Extended finite element-based cohesive zone method for modeling simultaneous hydraulic fracture height growth in layered reservoirs

In this study,a fully coupled hydromechanical model within the extended finite element method(XFEM)-based cohesive zone method(CZM)is employed to investigate the simultaneous height growth behavior of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures in layered porous reservoirs with modulus contrast.The coupled hydromechanical model is first verified against an analytical solution and a laboratory experiment.Then,the fracture geometry(e.g.height,aperture,and area)and fluid pressure evolutions of multiple hydraulic fractures placed in a porous reservoir interbedded with alternating stiff and soft layers are investigated using the model.The stress and pore pressure distributions within the layered reservoir during fluid injection are also presented.The simulation results reveal that stress umbrellas are easily to form among multiple hydraulic fractures’tips when propagating in soft layers,which impedes the simultaneous height growth.It is also observed that the impediment effect of soft layer is much more significant in the fractures suppressed by the preferential growth of adjoining fractures.After that,the combined effect of in situ stress ratio and fracturing spacing on the multi-fracture height growth is presented,and the results elucidate the influence of in situ stress ratio on the height growth behavior depending on the fracture spacing.Finally,it is found that the inclusion of soft layers changes the aperture distribution of outmost and interior hydraulic fractures.The results obtained from this study may provide some insights on the understanding of hydraulic fracture height containment observed in filed.

Crystal characterization and optical spectroscopy of Eu^(3+)-doped CaGdAlO_4 single crystal fabricated by the floating zone method

A highly transparent Eu3＋-doped CaGdA104 （CGA） single crystal is grown by the floating zone method. The segregation coefficient, x ray diffraction, and x ray rocking curve are detected, and the results reveal that the single crystal is of high quality. The f-f transitions of Eu3＋ in the host lattice are discussed. The 5D0-7F2 emis- sion transition at 621 nm （red light） is dominant over the 5D0-7F1 emission transitions at 591 and 599 nm （orange light）, agreeing well with the random crystal environment of Eu3＋ ions in a CGA crystal. The decay time of Eu：5D0 is measured to be 1.02 ms. All the results show that the Eu：CGA crystal has good optical char- acterization and promises to be an excellent red- fluorescence material.

Mathematical Models Developed by Zone Method Considering Non-Gray Radiation Properties of Gas in Combustion Chamber

Water vapour and carbon dioxide as the main products in combustion chamber have strong non-gray radiation properties. Multidimensional mathematical models were developed by zone method considering the non-gray radiation properties of gas in combustion chamber. Edwards exponential wide band model （EBWM） was adopted to calculate the non-gray radiation properties of gas, and the three-point Gauss-Legendre integral formula was used to calculate direct radiation exchange areas. Reflected radiation heat fluxes were obtained by Gauss elimination method, and energy balance equations were solved by main variable correction method. An example was given to validate the developed models, and further investigation of effects of flame distribution on heat transfer was carried on.

A circular zone counting method of identifying a Duffing oscillator state transition and determining the critical value in weak signal detection

Identifying state transition and determining the critical value of the Duffing oscillator are crucial to indicating external signal existence and have a great influence on detection accuracy in weak signal detection. A circular zone counting （CZC） method is proposed in this paper, by combining the Duffing oscillator＇s phase trajectory feature and numerical calculation for quickly and accurately identifying state transition and determining the critical value, to realize a high- efficiency weak signal detection. Detailed model analysis and method construction of the CZC method are introduced. Numerical experiments into the reliability of the proposed CZC method compared with the maximum Lyapunov exponent （MLE） method are carried out. The CZC method is demonstrated to have better detecting ability than the MLE method, and furthermore it is simpler and clearer in calculation to extend to engineering application.

Vibration analysis of steel structures including the effect of panel zone flexibility based on the energy method

New approximate formulas are proposed to determine the natural frequencies of structures considering the effects of panel zone flexibility and soil-structure interaction. Several structures with various earthquake resisting systems are idealized as prismatic cantilever flexural-shear beams. Floor masses are considered as lumped masses at each story level and masses of columns are evenly distributed along the cantilever beam. Soil-structure interaction is considered as axial and rotational springs, whose potential energy are formulated and incorporated into overall potential energy of the structure. Subsequently, natural frequency equations are derived on the basis of energy conservation principle. The effect of axial forces on natural frequency is also considered in the proposed formulas. Using the method presented in this study, natural frequencies are computed using a simplified method with no complex numerical modeling. The proposed formulas are verified via experimental and numerical methods. Close agreement between the results from these three approaches are observed. Furthermore, the effects of panel zone flexibility, continuity plates and doubler plates on the natural frequencies of buildings are investigated.

一种基于“四区”的低渗透油藏CO_(2)埋存量计算方法及应用

CO_(2)驱油和埋存能有效减少温室气体排放量达到碳中和目标,已有的CO_(2)埋存量计算方法主要针对CO_(2)的静态埋存量进行粗略计算,未考虑实际生产过程中CO_(2)埋存量的变化。针对上述问题,运用CO_(2)溶解、CO_(2)波及体积和驱油机理,将CO_(2)驱油与埋存过程分为气相区、两相或近混相区、扩散区和油相区,并基于“四区法”计算CO_(2)埋存量,得到了不同烃类的注入孔隙体积倍数、注入压力、注气速度下的CO_(2)动态埋存量的变化规律。将研究成果应用于W油田低渗储层,结果表明:注入烃类孔隙体积倍数、压力、注气速度与总埋存量呈正相关性,当压力由12 MPa升至30 MPa,CO_(2)埋存总量增加15.53×10^(4)t;当注气速度由5 t/d增加至30 t/d,峰值CO_(2)埋存总量由3.51×10^(4)t提高至12.62×10^(4)t。研究成果可为同类油藏开展CO_(2)驱油与埋存项目提供新的思路。

Computation of Protection Zone of a Lightning Rod Using Method of Moments and Monte Carlo Integration Technique

An accurate determination of lightning protection zone is an important issue in the analysis and design of an appropri-ate lightning protection system. This paper presents a fast and accurate protection zone determination methodology for metallic lightning rod. The methodology is based on Quasi Monte Carlo Integration technique applied to Method of Moments (MoM) solution of Integral Equations. As an example, solution of the integral equation for unknown charge distribution on lightning rod is obtained. The electric field in the region surrounding the rod is then computed and the protection zone plotted accordingly. The effect of the thickness of the rod on the protection zone is also studied.

气候变暖背景下云南省暴雨灾害风险区划研究

为进一步研究气候变暖背景下云南省暴雨灾害风险,利用25个气象站1990~2020年的逐日降水数据、社会经济、地理国情和历史灾情数据,基于ArcGIS的空间分析功能,运用暴雨灾害风险指数法、加权综合评价法、层次分析法和百分位数法通过建立由暴雨灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力组成的综合暴雨灾害风险评估模型,实现了对云南省暴雨灾害风险的区划研究。结果表明,云南省中东部和南部暴雨灾害风险较高,其中昆明中部及南部、曲靖南部、红河南部、西双版纳南部等地区暴雨灾害风险最高;暴雨灾害中等风险区主要位于曲靖北部、文山西南部、普洱西部、保山北部、楚雄西北部等地,而西北部的迪庆和怒江两州的暴雨灾害风险较低。区划结果能在一定程度上反映出云南暴雨灾害的分布情况,具有较好的理论意义和实际指导价值。

A Coastal Zone Segmentation Variational Model and Its Accelerated ADMM Method

Effective and efficient SAR image segmentation has a significant role in coastal zone interpretation. In this paper, a coastal zone segmentation model is proposed based on Potts model. By introducing edge self-adaption parameter and modifying noisy data term, the proposed variational model provides a good solution for the coastal zone SAR image with common characteristics of inherent speckle noise and complicated geometrical details. However, the proposed model is difficult to solve due to to its nonlinear, non-convex and non-smooth characteristics. Followed by curve evolution theory and operator splitting method, the minimization problem is reformulated as a constrained minimization problem. A fast alternating minimization iterative scheme is designed to implement coastal zone segmentation. Finally, various two-stage and multiphase experimental results illustrate the advantage of the proposed segmentation model, and indicate the high computation efficiency of designed numerical approximation algorithm.

基于fminimax优化函数的圆度误差评定

依据圆度误差标注代号和附加符号的含义,基于最小外接法、最大内切法和最小区域法分别建立了参考圆的圆心坐标优化目标函数和圆度误差评定模型,采用MATLAB软件编写了参考圆的圆心坐标优化目标函数子程序和圆度误差评定子程序,给出了圆度误差评定中fminimax优化函数调用方法。用Talyrond 585LT圆柱度测量仪对三个试样的圆周轮廓进行了提取,基于最小二乘法、最小外接法、最大内切法和最小区域法对提取的圆周轮廓分别进行了圆度误差评定。研究了优化搜索范围对圆度误差评定结果的影响,并将fminimax优化函数圆度误差评定的优化符合度与其他优化方法圆度误差评定的优化符合度进行了比较。fminimax优化函数的应用结果表明,评定结果精度高于或等于其他优化方法评定结果的精度,可满足圆度误差评定的需要。

太原盆地交城断裂带北段工程避让范围研究

在系统分析和整理交城断裂带北段探测成果的基础上,采用地质探槽剖面法、经验统计法及数值模拟法,预测评估交城断裂带北段在发生最大潜在震级M_(S)7.2地震时的同震地表破裂带宽度,探讨不同方法结果的精度和可靠性,并提出采用综合加权方法确定交城断裂带北段地表破裂带宽度。在此基础上综合考虑探测方法精度、断层上下盘效应等影响因素,确定交城断裂带北段工程避让区为F_(1)^(1)迹线西侧外延15.0m至F_(1)^(2)迹线东侧外延86.9m范围。该结果对交城断裂带沿线的国土规划利用、建(构)筑抗震设计具有一定的指导意义,该方法可为同类研究提供借鉴。

Study of the segmentation of active fault by the boundary element method──analysis of the Xianshuihe fault zone

On the basis of the recent geological surveys and the relevant studies of the Xianshuihe fault zone, this paper analyzes the seismogenic mechanism of some faults and characteristic morphology on the fault zone by the boundary element method and discusses the fault segmentation and the related distribution of the earthquake ruptures. The main conclusions are: For the first order segmentation, the Xianshuihe fault zone can be divided into three major segments (the northwestern Luhuo-Qianning segment, the middle linking fracture region and the southeastern Kangding segment). Among them, the differences are not only in geometry and structure, but also in mechanical property and dynamics. Some of the characteristic morphologies on the Xianshuihe fault zone reflect the effects in cumulative deformation due to long-term fault movement, and reveal the fault segmentation in different orders. Such morphologies control, to some extent, the developments and the distributions of the earthquake ruptures on the fault zone.

再生复合微粉混凝土界面过渡区性能研究

为研究再生复合微粉复掺比对混凝土界面过渡区性能的影响机理,用宏微观试验相结合的方法,分析不同复掺比对混凝土劈裂抗拉强度和显微硬度的影响规律,并利用灰色关联法探究力学性能与微观结构的关系。结果表明:再生砖粉对混凝土的改善效果优于再生混凝土粉,且掺入合理的再生复合微粉会改善混凝土界面过渡区的微观结构;再生复合微粉混凝土各组相显微硬度关系为:骨料相>砂浆相>界面过渡区相,且界面过渡区厚度随养护龄期的增加而逐渐减小;界面过渡区厚度与劈裂抗拉强度关系显著,呈线性负相关,所建立的模型拟合度较高。界面过渡区厚度能准确地表征再生复合微粉混凝土宏观性能变化规律,当再生混凝土粉/再生砖粉为2∶8时,可制备出性能良好的C30混凝土,具有良好的推广应用价值。

基于Roe-Siegmund循环内聚力模型焊趾疲劳裂纹萌生仿真

为建立焊趾疲劳裂纹萌生行为仿真方法,基于Roe-Siegmund循环内聚力模型对ABAQUS进行二次开发,形成用于反映疲劳累积损伤的VUMAT子程序,依据文献方法及试验数据获取Q345焊接区域材料的内聚力参数,通过Voronoi图法和内聚力单元法生成具有疲劳累积损伤特性和晶粒特征的微观模型,并与宏观对接焊缝模型合并,进行多尺度疲劳裂纹萌生仿真模拟,获得裂纹萌生路径、临界循环次数及晶粒力学响应特征.结果表明,此方法能够自发地选择符合实际情况的裂纹萌生位置以及短裂纹扩展路径,完成对焊接区域材料微观断裂过程的模拟,不同仿真组获取的临界循环次数存在于一定的分布范围内,模型中的累积内聚力长度需通过试验数据进行拟合.

Sintering zone prediction in direct metal laser sintering by finite element method

A three-dimensional finite element thermal model in direct metal laser sintering(DMLS) including the effect of powder-to-solid transition were established to predict sintering zone, which benefited the determination of suitable process parameters in DMLS. The nonlinear transient model of the metals thermal conductivity for powder-to-solid transition was developed. The model uses solid thermal properties of material in liquid-phase zone, transitional ones in sintering or sintered zone and powder ones in unsintered zones of powder bed to predict, respectively. Sintering zone boundary was estimated by maximum temperature history profile. Experiments were carried out using multi-component Cu-based metal powder. Compared experimental and predicted results, the mean error of sintering depth and width are 7.8% and 14.4%, respectively, which confirms the accuracy of the FEM prediction.

基于改进快速行进平方法的无人帆船动态避碰方法

[目的]为解决无人帆船在开阔水域的多船避碰问题,对基于改进快速行进平方(IFMS)法的局部动态避碰算法进行研究。[方法]考虑到帆船的速度不可控,将其避碰行为转化为航向控制问题,并以总势场梯度下降方向为期望避碰航向。当帆船没有碰撞危险或顺风航行时,仅通过构造时间势场来避开所有静止不规则障碍并到达目标点;而当帆船存在航行约束时,根据《国际海上避碰规则》(COLREGS)为特定会遇场景设计高斯似然函数用以动态地构建障碍势场。同时,考虑到帆船的航行死区,引入局部风势场,实现帆船动态避碰与“之”字形航行策略相结合的应用需求。[结果]结果显示,所提算法可以使无人帆船在遵守避碰规则和避免航行死区的同时,成功地在各种会遇场景下实现与其他帆船、受限机动船的避碰操作,相比原始快速行进平方(FMS)算法,逆风航行时间大大缩短,避碰航迹也更加合理、安全。[结论]所提方法符合帆船运动特性及避碰规则,在复杂环境下具有较高的安全性和鲁棒性,对无人帆船自主避障技术发展具有一定的科学价值。

不同进水方式对污泥床膨胀的影响

为了探究不同进水方式对污泥膨胀床性能的影响,设计一种侧向进水物理模型和四种不同进水夹角的底部进水口的数值模型,对比分析计算流体力学的三维模拟与实物模型的运行状态。结果表明:侧向进水方式污泥床在进水时膨胀速率比底部进水方式快19%;进水流量对两种进水方式的污泥膨胀高度及死区面积的减少有显著影响,在模拟中倾角为15°时,流量提升2.7倍,死区面积减少87%;底部圆锥倾角的变化,对死区产生显著的影响;侧向进水时,流场分为左右两部分,未有明显的优先流,底部进水则存在沿中轴线前进的主流,两侧的速度场分布梯度较小。

大凉山地区不同马铃薯品种产量和营养品质的综合评价

为筛选出适宜四川大凉山地区种植的马铃薯品种,对14个马铃薯品种的12个产量与营养品质指标进行测定,并结合主成分分析、隶属函数法、系统聚类分析对马铃薯产量和品质表现进行综合评价。结果表明,单株结薯数、单薯鲜质量、单株块茎鲜质量、单产、还原糖含量的变异系数均超过30%;单株块茎鲜质量与单薯鲜质量、单产和蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,干物质含量与淀粉含量、蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,单薯鲜质量与VC含量、锌含量呈显著负相关,蛋白质含量与钾含量呈极显著负相关;主成分分析结果表明,12个指标可用4个主成分来表示,方差累积贡献率达到86.040%。进一步采用隶属函数法和系统聚类分析将14个品种分为3类,筛选出6个综合表现较优的品种,分别为川凉薯10号、青薯9号、川芋50、川凉芋13、云薯108、川芋22号。

基于物质点法的深部煤层水射流破岩成孔机制和影响因素

我国深部煤层气资源丰富,但深部煤层渗透率极低,高应力−压力环境下深部煤层气解吸困难,导致产量低下。水平井水射流冲孔造穴是一种大范围卸压增透煤层的新技术,但在深部赋存环境下其破岩成孔机制还有待研究。由于深部煤层赋存于高地应力、高应力差的地质环境,室内物理模拟实验难以开展。因此,首先基于黏弹塑性理论和物质点法建立了水射流冲孔破岩数值模型,该模型集成拉格朗日和欧拉算法的优势,能有效模拟射流破岩过程中的动量交换、煤岩大变形、破岩、流体剥蚀携岩反排等全过程。然后,通过该数值模型开展了深部煤层水射流破岩成孔机制和影响因素研究,得到结论如下:①深部煤层以高地应力荷载作用造成的剪切破坏为破岩的主导机制,射流主要起到冲蚀和携岩反排的作用,而无应力荷载时以水射流碰撞煤岩产生的应力波造成张拉破坏为破岩的主导机制,由于煤岩塑性较强,水楔效应不明显。②深部煤层高地应力荷载作用加速了破岩过程,冲出煤量比无应力荷载时高,同时应力荷载促使煤体向开孔方向移动,造成空腔体积减小,但塑性损伤区较无应力荷载时明显增大。③冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积都随射流时间增加而增加,但增幅逐渐变缓。冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积随入射角度的增加整体呈下降趋势,射流角度越小,水射流冲孔破岩效果越好,射流垂直入射并不是破岩的最佳方式。④冲出煤量、塑性损伤区面积随应力差、煤岩开孔宽度的增加而增加,但应力差的增加对深部煤层射流破岩的促进作用不大。煤层开孔宽度不宜过高,适当增加开孔宽度可以提高射流破岩效率。

高震区斜坡式护岸的岸坡稳定性分析

对位于菲律宾高震区的某斜坡式护岸结构的岸坡进行稳定性评估,分析国际上主流抗震设计规范,结合该工程的具体设计条件,提出合适的地震岸坡稳定分析方法、稳定标准和分析流程,并采用Newmark法和非线性动力分析对该护岸的震后残余位移进行计算。结果表明:高震区的岸坡稳定分析宜以控制位移为目标,水准1、2地震下的残余位移宜分别不超过5、30 cm;当采用Newmark法计算时宜取其上限位移,而通过非线性动力分析可获得岸坡残余位移和最大剪应变等的分布,从而对地震下的岸坡稳定做更为全面的设计和评估。