Effect of Biofertilizer on Growth, Productivity, Quality and Economics of Rainfed Organic Ginger （Zingiber officinale Rosc.） Bhaisey cv. in North-Eastern Region of India

Ginger yields in the NorthEastern region of India are low because the extremely poor farmers of the region can not afford to apply any chemical fertilizers and hence apply only the locally-available farmyard manures to ginger fields. Biofertilizers may be a cheap source of fertilizers for ginger cultivation as they can increase nutrient availability and improve rhizome quality and are required in small quantity. An investigation was thus undertaken to study the effect of different biofenilizers on growth, productivity, quality and economics of organic ginger grown under rainfed condition in NorthEastern region of India. Seed treatment with biofertilizers enhanced growth, increased rhizome yield by 19.0% and resulted in 32.4% higher net profit over control. Among the seed treatments, Azotobacter 5.0 kg ha＂l, Azospirillum 3.75 kg hal and Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha-1 were found optimum in improving most of the growth attributes, increasing yield components and yield of rhizome by 5.6%-13.5%. They also improved rhizome quality by increasing specific gravity, oleoresin and dry matter content and by decreasing crude fibre in rhizome. They resulted in higher net return by 4.0%-12.0% as compared to their other levels. Combined use of Azotobacter 5.0 kg hal along with Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha＂l was found to be the best treatment combination which greatly improved growth and yield attributes of ginger and ultimately recorded markedly higher productivity （2.0%-23.5%） over other combinations. This treatment combination improved the quality of the produce and resulted in the highest gross return （$4,905 hal）, net return （$3,525 hal） and return per dollar （3.55） invested in ginger cultivation. It appears that growing organic ginger by treating the seed rhizome with Azotobacter 5.0 kg ha-~ along with Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha-1 can result in good growth and high productivity of improved quality rhizome and ultimately result in maximum net profit and thus can be recommended for the NorthEastern region of India.

Study on Soil Nutrient Contents and Nutrient Characteristics of Ginger(Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

[Objective] This study was conducted to provide scientific basis for fertilization of ginger with high quality and high yield. [Method] The soil nutrient contents and plant nutrient characteristics of Zhugen ginger（Zingiber officinale Rosc.） were studied. [Result] The results showed that： the soil of ginger planting area in Chongqing（Yongchuan） Seedlings of science and technology city was acidic overall,the soil organic matter content was low and alkali-hydrolyzable N was at moderate level; and the contents of available P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were extremely rich, while the available S was in lack. The contents of N and K were abundant and P was little in ginger plants, the content of K was more than N in ginger roots and stems, while the content of N was more than K in ginger leaves. [Conclusion]In practical production, it was necessary to fertilize rationally and control the ratio of N fertilizer to K fertilizer according to local conditions, thereby promoting ginger growth and realize high-yield ginger production.

Implementation of the Acclimatization Process for Ginger Plantlets (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important culinary and medicinal spice but is rarely cultivated due to the unavailability of seeds. Given the difficulties in adapting to plantlets produced in natural environments, it is important to analyze the survival conditions of ginger plantlets. For this reason, we varied the incubation temperature and humidity as well as the substrate during the weaning phase. Then, we varied the nutrients contained in the watering solution during the hardening phase. The statistical analysis showed that physical factors and substrates significantly influenced (p < 0.0001) plantlet survival. Nutrient solutions significantly influenced the phylogenesis, rhizogenesis, and height growth of the plantlets. The suitable physical factors for good development of plantlets are a temperature of 26.54˚C and a humidity of 96.16%. The 1C2T2TC substrate (1 Compost + 2 Soil + 2 Coconut Peat) had a significant survival rate of approximately 92.5%. During hardening, the Plantzym solution promoted good growth in terms of plantlet height (0.6 cm) and good development of roots (30 roots) and leaves (03 leaves). This work will make it possible to develop a technical seed production sheet for better development of ginger cultivation in Benin.

Non-polar Solvent Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Volatile Constituents from Dried Zingiber Officinale Rosc.

A new method, non-polar solvent microwave-assisted extraction （NPSMAE）, was applied to the extraction of essential oil from Zingiber officinale Rosc. in closed-vessel system. By adding microwave absorption mediumcarbonyl iron powders （CIP） into extraction system, the essential oil was extracted by the non-polar solvent （ether） which can be heated by CIP. The constituents of essential oil obtained by NPSMAE were comparable with those obtained by hydrodistillation （HD） by GC-MS analysis, which indicates that NPSMAE is a feasible way to extract essential oil from dried plant materials. The NPSMAE took much less extraction time （5 min） than HD （180 min）, and its extraction efficiency was much higher than that of conventional polar solvent microwave-assisted extraction （PSMAE） and mixed solvent microwave-assisted extraction （MSMAE）. It can be a good alternative for the extraction of volatile constituents from dried plant samples.

Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of <i>Zingiber officinale</i>Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)

Zingiber officinale, commonly known as ginger, is a species native of tropical Asia. It is grown and used in tropical countries of America, including Mexico, where it is used for the treatment of throat infections. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of essential oil of Z. officinale rhizome and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the chemical composition of the oil was determined by GC-MS. To determine the antimicrobial activity diffusion, agar dilution and radial growth inhibition methods were employed. Microbial growth curves were performed on the strains most susceptible. It was identified 28 compounds in the essential oil, the most abundant were eudesmol (8.19%), γ-terpinene (7.88 %), a-curcumene (7.28%), alloaromadendrene (6.56%), zingiberene (6.06 %), α-pinene (5.76 %), δ-cadinene (3.84%), elemol (3.39%), farnesal (3.45%), E-β-farnesene (3.57%), neril acetate (2.8%) and β-myrcene (2.94%). In antimicrobial activity, the essential oil inhibited the growth of 15 bacterial strains, 3 of yeast fungi and 4 of mycelia fungi. The most susceptible strains were S. aureus FES-I (MIC = 0.25 mg/mL) S. epidemidis FES-C (MIC = 0.5 mg/mL), E. faecalis ATCC 14506 (MIC = 1.0 mg/mL), C. tropicalis (CMI = 0.125 mg/mL) and T. mentagrophytes (CF50 = 0.08 mg/mL). In the microbial growth curves the essential oil showed bactericidal effect on S. aureus FES-I and S. marcescens ATCC 14756 from the first hour of exposure of the strains to oil, eliminating 99.9% of CFU in concentrations of 0.5 and 0.75 mg/mL respectively. The results validate the medicinal use of Z. officinale in the treatment of diseases of possible infectious origin.

Physico-Chemical Attributes of Essential Oil from Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith Cultivars Grown in Togo

The present study was carried out to evaluate the quality of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet from different areas of Togo on the basis of their essential oil content and composition. The dry rhizomes were pulverised, hydrodistilled and essential oils were analysed using GC and GC/MS techniques. The results revealed that the essential oil yield of Z. zerumbet ranged from 0.75% to 1.00% and was mainly composed by Zerumbone (51.8% - 37.5%) and humulene (21.7% - 28.2%). Z. officinale essential oil yielded from 1.25% to 1.67%, with major components as zingiberene (33% - 39.9%);basibolene (12.7% - 16%), and sesquiphellandrene (13% - 14.7%).

A New Antioxidant Cyclic Diarylheptanoid from the Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale

The bioassay was directed to the fractionation of the methanol extract of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe leading to the isolation of a new antioxidant cyclic diarylheptanoid. The structure of the new compound was established as 1, 5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) heptane (1) on the basis of MS, 1D and 2D-NMR experiments.

风险冲击对农业文化遗产地农户可持续生计的影响:以安徽铜陵白姜(Zingiber officinale)种植系统为例

农户可持续生计是农业文化遗产保护与发展的关键要素,但遗产系统的濒危性特点和农业的自然再生产与经济再生产交织特征,使得其面临以市场风险和自然风险为主的风险冲击。笔者以中国重要农业文化遗产—安徽铜陵白姜(Zingiber officinale)种植系统为例,依据可持续生计理论构建“风险冲击→生计资本→生计结果”分析框架,并采用形成型指标的结构方程模型,探讨风险冲击对遗产地农户生计资本和生计结果的影响机理,进一步明晰遗产地农户生计资本与生计结果的影响关系。结果表明:(1)遗产地农户遭受市场风险或自然风险时主要依靠动用储蓄、降低现金持有以及减少教育和培训支出等手段来应对,导致遗产地农户金融资本和人力资本存量明显减少。(2)遗产地从事传统农业生产的劳动力老龄化、传统农业技术能力减弱以及传统农业与其他产业有效融合不足等现状,限制了遗产地农户生计结果的改善。(3)遗产地农户生计结果受市场风险的负面影响更为直接,但从总体上看受自然风险的负面影响更大。基于此,农业文化遗产保护与发展应从强化风险冲击应对措施、提高农产品附加价值和推动农文旅有效融合等多方面促进农户生计的可持续性。

Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial properties ot Allium sativum(garlic) cloves and Zingiber officinale(ginger) rhizomes against multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection.Methods:The cloves of garlic and rhizomes of ginger were extracted with 95%(v/v) ethanol.The ethanolic extracts were subjected to antibacterial sensitivity test against clinical pathogens.Results:Anti-bacterial potentials of the extracts of two crude garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes were tested against five gram negative and two gram positive multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates.All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to crude extracts of both plants extracts.Except Enterobacter sp.and Klebsiella sp.,all other isolates were susceptible when subjected to ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger.The highest inhibition zone was observed with garlic(19.4S mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa).The minimal inhibitory concentration was as low as 67.00 μg/mL against P.aeruginosa.Conclusions:Natural spices of garlic and ginger possess effective anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug clinical pathogens and can be used for prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases and further evaluation is necessary.

Two new compounds from Zingiber officinale

A new cyclic diarylheptanoid, 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-（3-methoxy-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl）-7-（4-hydroxyphenyl）-heptane （1）, as well as a new monoterpene, 10-O-β-n-glucopyranosyl-hydroxy cineole （2） were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were established based on their spectral data. In addition, the antioxidant activities of these compounds were also measured.

Densitometric HPTLC analysis of 8-gingerol in Zingiber officinale extract and ginger-containing dietary supplements,teas and commercial creams

Objective:To develop and validate a simple,accurate HPTLC method for the analysis of 8-gingerol and to determine the quantity of 8-gingerol inZingiber officinaleextract and gingercontaining dietary supplements,teas and commercial creams.Methods:The analysis was performed on 10×20 cm aluminium-backed plates coated with 0.2 mm layers of silica gel 60 F254(E-Merck,Germany)with n-hexane:ethyl acetate 60:40(v/v)as mobile phase.Camag TLC Scanner III was used for the UV densitometric scanning at 569.Results:This system was found to give a compact spot of 8-gingerol at retention factor(Rf) value of(0.39依0.04)and linearity was found in the ranges 50-500 ng/spot(r2=0.9987).Limit of detection(12.76 ng/spot),limit of quantification(26.32 ng/spot),accuracy(less than 2%)and recovery(ranging from 98.22-99.20)were found satisfactory.Conclusions:The HPTLC method developed for quantification of 8-gingerol was found to be simple,accurate,reproducible,sensitive and is applicable to the analysis of 8-gingerol in Zingiber officinaleextract and ginger-containing dietary supplements,teas and commercial creams.

Two New Diarylheptanoids from the Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale

Two new diaryheptanoids, (5S)-5-acetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3- heptanone (1) and (3S,5S)-3,5-diacetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane (2) were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Their structures were elucidated by spectral methods.

Evaluation of Various Crude Extracts of <i>Zingiber officinale</i>Rhizome for Potential Antibacterial Activity: A Study <i>in Vitro</i>

In vitro antibacterial activity of crude aqueous and organic extracts of rhizome of Zingiber officinaleRoscoe (ginger) was studied against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) bacterial strains. The present study reveals that the pattern of inhibition varied with the solvent used for extraction and the organism tested. Plant extracts prepared in organic solvents provided more consistent antibacterial activity as compared to aqueous extracts. Methanol extract was the most active against maximum number of bacterial species tested. Gram-positive bacteria were found the most sensitive as compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was significantly inhibited by almost all the extracts even in very low MIC followed by other Gram-positives. Escherichia coli (a Gram-negative bacterium) was showing the least inhibition with highest MIC values, while Salmonella typhi was found completely resistant. Methanol extract yielded the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins in phytochemical screening. Results of the present study sign the interesting assurance of designing a potentially active antibacterial agent from Zingiber officinale.

Effect of Zingiber Officinale Sucus on contraction of isolated duodenum in rabbits

Objective:Observation of ginger (Zingiber Officinale Sucus, ZOS) effect on rabbit isolated duodenum and to explore the correlation mechanism with M and H1 receptor. To investigate the effects of ZOS on isolated duodenum of rabbits treated with acetylcholine, histamine, atropine and chlorpheniramine respectively. Methods: The optimal concentration of ZOS was 1% and the above drugs were applied to the isolated duodenal segments respectively. The contractile force was recorded by BL-420E biological signal acquisition system. Results: The results showed that ZOS significantly inhibited the contraction of isolated rabbit duodenal smooth muscle in a positive concentration-dependent manner. The mechanism of inhibiting contraction had little correlation with M and H1 receptors. Conclusion: It could inhibit the efficacy of acetylcholine and histamine, and was a synergist for atropine and chlorpheniramine. This study provided a basis for the use of ginger in daily life and the development of combined medication.

Study of the Knowledge of Turmeric <i>Curcuma longa</i>) and Ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) in the Region of Daloa (Côte D’Ivoire)

Ginger and turmeric are two plants of the Zingiberaceaes family. They are used as spices and in the treatment of many diseases. Despite their importance, data on their knowledge and their uses are scarce. The objective of this work was to assess the knowledge and different uses of ginger and turmeric. A survey was carried out among saleswomen and consumers. The survey reveals that 100% of those surveyed knew about ginger, but fewer people (17.5%) knew about turmeric. The survey identified that ginger tastes more pungent (82.65%) than bitter (17.35%), whilst turmeric’s taste is bitterer (53.47%) rather than pungent (46.53%). Consumption differed between the two rhizomes, with ginger consumed fresh (90.22%) and turmeric dry (84.25%). Differences were also noted in their medicinal (40.66% for ginger and 32.15% for turmeric), nutritional (50.82% for ginger and 11.65% for turmeric) and cosmetic (8.63% properties for ginger and 56.2% for turmeric) uses. The vernacular names of the two rhizomes varied from one ethnic group to another.

Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale (L) Rose) Juices Sold in the Western Part of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)

Juices made from the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae), commonly called Bissap, and the rhizome of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae), known as Gnamankoudji, are widely consumed in C&ocirc;te d'Ivoire. The artisanal preparation of these juices often makes their quality problematic. The aim of this study is to determine some physicochemical and microbiological properties of these drinks sold in the city of Abidjan. To do this, samples of Bissap and Gnamankoudji juices were collected near schools in the Mamie Adjoua (Yopougon) and Abobodoumé (Attécoubé) districts. Physico-chemical and microbiological analyses were performed on these collected samples. The results show that the Bissap and Gnamankoudji juices have an acid pH (2.47 and 3.71), a low protein content (0.78% and 2.11%) and a high water content (80.13% and 85.21%), respectively. The reducing sugar content ranged from 1.20% to 3.34%, with high total sugar (695 mg/mL and 812 mg/mL), low ash (0.70 ± 0.07;0.91 ± 0.01). On the other hand, these juices contain variable concentrations of minerals from one site to another (magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron). Potassium is the most abundant mineral element, followed by phosphorus and magnesium. Moreover, it is observed that the Gnamankoudji juices contain vitamin C (4.67 to 5.58 mg/100mL), contrary to the Bissap juice. The microbiological analysis indicates the presence of aerobic mesophilic germs (AMG) but a total absence of pathogenic germs in all juices. The important presence of nutrients and the total absence of pathogenic germs in these drinks justify their regular consumption by the population.

Effect of Avocado （Persea Americana）, Cabbage （Brassica Oleracea） and Ginger （Zingiber Officinale） on Rat Liver and Thyroid Injuries Induced by CCI4 （Carbon Tetrachloride）

Avocado, Cabbage, and Ginger are a part of a regular human diet and have antioxidant, and antitumor effects. The effect of AVOE （avocado）, GE （Ginger） and CE （Cabbage） extracts separately on liver NO （nitric oxide）, MDA （malondialdehyde）, as well as serum AST （aspartate aminotransferase）, ALT （alanine aminotransferase）, total bilirubin, TC （total cholesterol）, T.G （triglyceride）, HDL cholesterol （high-density lipoprotein）, LDL cholesterol （low-density lipoprotein）, TSH （thyroid-stimulating hormone）, T3 （Triiodothyronine）, T4 （Thyroxine） in rats treated and untreated with CC14 （carbon tetrachloride） was studied. The levels of NO, MDA, as well as serum AST, ALT, total bilirubin, TC, T.G, LDL, and TSH, showed an elevation while, HDL, T3 and T4 showed the decline in rats treated with CC14 as compared to control. Treatment of rats with AVOE and GE pre, during, and post CC14 administration improve NO, MDA, as well as serum AST, ALT, total bilirubin, TC, T.G, HDL, LDL, TSH, T3, T4 as compared to CC14. Treatment of rats with CE pre, during, and post CC14 administration did not improve in the thyroid hormones and lipid profile levels as compared to CC14. These findings suggest that avocado and ginger treatment exerts a protective effect on metabolic disorders by decreasing oxidative stress.

生姜多糖的提取及抗氧化作用研究

采用超声辅助提取法从生姜中提取多糖,采用单因素和正交试验对生姜多糖提取工艺进行优化,结果发现:生姜多糖最佳提取工艺为液料比1∶20,匀浆时间5 min,匀浆温度70℃,超声时间80 min为宜,超声温度80℃,超声波功率为100 W,在该条件下多糖得率为12.56%。抗氧化活性测定结果表明,生姜多糖在5 mg/mL时对羟基自由基的清除能力可达到90.96%,且还原力最强。

生姜新品种荆姜1号的选育

为系统了解生姜新品种荆姜1号的倍性、生育期、产量、品质和抗病虫性等特征,通过实验室染色体观察、田间生产试验、抗性监测、营养成分测定等方法开展研究。结果表明,荆姜1号品种为二倍体(2n=2x=22),生育期192 d,叶色深绿,植株生长健壮,适收期平均株高102.67 cm,平均分枝数26.10个,平均地上茎粗1.38 cm。高抗姜瘟病,对蚜虫和害螨均有非选择抗性,抗旱性强,耐涝性较强。其根茎肥大,每株根茎鲜质量1241.1 g,锌含量4.89 mg/kg,硒含量0.0015 mg/kg,粗纤维含量0.91%、可溶性蛋白质含量1.31 g/100 g,维生素C含量8.61 mg/100 g,可溶性糖含量为0.83%,姜辣素含量1.69%,辛辣味适中。生产试验结果表明,平均产量达3609.1 kg/667 m^(2),该品种适宜长江流域生姜产区栽培。

云南产生姜UHPLC指纹图谱及4种成分定量分析研究

采用超高效液相色谱法(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,UHPLC)建立20批云南不同产地生姜的指纹图谱,并对4个姜辣素类成分进行定量分析。建立了生姜UHPLC指纹图谱并对20批样本的18个共有峰进行了化学计量学分析;聚类分析(cluster analysis,CA)可将样本分为4类,色谱峰则被分为3组,红河与文山样本比较相近且被聚为2类,曲靖样本被聚为2类;主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)结果表明,红河与文山(云南东南部)样本间的差异相对较小,同时两地与曲靖(云南东部)样本的差异相对较大,主成分得分及各变量的载荷分布情况与聚类分析分类结果基本一致;正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)可实现对云南东南部、云南东部的有效区分,并筛选了8个差异性标志物。含量测定结果表明,红河与文山生姜样本含量较为相近,两地与曲靖生姜样本存在一定差异,差异成分主要为6-姜辣素、8-姜酚和6-姜烯酚。本研究可为药用生姜的产地选择、质量综合评价研究提供参考。