Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a large-sized ingot of Mg–9Gd–3Y–1.5Zn–0.5Zr(wt%) alloy after a lower-temperature homogenization treatment

In this paper,a large-sized ingot of Mg–9Gd–3Y–1.5Zn–0.5Zr(wt%) alloy with a diameter of 600 mm was successfully prepared by the semi-continuous casting method.The alloy was subsequently annealed at a relatively low temperature of 430°C for 12 h as a homogenization treatment.The microstructure and room-temperature mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated systematically.The results show that the as-cast alloy contained a mass of discontinuous lamellar-shaped 18 R long-period stacking ordered(LPSO) phases with a composition of Mg10 Zn Y and an α-Mg matrix,along with net-shaped Mg5(Y,Gd) eutectic compounds at the grain boundaries.Most of the eutectic compounds dissolved after the homogenization treatment.Moreover,the amount and dimensions of the lamellar-shaped LPSO phase obviously increased after the homogenization treatment.The structure of the phase transformed into 14H-type LPSO with composition Mg12Zn(Y,Gd).The mechanical properties of the heat-treated large-sized alloy ingot are uniform.The ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and tensile yield strength(TYS) of the alloy reached 207.2 MPa and 134.8 MPa,respectively,and the elongation was 3.4%.The high performances of the large-sized alloy ingot after the homogenization treatment is attributed to the strengthening of the α-Mg solid solution and to the plentiful LPSO phase distributed over the α-Mg matrix.

Numerical simulation of temperature distribution and heat transfer during solidification of titanium alloy ingots in vacuum arc remelting process

In order to get a better understanding of the vacuum consumable arc remelting(VAR) processes and thus to optimize them,a 3D finite element model was developed for the temperature fields and heat transfer of titanium alloy ingots during VAR process.The results show that the temperature fields obtained by the simulation are well validated through the experiment results.The temperature distribution is different during the whole VAR process and the steady-state molten pool forms at 329 s for d100 mm × 180 mm ingots.At the initial stage of remelting,the heat dissipation of crucible bottom plays an important role in the whole heat dissipation system.At the middle of remelting,the crucible wall becomes a major heat dissipation way.The effect of cooling velocity on the solidification structure of ingots was investigated based on the temperature fields and the results can well explain the macrostructure of titanium alloy ingots.

Chemical composition analysis on industrial scale ingots and castings of TiAl alloys

The chemical composition variation of the TiAl-4722 alloys was examined in a batch of the industrial scale master ingots,and in the corresponding castings prepared by conventional vacuum arc remelting(VAR)combined with induction skull melting(ISM)and investment casting processes.The content changes of major elements and interstitial elements were evaluated based on the chemical analysis at the top and bottom of the ingots and castings.Results show that the contents of C,N,H,Fe and Si have almost no change in the ingots and castings,suggesting that the chemical analysis on these elements can be based on the batch analysis.The O content keeps almost the same in different ingots,but exhibits relatively large differences in castings,which was probably influenced by the reaction between the shell mold and the molten alloy,and the spalling of face coat of the shell mold during casting.For the major elements of Al,Nb and Cr,the composition difference between the top and the bottom of the ingots is less than that of the castings.But for the O element,the trend is different,especially for the castings,suggesting that the investment casting is a homogenization process for Cr and Nb,but a differentiation process for O.The contents of major elements in castings fluctuate mainly in the same range as that in the ingots,indicating that the contents of the major elements are controllable during investment casting.

Segregation Behaviour and Microstructure of Alloy 718VADER Ingot

The segregation behaviour and miclostructure of an alloy 718 VADER ingot in comparison with a VAR ingot were studied. The results show that one serious problem of the alloy 718 VADER ingot is dealing with radial chemistry gradients (especially macro-segregation in Nb). The main factor of Nb gradient forming is the flow of Nb rich fluid through passages among the cellular structures driven by centrifugal force from the rotating mold, Detailed structure and micro-segregation studies on ingots impress us that the VADER process does not show the advantage on the improvement of micro-segregation especially in Nb. The cellular structure produced by the VADER process is no more effective in reducjng Nb micro-segregation during homogenization treatment than the dendritic structure by the VAR process. Experimental results lead us to believe that the VADER process is unsuitable to manufacture alloy 718.

钛合金铸锭冒口损失率差异性成因分析及对策研究

VAR熔炼的钛合金铸锭,熔炼末期需要采用补缩工艺制度,降低铸锭冒口损失率,提高成材率。在实际生产过程中,钛合金铸锭冒口损失率受各种因素影响,每个铸锭之间存在较大差异,且波动范围大,损失严重。为了分析钛合金铸锭冒口损失率差异性的影响因素,应用Minitab统计软件,采用多因子方差分析方法进行研究,找出了熔炼工班次、补缩时间班次、探伤操作者、补缩期操作稳定性、补缩过程是否频繁短路等显著影响因子,排除了不显著的因子交互作用,并针对各显著因子,制定了相应的改进对策,有效降低了钛合金铸锭冒口损失率以及铸锭间的差异性,提高了成品率。

超高强铝合金研究进展与发展趋势

超高强铝合金具有密度低、比强度高等特点,广泛应用于航空、航天、核工业等领域。合金的极限强度已从第四代铝合金的600 MPa级,逐步发展到650~700 MPa级、750 MPa级,甚至800 MPa级及以上第五代铝合金。本文首先对超高强铝合金的发展历程和国内外发展现状进行概述;随后,从成分设计与优化、熔铸与均匀化技术、热变形技术、热处理技术、计算机辅助模拟计算共五个方面对近些年的研究进展和所遇到的问题进行了总结和讨论;最后,结合未来装备的发展需求和国内的技术现状,指出“深入研究基础理论,解决综合性能匹配等问题以及在特定应用场景下专用材料的推广应用”是超高强铝合金的发展趋势和重要方向。

LAZ811合金水冷凝固工艺设计与组织性能研究

对LAZ811合金水冷凝固模具与工艺进行了探索,主要包括熔铸工艺分析、水冷模具的结构设计及浇注参数的确定,并制备出了LAZ811合金铸锭。结果表明:真空感应熔炼+氩气保护,合理的水冷模具结构能够使合金快速凝固,有效防止铸锭内部缩孔及缩松的形成,并获得组织细小、拉伸性能优良的镁锂合金材料,并适用于类似合金的生产。

8006铝合金超大规格扁锭生产工艺研究

在8006铝合金640 mm×2400 mm超大规格扁锭生产中,熔体纯净度难以控制,铸造过程对水温变化异常敏感,导致成型困难.从原材料、熔体精炼、在线过滤三个方面采取措施保证熔体纯净度,并通过试验确定了合适的铸造工艺参数.对熔体的纯净度、扁锭的外观及内部组织检测表明,采取的措施可有效控制熔体的渣含量,保证铸锭顺利成型.

Effects of minor Sc on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr based alloys

Five kinds of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr based alloys with different Sc additions were prepared by ingot metallurgy. The effects of minor Sc on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr based alloys were investigated using tensile tests, optical microscopy （OM）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results show that the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength are improved by 94 and 110 MPa, respectively, and the elongation to failure remains at a reasonable extent （11.1%） in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr based alloy with 0.21 wt.% Sc addition after solution heat treatment at 475°C for 40 min and then aged at 120°C for 24 h. The addition of minor Sc induces the formation of Al3（Sc,Zr） particles, which are highly effective in refining the cast microstructures, retarding recrystallization, and pinning dislocations. The increment of strength is attributed mainly to fine grain strengthening, precipitation strengthening of Al3（Sc,Zr） particles, and substructure strengthening.

Microstructure and Properties of RS-P/M and I/M Al-Li Alloys

The Al-Li alloy powder was prepared by argon atomization. It was canned in an aluminum container and then the compact powder billet and I/M Al-Li ingot were extruded into φ17mm at 450°C with an area reduction of 34:1. Compared the tensile properties between RS-P/M and I/M Al-Li alloys, also studied their process, microstructure and the mechanism of the ageing strengthening in the alloy. The size of atomized powder is in the range of 10-140μm and the cooling rate of the powder is about 103-105K/s. The RS-P/M Al-Li alloy has finer grains and more dispersed precipitates than the I/M Al-Li alloy.

The developing strategy of Chinese magnesiumand magnesiumalloy

The status and developing strategy of Chinese magnesium industry are summarized in the present paper. The output and export of Chinese magnesium ingot have rapidly increased in the recent ten years, but the magnesium products with high value, such as the wrought magnesium alloys, and their applications are insufficient. Chinese magnesium industry should develop toward the direction of large scale, specialization and collectivization in the future. The enterprises should enhance the level of management and reinforce the international competing ability with the help of governmental policies.

基于价值流图析技术的钛合金铸锭生产流程优化

针对BT公司钛合金铸锭生产线产能不足,生产效率低下,生产过程在制品较多,铸锭生产周期较长,严重影响钛材产品交付等问题,利用价值流图技术提出钛合金铸锭生产流程优化方案。根据公司钛合金铸锭生产现状价值流图,分析出过程中存在的各种浪费、等待、库存等问题,并绘制出未来价值流图。并通过应用精益生产中的先进先出、均衡生产、拉动式生产、标准化作业等精益方法对生产流程进行了优化,优化后的生产流程,缩短了钛合金铸锭生产周期,减少了库存和在制品,提高了生产平衡率,满足了后续钛材加工的需求。

Φ820mm规格TC6钛合金铸锭的试制

在小规格TC6、TC17、TB6等牌号铸锭生产经验的基础上,采用专用的中间合金Al-Mo-Cr-Fe-Si,通过单节混料工艺和控制合理的熔炼参数,成功制备了第一支直径为Φ820mm的TC6钛合金铸锭,利用化学分析方法对铸锭三个部位的切片的横向和纵向所取的数十个试样进行了成分分析。结果表明,合金的化学成分满足相关标准要求,主元素Al、Mo、Cr、Fe、Si的成分均匀性控制良好,合金元素波动幅度与Φ710mm的TC6合金铸锭相当。

VAR熔炼制备超大规格TC4 ELI钛合金铸锭研究

舰船和海洋领域对钛合金材料的需求呈大型化发展趋势,铸锭作为锻件和板材的母材,其大型化也势在必行。为满足大型铸锭的工业化生产,采用有限元分析法对真空自耗电弧熔炼(VAR)超大规格TC4ELI钛合金一次锭和成品锭的熔炼过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,一次锭熔炼过程中稳弧电流和稳弧周期直接影响熔池中夹杂物的运动轨迹;对于TC4 ELI钛合金一次锭熔炼,较为合适的稳弧参数为稳弧电流30 A,稳弧周期40 s;成品锭熔炼时,降低熔炼电流,增大稳弧电流和稳弧周期,即加强VAR熔炼过程中的搅拌有助于提高铸锭成分均匀性和表面质量。根据数值模拟结果进行了12.8 t级超大规格TC4 ELI钛合金铸锭的工业化生产,所得铸锭表面质量良好,成分均匀。

再生6061铝合金圆铸锭缺陷分析

采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对再生6061铝合金圆铸锭的铸造缺陷进行了分析,研究了几种典型铸造缺陷的形态特征和化学成分,并判定铸造缺陷类别。研究结果表明:再生6061铝合金圆铸锭主要缺陷包括氧化物夹杂、针孔、氯化物夹杂和缩松等。其中氧化物夹杂分为氧化铝和氧化镁两类;针孔的尺寸较小,分布较为均匀;氯化物夹杂的尺寸较大,且带有疏松的特征,分布无明显规律性;缩松和Mg_(2)Si的区别主要在于形态,前者结构简单,长径比较小。

挤压工艺对汽车用铝合金型材组织与性能的影响

以汽车用超薄壁6005A铝合金为研究对象,研究在热挤压时,铸锭加热温度、挤压速度对其组织、力学性能和导电率的影响。结果表明,适当降低铸锭加热温度并提高挤压速度对6005A铝合金型材综合性能有一定的提升作用;挤压速度对型材导电率的影响较小,铸锭加热温度越高,导电性能越好。

热处理温度对Al⁃2%Mg合金铸锭组织及阳极氧化表面性能的影响

为构建铝材金属组织与阳极氧化表面性能的关联性,以工业化半连续铸造工艺制备的Al⁃2%Mg高纯度扁锭为对象,在300~550℃温度范围内进行热处理,再进行常规参数阳极氧化处理,通过光谱仪、扫描电镜、光学显微镜、分光测色仪、雾影仪等研究了热处理温度对金属组织和阳极氧化表面性能(粗糙度、光泽度和雾影值)的影响。结果表明:随着热处理温度升高,阳极氧化后表面粗糙度逐渐降低,光泽度和成像清晰度升高,雾影值降低。这些表面性能的变化与第二相的析出及回溶密切相关。

Cu-Ni-Si合金带材表面白线缺陷成因分析

采用能谱仪(EDS)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、表面三维轮廓仪及超声波仪,对Cu-Ni-Si合金带材表面白线缺陷及对应的铸态样品的化学成分和微观形貌进行观察和分析,探讨了白线缺陷的产生原因。结果表明:白线区域宏观上为基体大晶粒,表面覆盖一层不均匀的1~2μm的小颗粒,微观上存在白色孔洞区域、黑色孔洞区域以及孔洞周边颗粒区3种典型形貌,其中孔洞尺寸大小为2~5μm,孔洞深度约为200 nm。经过EDS测试,这3种形貌周围组织中O, Mg, Si元素含量较基体正常部分偏高;白线缺陷对应铸态样品经超声波检测后有缺陷回波,内部存在疏松缺陷,铸态缺陷处形貌与带材白线缺陷处形貌类似,且铸态缺陷处成分同样富含O, Mg,Si元素。因此,带材白线缺陷的产生原因可归结为铸锭内的疏松缺陷经后续加工形成。

Zr-1锆锭缺陷形成原因

某Zr-1锆锭在进行无损检测时发现内部存在缺陷。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法,对该缺陷的形成原因进行了分析。结果表明:锆锭缺陷的形成原因是熔炼时使用的电极被污染,引入了外来夹杂物,导致铜元素被引入Zr-1锆锭,未熔化的氧化铜颗粒和熔化的铜形成了锆铜合金,在Zr-1锆锭中形成了硬脆相夹杂物。

Inconel 783合金Φ508 mm自耗锭组织分析

以大冶特钢VIM+VAR工艺生产的Inconel 783合金Φ508 mm自耗锭为研究对象,采用光学显微镜、SEM、XRD、DSC等手段分析自耗锭的组织情况。结果表明:自耗锭锭冠可分为两个等轴晶区和两个柱状晶区,锭冠的缩孔深度大约为70 mm;自耗锭表层50~100μm厚度区域内有大量的β相析出,自耗锭中心部位的平均枝晶间距大约为131μm,中心部位有大量的白色富Nb的枝晶间相,枝晶间相的固溶温度点在1 189.6~1 209.7℃;自耗锭基体为典型的面心立方结构,晶格常数为0.356 9 nm,自耗锭的熔点温度在1 356.8~1 399.6℃。