Based on dynastic period division and AMS ^14 C dating performed on the sedimentary layers at Zhongba and Yuxi sites,and also the analysis of Na,Ca and Mg of 201 sedimentary samples from Zhongba site and that of Ca an...Based on dynastic period division and AMS ^14 C dating performed on the sedimentary layers at Zhongba and Yuxi sites,and also the analysis of Na,Ca and Mg of 201 sedimentary samples from Zhongba site and that of Ca and Na in 47 sedimentary samples from Yuxi by using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry（ICP）,we found that there were 35 time periods when the contents of Ca and Na were reversely correlated,i.e.whenever the content of Ca was the highest,the content of Na was the lowest,and vice versa. Among them,there were 21 time periods when the content of Ca was the highest,and Na was the lowest,indicating that there were about 21 prosperous periods of ancient salt production at Zhongba site since 3000BC.Other 14 time periods with the peak values of Na while the low values of Ca indicate 14 declined periods of salt production at Zhongba site since 3000BC.The conclusion obtained from the reverse relationship between Ca and Na contents in this paper is consistent with that＂the salt production at Zhongba site started in the new stone age,developed in the Xia and Shang dynasties,reached at the heyday in periods from the Western Zhou to the Han Dynasties,maintained stable to develop in the Tang and the Song dynasties,and gradually declined after the Song Dynasty because the sea salt were conveyed into Sichuan region,however,still had production in the 1970s-1980s＂,educed from archeological exploration.All the above mentioned results indicate that there is a reverse relationship obviously between the contents of Na and Ca in sediments at Zhongba site for ancient salt production,which can be used to reveal the process of rise and decline of ancient salt industry at Zhongba site.展开更多
Based on the principle that the present is the key to the past , detailed analyses, such as AMS 14C dating, grain size, component and morphology of heavy minerals, micro-morphology of zircon, Rb/Sr, magnetic susceptib...Based on the principle that the present is the key to the past , detailed analyses, such as AMS 14C dating, grain size, component and morphology of heavy minerals, micro-morphology of zircon, Rb/Sr, magnetic susceptibility and total organic carbon (TOC), were conducted to identify paleoflood sediments archived in Zhongba Site. The results indicate that the plaeoflood sediments bear great similarities with modern flood sediments in the following aspects: (1) probability cumulative curves mainly show a pattern of 3―4 segments; (2) grain-size distribution of suspended matter ranges between 3 and 10Ф; (3) the sediments are well-sorted, most of which are suspended matter (>50%); (4) the same species, quantity and morphology of heavy minerals; (5) scanning electronic microscope images show that shapes of zircon are mainly oval and nearly spheral, rounded due to long-distance transport; (6) higher Rb/Sr values (0.55―0.66)than those of sediments from cultural layers (0.03―0.26); (7) magnetic susceptibility values (133.73―433.05 10-6m3/kg) are lower than those of sediments from cultural layers (959.25―2442.44 10?6 m3/kg); (8) TOC (0.14%―0.33%) are lower than those of sediments from cultural lay-ers (1.13%―2.95%). Our results demonstrate that, except for the 1981 flood, there are at least six paleoflood events that occurred during the Qing Dynasty, the middle of Song Dy-nasty, the early Warring States (400BC―350BC), the West Zhou Dynasty (920BC―900BC), the Xia Dynasty (2070BC―1600BC), and the late Neolithic Age (3000BC―2300BC), respectively .展开更多
Nearly 200000 animal skeletons are unearthed in the Unit T0202 from Zhongba Site of Zhongxian County.According to the analysis of 129165 specimens,these skeletons may be classified into 5 kinds, namely,Mammalia,Osteic...Nearly 200000 animal skeletons are unearthed in the Unit T0202 from Zhongba Site of Zhongxian County.According to the analysis of 129165 specimens,these skeletons may be classified into 5 kinds, namely,Mammalia,Osteichthys,Aves,Amphibian and Reptilia,which belong to 13 orders,28 families and 42 genera.In this paper,based on archeological dating and AMS 14 C data,through statistically analyzing the unearthed skeletons and studying the change of the smallest individual numbers,these research results detected the following:1)In almost all the time of 2370―200 BC,in Zhongba region, some animals distributed widely,such as Muntiacus sp,Elaphodus cephalophus and Muntiacus sp. inhabiting in glade and grassland,Scrofa sp.and Canis familiaris raised by the ancient people,rodentia rabbit and Rattus rattus,which suggested that a fairly good ecological environment of forest and grassland was preserved at that period and the predecessors began to raise domestic animals from 1750 to 1000 BC,which has lasted until today.2)Rhinoceros only lived during 2000―1750 BC,1000― 700 BC and 700―500 BC,which indicates that the ecological environment of grassland and wetland might be better in these phases.3)Macaca sp.and Ursus arctos appeared only after 1750―1000 BC, which may show that the forest condition is better for animals to live during 1750―200 BC.4)The smallest individual numbers of Bublus sp.,bos sp.and otters emerged during about 2370―1750 BC, which perhaps infers that water area during the early period was wider than that of the late period.5) Since skeletons of rhinoceros are discovered in strata of Zhongba Site during 2000―1750 BC and 1000―500 BC,according to the climate and ecology environment which rhinoceros live in now,the average annual temperature and precipitation during 2000―1750 BC and 1000―500 BC are supposed to be probably higher than that of today.Although Zhu Kezhen considered that the first low temperature period in the past 5000 years of China was between 1100 BC and 850 BC,massive pollen of Morus, Ulmus,Fagus,Quercus,Castanea,etc.were found in Dajiuhu peat at that time,which should indicate that the climate was still moderate for living things to live at least in Dajiuhu basin and Zhongba Site.6) Because skeletons of Gervus albirostris were unearthed during 310―200 BC at Zhongba Site,based onthe climate and the ecological environment those animals live in now,the average annual temperature and the average annual precipitation in Zhongba area between 310 BC and 200 BC should be lower than those of today,which is confirmed by the TOC research of Zhongba Site strata.展开更多
The oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios in human and animal tooth enamel were measured to reconstruct the subsistence patterns on Zhongba Site between 2400 and 4200 aBP.The results indicate that human consumed chiefly C...The oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios in human and animal tooth enamel were measured to reconstruct the subsistence patterns on Zhongba Site between 2400 and 4200 aBP.The results indicate that human consumed chiefly C4 resources,such as millet,and the C3 plants,such as rice and wheat,constituted only a small fraction of the human diets,normally no more than 15%.There are significant differences in food sources between human and pig,and the percentages of C3 plants in pig diets were higher than those in human diets.But theδ13C values of pig partially overlap those of human,demonstrating some similarities in their food sources.The differences in water sources between human and pig are significant.There are significant differences in food and water sources between cattle and deer. This indicates that the two kinds of mammals subsisted in different niches.But theirδ13C values also partially overlap each other,suggesting some similarities in their food sources.There are both signifi- cant differences in meanδ13C andδ18O values between the omnivores,human and pig and the herbi- vores,cattle and deer,implying significant differences in food and water sources between the two categories.During the period the dietary habits of human had not changed,but the pig breeding strategies had changed,from breeding in house to breeding in confinement,and the proportion of C3 plants in pig food increased with time.The scope of human migration had been considerably large by the Warring States because of the development of productive forces.展开更多
Based on AMS 14 C dating data,carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were conducted on mammal bone collagen of deer,cattle and pigs from the Zhongba site in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of the Yangtze River.These a...Based on AMS 14 C dating data,carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were conducted on mammal bone collagen of deer,cattle and pigs from the Zhongba site in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of the Yangtze River.These analyses were conducted to reconstruct palaeodiets of mammals,palaeoecology,palaeoenviroment and previous human activities in the study area.Results show that the collagen loss of bone did not change the in vivo isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes,and most of the bone fossils were well preserved.The bone collagen of samples from deer had a mean δ 13 C of-23.1‰ and a mean δ 15 N of 4.7‰,suggesting that deer subsisted in a closed habitat and fed on branches and leaves.The bone collagen of cattle had a mean δ 13 C of-19.6‰ and a mean δ 15 N of 5.2‰,which indicates that cattle subsisted in an open habitat and fed on grasses and stems.The δ 13 C values show that both deer and cattle fed on C 3 plants and lived in the same ecosystem,but the t-test results show that deer δ 13 C and δ 15 N values were both more negative than those of cattle,indicating that they inhabited different niches.The δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of cattle partially overlapped those of deer,suggesting some competition in diets between them.The t-tests show that the δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of pigs were more positive than those of cattle and deer,which signifies that pigs occupied a higher trophic level compared to cattle and deer.The wide range of pig δ 13 C values demonstrates that pig trading had been taking place from early Neolithic Age to late Bronze Age.There were no significant differences in deer δ 13 C and δ 15 N values among different archaeological periods,making it clear that climatic,ecological and environmental conditions were kept relatively stable from 2200 to 4200 a BP.This stability may have been responsible for the extensive and complete cultural layers at the Zhongba site.The minimum number of samples required to estimate the mean δ 13 C values of deer,pigs and cattle are 8,73 and 16,respectively,and for mean δ 15 N values of deer,pigs and cattle,the minimum numbers are 4,5 and 6,respectively.展开更多
重庆中坝遗址地层Rb、Sr、Hg及TOC研究表明:Rb、Sr和Rb/Sr值较好地反映了约4250 a B.P.以来气候变化过程,主要干冷期可与敦德冰川δ18O曲线谷值、湖光岩沉积物磁化率和Ti曲线峰值、以及大气14C浓度峰值和太阳活动水平较长期变化的低谷对...重庆中坝遗址地层Rb、Sr、Hg及TOC研究表明:Rb、Sr和Rb/Sr值较好地反映了约4250 a B.P.以来气候变化过程,主要干冷期可与敦德冰川δ18O曲线谷值、湖光岩沉积物磁化率和Ti曲线峰值、以及大气14C浓度峰值和太阳活动水平较长期变化的低谷对比,反映出地层中Rb、Sr不易受人类活动干扰的特性。结合考古遗存对比还发现,Hg、P、Ca、Mg和TOC记录了该遗址约4250 a B.P.以来人类活动的三个不同演变阶段。进一步研究认为,盐业遗址的衰落可能与洪水事件。展开更多
The Zhongba site has been demonstrated to be a location of salt production based on multi-disciplinary research including salt archaeology,environmental archaeology,zooarchaeology,paleobotany,and other natural science...The Zhongba site has been demonstrated to be a location of salt production based on multi-disciplinary research including salt archaeology,environmental archaeology,zooarchaeology,paleobotany,and other natural science examinations.The continuity of salt production from the Han Dynasty to the present day as understood primarily from ancient texts can now be traced back to even earlier times. Based on the characteristics of cultural layer deposits,features,and artifacts,Zhongba can be clearly distinguished from known settlements,and from bronze,iron,pottery and porcelain workshops.According to various natural science examinations,the major impurities in local salt brine are also found in floor features,brine troughs,and rounded bottom pots at the site even though NaCl itself was not preserved.These traces were left over from the salt production process rather than being naturally deposited.Zhongba and its constituent features and artifacts share many common characters with other salt production sites around the world.Consequently,the Zhongba site can be confidently identified as a salt production site where activity continued for several thousand years.The formation of the site cannot be separated from salt production,and it is also highly related to its natural environment.展开更多
基金The Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.90411015 University Doctoral Foundation of China, Grand No.20050284011+2 种基金 The Prior study project for Key Basic Scientific Issue of Nanjing University, Grand No. 0209005206 Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology from the Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, No.SKLLQG0503 Foundation of Modern Analyses Center of Nanjing University, No.0209001309.
文摘Based on dynastic period division and AMS ^14 C dating performed on the sedimentary layers at Zhongba and Yuxi sites,and also the analysis of Na,Ca and Mg of 201 sedimentary samples from Zhongba site and that of Ca and Na in 47 sedimentary samples from Yuxi by using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry（ICP）,we found that there were 35 time periods when the contents of Ca and Na were reversely correlated,i.e.whenever the content of Ca was the highest,the content of Na was the lowest,and vice versa. Among them,there were 21 time periods when the content of Ca was the highest,and Na was the lowest,indicating that there were about 21 prosperous periods of ancient salt production at Zhongba site since 3000BC.Other 14 time periods with the peak values of Na while the low values of Ca indicate 14 declined periods of salt production at Zhongba site since 3000BC.The conclusion obtained from the reverse relationship between Ca and Na contents in this paper is consistent with that＂the salt production at Zhongba site started in the new stone age,developed in the Xia and Shang dynasties,reached at the heyday in periods from the Western Zhou to the Han Dynasties,maintained stable to develop in the Tang and the Song dynasties,and gradually declined after the Song Dynasty because the sea salt were conveyed into Sichuan region,however,still had production in the 1970s-1980s＂,educed from archeological exploration.All the above mentioned results indicate that there is a reverse relationship obviously between the contents of Na and Ca in sediments at Zhongba site for ancient salt production,which can be used to reveal the process of rise and decline of ancient salt industry at Zhongba site.
基金supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant No.90411015)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40271103)+1 种基金Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology from the Insti-tute of Earth Environment,CAS(Grant No.SKLLQG0503)Physical Geography of“985”Item and Foundation of Modern Analyses Center of Nanjing University.
文摘Based on the principle that the present is the key to the past , detailed analyses, such as AMS 14C dating, grain size, component and morphology of heavy minerals, micro-morphology of zircon, Rb/Sr, magnetic susceptibility and total organic carbon (TOC), were conducted to identify paleoflood sediments archived in Zhongba Site. The results indicate that the plaeoflood sediments bear great similarities with modern flood sediments in the following aspects: (1) probability cumulative curves mainly show a pattern of 3―4 segments; (2) grain-size distribution of suspended matter ranges between 3 and 10Ф; (3) the sediments are well-sorted, most of which are suspended matter (>50%); (4) the same species, quantity and morphology of heavy minerals; (5) scanning electronic microscope images show that shapes of zircon are mainly oval and nearly spheral, rounded due to long-distance transport; (6) higher Rb/Sr values (0.55―0.66)than those of sediments from cultural layers (0.03―0.26); (7) magnetic susceptibility values (133.73―433.05 10-6m3/kg) are lower than those of sediments from cultural layers (959.25―2442.44 10?6 m3/kg); (8) TOC (0.14%―0.33%) are lower than those of sediments from cultural lay-ers (1.13%―2.95%). Our results demonstrate that, except for the 1981 flood, there are at least six paleoflood events that occurred during the Qing Dynasty, the middle of Song Dy-nasty, the early Warring States (400BC―350BC), the West Zhou Dynasty (920BC―900BC), the Xia Dynasty (2070BC―1600BC), and the late Neolithic Age (3000BC―2300BC), respectively .
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.90411015)the University Doctoral Foundation(Grant No.20050284011)+2 种基金the Foundation of Important Basic Research at Nanjing University(Grant No.0209005206)Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology from the Institute of Earth Environment,CAS(Grant No.SKLLQG0503)the Physical Geography of"985"Items and the Test Foundation of Modern Analyses Center of Nanjing University(Grant No.0209001309)
文摘Nearly 200000 animal skeletons are unearthed in the Unit T0202 from Zhongba Site of Zhongxian County.According to the analysis of 129165 specimens,these skeletons may be classified into 5 kinds, namely,Mammalia,Osteichthys,Aves,Amphibian and Reptilia,which belong to 13 orders,28 families and 42 genera.In this paper,based on archeological dating and AMS 14 C data,through statistically analyzing the unearthed skeletons and studying the change of the smallest individual numbers,these research results detected the following:1)In almost all the time of 2370―200 BC,in Zhongba region, some animals distributed widely,such as Muntiacus sp,Elaphodus cephalophus and Muntiacus sp. inhabiting in glade and grassland,Scrofa sp.and Canis familiaris raised by the ancient people,rodentia rabbit and Rattus rattus,which suggested that a fairly good ecological environment of forest and grassland was preserved at that period and the predecessors began to raise domestic animals from 1750 to 1000 BC,which has lasted until today.2)Rhinoceros only lived during 2000―1750 BC,1000― 700 BC and 700―500 BC,which indicates that the ecological environment of grassland and wetland might be better in these phases.3)Macaca sp.and Ursus arctos appeared only after 1750―1000 BC, which may show that the forest condition is better for animals to live during 1750―200 BC.4)The smallest individual numbers of Bublus sp.,bos sp.and otters emerged during about 2370―1750 BC, which perhaps infers that water area during the early period was wider than that of the late period.5) Since skeletons of rhinoceros are discovered in strata of Zhongba Site during 2000―1750 BC and 1000―500 BC,according to the climate and ecology environment which rhinoceros live in now,the average annual temperature and precipitation during 2000―1750 BC and 1000―500 BC are supposed to be probably higher than that of today.Although Zhu Kezhen considered that the first low temperature period in the past 5000 years of China was between 1100 BC and 850 BC,massive pollen of Morus, Ulmus,Fagus,Quercus,Castanea,etc.were found in Dajiuhu peat at that time,which should indicate that the climate was still moderate for living things to live at least in Dajiuhu basin and Zhongba Site.6) Because skeletons of Gervus albirostris were unearthed during 310―200 BC at Zhongba Site,based onthe climate and the ecological environment those animals live in now,the average annual temperature and the average annual precipitation in Zhongba area between 310 BC and 200 BC should be lower than those of today,which is confirmed by the TOC research of Zhongba Site strata.
基金Supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.90411015)the University Doctoral Foundation(Grant No.20050284011)+2 种基金the Foundation of Important Basic Research at Nanjing University(Grant No.0209005206)the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology from the Institute of Earth Environment,CAS(Grant No.SKLLQG0503)the Physical Geography of"985"Items and the Test Foundation of Modern Analyses Center of Nanjing University(Grant No.0209001309)
文摘The oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios in human and animal tooth enamel were measured to reconstruct the subsistence patterns on Zhongba Site between 2400 and 4200 aBP.The results indicate that human consumed chiefly C4 resources,such as millet,and the C3 plants,such as rice and wheat,constituted only a small fraction of the human diets,normally no more than 15%.There are significant differences in food sources between human and pig,and the percentages of C3 plants in pig diets were higher than those in human diets.But theδ13C values of pig partially overlap those of human,demonstrating some similarities in their food sources.The differences in water sources between human and pig are significant.There are significant differences in food and water sources between cattle and deer. This indicates that the two kinds of mammals subsisted in different niches.But theirδ13C values also partially overlap each other,suggesting some similarities in their food sources.There are both signifi- cant differences in meanδ13C andδ18O values between the omnivores,human and pig and the herbi- vores,cattle and deer,implying significant differences in food and water sources between the two categories.During the period the dietary habits of human had not changed,but the pig breeding strategies had changed,from breeding in house to breeding in confinement,and the proportion of C3 plants in pig food increased with time.The scope of human migration had been considerably large by the Warring States because of the development of productive forces.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40971115)the University Doctoral Foundation(20090091110036)+2 种基金the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology from the Institute of Earth Environment,CAS (SKLLQG0817)the Test Foundation of Modern Analyses Center of Nanjing University(0209001309)the Foundation of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2010BAK67B02)
文摘Based on AMS 14 C dating data,carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were conducted on mammal bone collagen of deer,cattle and pigs from the Zhongba site in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of the Yangtze River.These analyses were conducted to reconstruct palaeodiets of mammals,palaeoecology,palaeoenviroment and previous human activities in the study area.Results show that the collagen loss of bone did not change the in vivo isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes,and most of the bone fossils were well preserved.The bone collagen of samples from deer had a mean δ 13 C of-23.1‰ and a mean δ 15 N of 4.7‰,suggesting that deer subsisted in a closed habitat and fed on branches and leaves.The bone collagen of cattle had a mean δ 13 C of-19.6‰ and a mean δ 15 N of 5.2‰,which indicates that cattle subsisted in an open habitat and fed on grasses and stems.The δ 13 C values show that both deer and cattle fed on C 3 plants and lived in the same ecosystem,but the t-test results show that deer δ 13 C and δ 15 N values were both more negative than those of cattle,indicating that they inhabited different niches.The δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of cattle partially overlapped those of deer,suggesting some competition in diets between them.The t-tests show that the δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of pigs were more positive than those of cattle and deer,which signifies that pigs occupied a higher trophic level compared to cattle and deer.The wide range of pig δ 13 C values demonstrates that pig trading had been taking place from early Neolithic Age to late Bronze Age.There were no significant differences in deer δ 13 C and δ 15 N values among different archaeological periods,making it clear that climatic,ecological and environmental conditions were kept relatively stable from 2200 to 4200 a BP.This stability may have been responsible for the extensive and complete cultural layers at the Zhongba site.The minimum number of samples required to estimate the mean δ 13 C values of deer,pigs and cattle are 8,73 and 16,respectively,and for mean δ 15 N values of deer,pigs and cattle,the minimum numbers are 4,5 and 6,respectively.
文摘重庆中坝遗址地层Rb、Sr、Hg及TOC研究表明:Rb、Sr和Rb/Sr值较好地反映了约4250 a B.P.以来气候变化过程,主要干冷期可与敦德冰川δ18O曲线谷值、湖光岩沉积物磁化率和Ti曲线峰值、以及大气14C浓度峰值和太阳活动水平较长期变化的低谷对比,反映出地层中Rb、Sr不易受人类活动干扰的特性。结合考古遗存对比还发现,Hg、P、Ca、Mg和TOC记录了该遗址约4250 a B.P.以来人类活动的三个不同演变阶段。进一步研究认为,盐业遗址的衰落可能与洪水事件。
基金Supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.90411015)the Fund for Doctorates at Premier Institutions(Grant No.20050284011)+2 种基金Foundation of Important Basic Research at Nanjing University(Grant No.0209005206)Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology from the Institute of Earth Environmenta,CAS(Grant No.SKLLQG0503)Foundation of Modern Analyses Center of Nanjing University(Grant No.0209001309)
文摘The Zhongba site has been demonstrated to be a location of salt production based on multi-disciplinary research including salt archaeology,environmental archaeology,zooarchaeology,paleobotany,and other natural science examinations.The continuity of salt production from the Han Dynasty to the present day as understood primarily from ancient texts can now be traced back to even earlier times. Based on the characteristics of cultural layer deposits,features,and artifacts,Zhongba can be clearly distinguished from known settlements,and from bronze,iron,pottery and porcelain workshops.According to various natural science examinations,the major impurities in local salt brine are also found in floor features,brine troughs,and rounded bottom pots at the site even though NaCl itself was not preserved.These traces were left over from the salt production process rather than being naturally deposited.Zhongba and its constituent features and artifacts share many common characters with other salt production sites around the world.Consequently,the Zhongba site can be confidently identified as a salt production site where activity continued for several thousand years.The formation of the site cannot be separated from salt production,and it is also highly related to its natural environment.
