New Quaternary Mammalian Faunas and Cave Deposits in the Zhoukoudian Area,Beijing

From 1985 to 1987, four new localities with abundant fossil mammals were dis-covered by Cao, Tian and others in the Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) area, Beijing. They are theEast, West, Shangdian and Donglingzi caves. The East Cave fauna consists of 28 speices ofmammals and its age is middle Early Pleistocene. The East Cave assemblage shows that a tem-perature-falling event took place at around 1.20 Ma B.P. at Zhoukoudian. Sixteen species ofmammals were collected from the West Cave, which are mainly forms of late Early Pleistoceneage. The West Cave fauna represents a transitional fauna from the East Cave fauna (dry-cold)to the fauna (warm) at locality 9. The Shangdian Cave fauna is composed of four forms, beingMiddle Pleistocene in age. The Donglingzi Cave fauna contains 21 Late Pleistocene forms. Inthe cave two fossil horizons may be distinguished. The age of the lower horizon is early LatePleistocene, which is equivalent to that of the New Cave fauna; while the fauna of the upper ho-rizon may be correlated with the Upper Cave fauna.

The Magma-dynamic Mechaism of Emplacement and Compositional Zonation of the Zhoukoudian Stock, Beijing

The Zhoukoudian stock in Beijing is a concentric zoned complex intrusive body formed by two successive intrusions. Quartz-diorite formed by the first intrusion is scattered sparsely on the margins of the body, while granodiorite resulting from the second intrusion constitutes the main part of the intrusion. It exhibits three distinct petrographic zones macroscopically, and is chemically characterized by enrichment of high-temperature components, such as Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn. Fe and Co, on its border and merely slight enrichment of some low-temperature components, such as Na and Si, in its central part. A series of structural features indicate that the deformation of the intrusion and thermo-metamorphic rocks becomes weaker with an increase of distance from the contact, and that the intrusive body is a product of ballooning or inflating diapiric emplacement. Based on calculations of the density, viscosity and yield strength of magma and the reasonable diffusion constants and oxygen isotopic data, the mechanism of the compositional zonation of the major part of the stock is discussed. It is considered that the Soret effect, combined with double-diffusive convection, can explain the compositional zonation of the intrusion. Calculation of the ascent rates of magma shows that successive upwelling of magma got faster and faster with the progress of time.

Fossils of Macaca mulatta from Tianyuan Cave, with Notes on Some Previously Unpublished Specimens of Macaca from Zhoukoudian Area

The recently discovered macaque fossils, including isolated teeth and mandible fragments, from Tianyuan Cave and the juvenile maxilla from Wanglaopu Cave near Zhoukoudian can be identified as Macaca mulatta; they represent the first recognized occurrence of fossil M. mulatta in the far north of China. Some previously unearthed but still unpublished Macaca specimens were also studied, including a cranium and the associated mandible from CKT Loc.13A, a maxilla and a mandible from Loc.1, a mandible from Loc.4, and a maxilla from Loc.20, as well as a mandible with complete toothrow from Zhoukoudian but without locality details, all of them can be referred to M. robusta. The study shows M. robusta is more closely related to M. mulatta than to M. anderssonL Zhoukoudian is the richest area of Macacina fossils in North China, totally 2 genera and 4 species were once recognized from 9 localities, namely, Procynocephalus wimani, M. cf. anderssoni, M. robusta and M. mulatta. The fossil records of Macacina in Zhoukoudian area were almost continuous through the Quaternary Period, and it＇s reasonable to assume that Zhoukoudian used to be an evolutionary center for macaques in North China. Therefore, the macaque population of M. mulatta once existed decades ago around Beijing probably originated from the Pleistocene ancestors in the local area, rather than being human-introduced as previously thought.

思维导图在高中英语新知识教学中的实践应用——以Unit 5 A Visit to the Zhoukoudian Caves为例

传统"灌输式"教学模式下,大部分学生采取"死记硬背"的学习方式,且学习效果不甚理想,严重影响了学生学习的积极性,而在基础教育改革深入开展的今天,思维导图现身于高中英语课堂,并取得理想的教学效果。英语作为一门语言学科,要想提高学习效率,就要帮助学生形成合理的知识体系,这样既能够降低学生学习的枯燥性,又能够提高学生学习的效率与质量。为此,笔者以"Unit 5 A Visit to the Zhoukoudian Caves"为例,探究了思维导图在高中英语新知识教学中的实践应用。

能源类专业周口店地质实习教学内容改革与实践

为了激发能源类专业学生对周口店地质实习的兴趣,文章初步探讨了如何在沉积、构造、岩浆岩等实习路线增补油气地质与成藏方面的教学内容,给地质实习增加点“油气味”。研究认为在现有周口店地质实习大纲中增加油气方面的教学内容是可行的,如在沉积地层路线找“油气源岩”和“油气储集层”、在岩浆岩路线找“油气源岩加热器”和“特殊油气储集层”、在构造路线找“油气运移通道”和“有效圈闭”等授课内容的增加有望在地质实习教学中得到检验并进一步完善。

虚拟仿真技术在周口店野外实践教学中的探索和实践

野外实践是地学特色化基础教学环节。野外三维地质体实践教学是理论联系实际的重要桥梁,是学以致用的先决条件。受制于时空范围约束,如何将不同尺度地质体简化成地质专业图件是科学研究的一项基本技能。但受到技术(自然)条件限制,一目不可及和肉眼不可见的区域不能集中呈现的问题是一大教学难点,理论和实际联系困难,由此导致地质观和地质思维的形成周期动辄数载。自从虚拟仿真技术应用于教学以来,突破了地质学教学的时空桎梏,将自然界的地质现象与专业术语一一对应,通过可视化呈现强化了地质现象的直观性和内在性,便于学生对现象的理解。通过大数据平台实时监测反馈实现了教学相长,缩短了地质人才的成才周期。虚拟仿真技术的应用填补了野外地质实践教学中的时空短板,实现了周口店野外实践线上和混合教学质的飞跃。

The use of fire at Zhoukoudian:evidence from magnetic susceptibility and color measurements

In order to provide direct evidence for the use of fire by humans at Locality 1,Zhoukoudian,we examine the burnt and unburnt sediments of newly excavated area in Layer 4 by detailed measurements of magnetic susceptibility,color,and diffuse reflectance spectrum.Results show that the magnetic susceptibility and redness of the burnt sediments are remarkably higher than those of other areas on the same level:up to*22 times for magnetic susceptibility and*3 times for redness of those of the adjacent unburnt sediments.Fine-grained(superparamagnetic/stable single-domain)magnetite and hematite grains make dominant contributions to the distinctly high values of magnetic susceptibility and redness in the burnt sediments.Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy results show that the burnt sediments contain more hematite than those of other areas and localities 2 and 3.High-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrate that the burnt sediments have been heated above 700°C.Those changes in low-frequency magnetic susceptibility and redness are impossibly resulted from natural fires,thus most likely signaling the human activities of controlled use of fire.However,further work is needed to confirm whether or not these heat-affected sediments were produced in situ.

Tectonothermal Records in Migmatite-Like Rocks of the Guandi Complex in Zhoukoudian, Beijing: Implications for Late Neoarchean to Proterozoic Tectonics of the North China Craton

Migmatite-like rocks transformed from strongly metamorphosed and deformed enclave- bearing felsic plutons usually make people confuse with the true migmatites and mistake in interpreta- tion of their petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Here we report a suite of rocks that have long been called as migmatites from the Guandi complex in Zhoukoudian region, southwest of Beijing. The rocks are dominated by felsic gneisses with garnet-free amphibolites. Field occurrence, petrography and geochemistry indicate that the felsic gneisses and amphibolites were metamorphosed from protoliths of intermediate-acid and basic igneous rocks, respectively. New LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and geothermobarometry study further reveal that precursor magmas of the two types of rocks were emplaced at 2.54-2.56 Ga and the rocks subsequently underwent medium P/T-type metamorphism with upper amphibolite facies conditions of 0.55-0.90 GPa and 670-730℃ at -2.48-2.50 Ga. Geochemically, precursor magmas of the amphibolites were suggested to be derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle source in continental arc setting, and those of the felsic gneisses are characterized by tonalitic to trondhjemitic magmas that are usually considered to be generated by partial melting of hydrated, thickened metamorphosed mafic crust with garnet as residues, suggesting that the rock associations are not of true migmatites but migmatite-like rocks. Our study reveal that protoliths of the migmatite-like rocks from the Guandi complex, were likely formed via magmatism in a continental arc setting, followed by accretion and collision of the continental arc as well as the intro-oceanic arc terranes to the Eastern Block of the North China Craton in the transition from the Late Neoarchean to Early Paleoprnterozuic.

Report on a new mammal fossil locality of Early Pleistocene at Zhoukoudian

In 1985, during the mapping on 1:50000 in the Zhoukoudian area, Cao Boxun et al. discovered a cave-fissure site (called east cave) with abundant mammal fossils. The site is located on the north slope of the Taipingshan Hill, about 2km northeast of the Loc. 1(the 'Peking man'site) and about 140m above the sea level. Cao et al. collected some mammal fossils from the locality and studied sediments in stratigraphy, sporopollen

PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON NEWLY DISCOVERED STRATA AND WEDGE CASTS DATING 0.73—0.90 Ma B. P. IN ZHOUKOUDIAN REGION, BEIJING

During 1985—1987, the authors discovered new fossiliferous strata bearing ice wedge casts of Early Pleistocene on the northern Taipingshan in Zhoukoudian, and established Taipingshan Formation （Q1t）.

北京房山煤矿区土壤重金属元素地球化学分布特征及源解析

房山煤矿区有百年的煤矿开采历史,可能会对周边生态环境造成污染。为了评估房山煤矿区土壤环境状况,在房山周口店地区选取了最具代表性的矿区作为研究区域,采集196件表层土样和40件深层土样,对土样中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量进行了测试分析。运用数理统计、聚类分析、因子分析、空间分布分析相结合的方法研究了房山煤矿区土壤重金属元素的表层和深层分布特征,并对其来源进行了探讨。结果表明,研究区内重金属元素平均值普遍高于北京市区域背景值,Hg元素尤其明显;表层土壤中除Hg、Cd、As外,其他元素分布较均匀;除Pb、Zn元素外,其他元素在深层土壤中的富集系数普遍大于表层土壤;通过相关性分析和聚类分析可知,Cr和Ni,Hg和Pb、Cd和Zn的来源可能相同。土壤母质和自然成土过程可能是影响土壤中Cr和Ni元素分布特征的主要原因,工业矿业活动可能是Cd和Zn元素含量偏高的原因,地质背景叠加人类活动可能是影响Hg和Pb元素分布的原因;从空间分布情况来看,水平方向上研究区北部的重金属元素含量较南部整体偏高,Hg和Pb、Cr和Ni、Zn和Cd元素的空间分布特征较相似。纵向上,As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni等元素含量差异不大,随着深度的增加含量逐渐增加,在黏土层位出现峰值;而Hg和Cd两项元素,则呈现出明显的表聚性。

Genesis and mechanisms of organic matter enrichment of the Hongshuizhuang Formation in the Zhoukoudian area of Jingxi sag,North China

The Hongshuizhuang Formation is a Meso-Neoproterozoic high-quality source rock in the North China Craton(NCC),comprising abundant organic matter.The present study focuses on the analysis of the Hongshuizhuang Formation in the Zhoukoudian area of the Jingxi sag,discussing its genesis and mechanisms of organic matter enrichment through geological and geochemical methods.The Hongshuizhuang Formation is divided into three members from bottom to top respectively as the lower,middle and upper member.Trace elements analysis indicate that the Hongshuizhuang Formation developed restricted neritic facies in an extensional environment within a continental island arc under a post-orogenic background.The lower and upper members were deposited in a relatively shallow,strongly retained water mass within a suboxic and saline environment influenced by subhumid climate,while the middle member was deposited in an anoxic deep-water environment with relatively low salinity and weak restrictions.The PAAS-normalized rare earth element distributions of the middle and upper members show an enrichment of LREEs and a depletion of HREEs,and a low mean Y/Ho ratio with a positive Eu anomaly,indicating that the regional deposition has been affected by hydrothermal fluids.The negativeδ13 C andδ18 O values and the positive87 Sr/86 Sr values confirm that the deposition of the middle and upper members was accompanied by crustal hydrothermal activities.Accumulation of organic matter and enrichment of Baxsand P indicate that productivity is the basis of organic matter enrichment in the Hongshuizhuang Formation,where high-quality source rocks are concentrated in the middle member.In addition,reduced water mass controls the preservation of organic matter.Hydrothermal activity,humid climate,and salinity support a higher primary productivity and the formation of reduced water masses.However,due to limitations in depth,the high-quality source rocks in the Jingxi sag are thinner than the Jibei sag.

推理公式法在周口店遗址洪水设计中的应用

周口店猿人遗址属石灰岩洞穴,暴雨条件下产生的洪水会导致其内部发生一定程度的破坏。利用ArcGis对周口店猿人遗址进行水文分析,划定不同的集水区。在此基础上,根据下垫面不同选定合理参数,使用推理公式法对周口店猿人遗址进行设计洪水计算,并验证其合理性。计算结果可为周口店猿人遗址预防性保护、流量监测点布置提供参考。

A preliminary report on the newly found Tianyuan Cave, a Late Pleistocene human fossil site near Zhoukoudian

The Tianyuan Cave is the only human fos-sil-bearing site containing rich mammalian fossils found in the last decades near Zhoukoudian. Up to now more than 34 specimens of the human body have been recovered, and the mammalian fossils can be put into 29 species. Cervids domi-nate the fauna, and carnivores are very rare. Based on the primary examination, the human fossils can be attributed to the species Homo sapiens. All the mammalian fossils, except one between tooth of Crocuta belong to the species that still exist today. But some of them are the first records in fossil form north of the Yellow River, such as Arctonyx and Capri-cornis. Based on the mammalian fauna study, it seems that the Tianyuan Cave can be correlated with the Upper Cave. Sixty-three percent of the species of the mammalian fauna from the Tianyuan Cave are also present in the Upper Cave. The characters of the deposits also share some similarities between the Tianyuan Cave and the Upper Cave; both of them are mainly composed of breccia without cement. The dating using the U-series method on deer tooth samples in-dicates that the geological age of the new site is around 25 thousand years B.P. This is the first discovery of human sites outside the core area of the Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, which throws new light onto this world famous site complex.

On the possible use of fire by Homo erectus at Zhoukoudian,China

For decades,the so-called Peking Man(Homo erectus pekinensis)at Zhoukoudian has been considered to be a hominin that engaged in the controlled production and management of fire.However,relatively recent analyses have cast doubt on this assertion.The most compelling reason for this doubt was the absence of siliceous aggregates in the Zhoukoudian deposits.This study presents evidence establishing the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus pekinensis through analyses of four soil samples sourced from Layers 4 and 6 at Zhoukoudian Locality 1.These results demonstrate that all four specimens contain siliceous aggregates as well as elemental carbon,and the potassium content of the insoluble residues of these specimens ranges between 1.21%and 2.94%.The analyses provide strong evidence of the in situ use of fire by Homo erectus pekinensis.

Crown morphology and variation of the lower premolars of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus

Traditional descriptive observation and advanced geometric morphometric are employed to study the morphological characteristics of Zhoukoudian mandibular premolars, and simultaneously with the specimens of Australopithecus, African early Homo, Homo erectus in other areas of Asia except Zhoukoudian, Europe Pleistocene fossil hominins, and recent Chinese (72 P3 and 69 P4 on the whole) being included as comparisons. Results suggest obvious evolutionary changes in the occlusal morphology and crown outline shape of mandibular premolars. Australopithecus P3s are found with extremely asymmetrical crown outlines, prominent mesial and distal vertical grooves on the buccal side, open foveas, and well-developed talonids, and P4s with similarly asymmetrical crown outlines, distinct mesial and distal vertical grooves on the buccal side, and "H" type of grooves combination. These characteristics are also expressed in the later hominin specimens, but with a decreased extent and lower frequency. The P3s of recent Chinese, slightly asymmetrical in the crown lingual contours, and P4s, basically symmetrical in the crown outlines, become faint or disappeared in the mesial or distal vertical buccal grooves, and decreased in the talonid size. It is suggested that Zhoukoudian mandibular premolars preserve some primitive traits of earlier hominins, including asymmetrical crown outlines and prominent mesial and distal vertical grooves of buccal side. Moreover, Zhoukoudian specimens exhibit obvious morphological variation between individuals, expressed mainly by aspects of mesial and distal vertical buccal grooves in various degrees, symmetry or asymmetry extent of crown lingual contour, relative location of polygon to the corresponding surrounding outline, as well as the relative size of talonid. When compared with Homo erectus from the other areas of Asia, Zhoukoudian specimens show their similarity with those of Xichuan and S-1, and at the same time great discrepancy with S-6 in the occlusal morphology and crown outline shape. When it comes to the relationship between specimens of Europe Pleistocene and Zhoukoudian, disparity is expressed in a stronger way than the corresponding similarity.

Concentrations of “elemental carbon” in samples from the Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian and the possibility of their application in the development of evidence for the use of fire by humans

Elemental carbon?EC) is a C-rich, O-H-S-N-depleted substance that is necessarily produced in the process of combustion. Due to the logn-term use of fire by cave-inhabiting ape-men, considerable amounts of 揺lemen-tal carbon?would be necessarily left behind in the corre-sponding strata inside the cave. The sepaation of EC was effected by the chemical method and the contents of carbon were determined on an element analyser and a self-made measuring system. The concentration of Ec in the hearth,the exhibited ash samples collected from near the hearth un-earthed in the 1930s, and the three samples of accumulated material collected from the tenth bed are 43.74%, 1.77%,3.88%,1.87% and 1.11%,respectively; those of the equivalent samples from the tenth bed outside the cave and samples from the fourth and seventh beds are at least one order of magnitude lower than the former抯. The above re-sults show that the sampling location of the tenth bed may be close to the hearth. Sampling over a wider range may lead to the finding of a location where the concentrations of EC are corresponding to the maximum values of EC in the hearth. The determination and study of EC may provide new evi-dence for the use of fire by Peking Man.

Identification of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus brain asymmetry using 3D laser scanning

Endocasts are important materials used for the study of human brain evolution,and allow examination of the external features of brain anatomy from the inside the cranium.Studies examining brain asymmetries in fossil hominids are usually limited to scoring of differences in hemisphere protrusion rostrally and caudally,or to comparing the width of the hemispheres.In the present study,using 3D laser scanning,we examined asymmetries of the hemisphere volumes and surface areas in the Zhoukoudain (ZKD) Homo erectus,dated to 0.4-0.8 Ma.Compared with modern endocasts,we found that the absolute hemisphere volumes and surface areas exhibited no significant asymmetries in the ZKD or in modern specimens.However,the relative hemisphere volumes against surface areas differed between the two groups.When comparing the relative sizes between the left and right hemispheres,the ZKD specimens exhibited a greater variation than in the modern humans;there were no differences in the two hemispheres in the ZKD specimens,while in the modern endocasts the left hemisphere was significantly greater than the right hemisphere.These data suggest that brain asymmetries originated from relative brain sizes rather than absolute brain volumes during human evolution.These anatomical changes are likely related to the origin of human brain lateralization.

周口店地区接触变质岩的演化:来自碳质拉曼光谱温度计的证据

燕山板内构造带是华北克拉通中部遭受长期造山演化作用的活动区,详细的岩浆活动和变质作用研究对于恢复其造山热演化过程具有重要意义。构造带内周口店地区的房山岩体是中生代燕山运动晚期的产物,但关于房山岩体周缘受到接触热变质作用的古老地体变质演化历史却缺乏详细的研究。本研究在房山岩体红柱石-黑云母接触变质带内采集了岩石样品,通过岩相学的详细观察和碳质物拉曼光谱温度计的计算,得到了以下认识:岩石中红柱石斑晶核部的碳质包体记录下了早期区域变质过程的变质温度(约550℃),红柱石斑晶及边部中的碳质包体共同记录了峰期变质温度条件(约598℃),岩石基质中碳质包体可能记录了岩石接触热变质的峰后期变质温度(598~574℃)。研究结果表明,接触热变质带的岩石受到房山侵入岩释放的热量而迅速加热,在达到峰期变质温度后又随岩体的冷却而降温,导致了近等压的p-T-t轨迹。