovery of new Bradoriid assemblages not only expands the group＇s geographical range and assemblage affinities, but also indicates that Bradoriids migrated eastward from shallow-water to deeper-water environments during the Early Cambrian, indicating that they were capable of life in deeper-water, and adaptation to a new ecological setting.

Guanling Biota: A Marker of Triassic Biotic Recovery from the end-Permian Extinction in the Ancient Guizhou Sea

After a slow recovery from the end-Permian extinction during the Early Triassic and rapid radiation in the Middle Triassic, evolution of organisms reached a new peak phase in the Late Triassic. The Guanling Biota from the Wayao Member （conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis Zone）, Falang Formation, Xinpu, Guanling County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China corresponds to this peak that marks the full recovery from the end-Permian extinction of marine ecosystems. The biota is of high diversity, containing well preserved and completely articulated skeletons of vertebrates comprising marine reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates including crinoids, ammonites, bivalves, and other fossils, and is one of the best examples of marine ecosystem records in life history. The fossil marine reptiles and crinoids are most significant in this biota, especially the marine reptiles, which provide an important link between the Triassic Pacific and Tethys, and between Triassic basal forms and the Jurassic-Cretaceous marine top predators. The most remarkable fossils are the large completely articulated ichthyosaur skeletons up to and more than 10 m, and the first recorded thalattosaurs and placodonts in China. Following our review, of the 17 named reptilian taxa the eight listed here are considered to be valid： three ichthyosaurs （Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999; Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000, Guanlingsaurus liangae Yin in Yin et al., 2000）, three thalattosaurs （Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis Liu, 1999, Xinpusaurus suni Yin in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus kohi Jiang et al., 2004）, and two placodonts （Sinocyamodus xinpuensis Li, 2000, Psephochelys polyosteoderma Li and Rieppel, 2002）. Mixosaurus guanlingensis Cao in Yin et al., 2000 might be a junior synonym of Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999, and Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li and You, 2002 and Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen and Cheng, 2003 might be junior synonyms of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000. It needs to re-describe the holotypes after a complete preparation for clarifying the taxonomic status of Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae Yu in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus bamaolinensis Cheng, 2003, Neosinosaurus hoangi （Zhou in Yin et al., 2000）, Wayaosaurus geei Zhou in Yin et al., 2000, Wayaosaurus bellus Zhou in Yin et al., 2000 and Placochelys ？ minutus Yin and Luo in Yin et al., 2000.

A new type of rare earth elements deposit in weathering crust of Permian basalt in western Guizhou, NW China

A new type of rare earth elements （REEs） deposit was discovered from the gaolinite mudstone in the weathering crust of Permian basalt, Bijie region, western Guizhou, China. It contained ∑RE2O3 0.065%-1.086%. This type of REEs deposit was widely distributed with steady horizon and thickness of 3-4 m. The ore-bearing weathering crust （kaolinite） of the three discovered REEs deposits belonged to the third episode of the Emeishan basalt eruption. The new type of REEs deposit was suggested that basalt （tuff） weathering could lead to the enrichment of the rare earth elements. Therefore, it is of important economic significance to explore REEs deposits in the weathering crust of basalt （tuffs） in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan Provinces.

Biostratigraphy of Triassic Marine Reptiles in Southwest Guizhou and Its Adjacent Area

This paper briefly reviews the Triassic marine reptile fossils in Guizhou Province, especially the fossils that have been recently found in the Guanling area. Based on three sections at Guanling and Xingyi, Guizhou Province and Luoping, Yunnan Province, four horizons with vertebrate fossils are recognized in the Middle and Upper Triassic of this area; They are from bottom to top: Member I and Member II of the Guanling Formation, and the Zhuganpo Member and the Wayao Member of the Falang Formation.