Extended finite element-based cohesive zone method for modeling simultaneous hydraulic fracture height growth in layered reservoirs

In this study,a fully coupled hydromechanical model within the extended finite element method(XFEM)-based cohesive zone method(CZM)is employed to investigate the simultaneous height growth behavior of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures in layered porous reservoirs with modulus contrast.The coupled hydromechanical model is first verified against an analytical solution and a laboratory experiment.Then,the fracture geometry(e.g.height,aperture,and area)and fluid pressure evolutions of multiple hydraulic fractures placed in a porous reservoir interbedded with alternating stiff and soft layers are investigated using the model.The stress and pore pressure distributions within the layered reservoir during fluid injection are also presented.The simulation results reveal that stress umbrellas are easily to form among multiple hydraulic fractures’tips when propagating in soft layers,which impedes the simultaneous height growth.It is also observed that the impediment effect of soft layer is much more significant in the fractures suppressed by the preferential growth of adjoining fractures.After that,the combined effect of in situ stress ratio and fracturing spacing on the multi-fracture height growth is presented,and the results elucidate the influence of in situ stress ratio on the height growth behavior depending on the fracture spacing.Finally,it is found that the inclusion of soft layers changes the aperture distribution of outmost and interior hydraulic fractures.The results obtained from this study may provide some insights on the understanding of hydraulic fracture height containment observed in filed.

Crystal characterization and optical spectroscopy of Eu^(3+)-doped CaGdAlO_4 single crystal fabricated by the floating zone method

A highly transparent Eu3＋-doped CaGdA104 （CGA） single crystal is grown by the floating zone method. The segregation coefficient, x ray diffraction, and x ray rocking curve are detected, and the results reveal that the single crystal is of high quality. The f-f transitions of Eu3＋ in the host lattice are discussed. The 5D0-7F2 emis- sion transition at 621 nm （red light） is dominant over the 5D0-7F1 emission transitions at 591 and 599 nm （orange light）, agreeing well with the random crystal environment of Eu3＋ ions in a CGA crystal. The decay time of Eu：5D0 is measured to be 1.02 ms. All the results show that the Eu：CGA crystal has good optical char- acterization and promises to be an excellent red- fluorescence material.

Mathematical Models Developed by Zone Method Considering Non-Gray Radiation Properties of Gas in Combustion Chamber

Water vapour and carbon dioxide as the main products in combustion chamber have strong non-gray radiation properties. Multidimensional mathematical models were developed by zone method considering the non-gray radiation properties of gas in combustion chamber. Edwards exponential wide band model （EBWM） was adopted to calculate the non-gray radiation properties of gas, and the three-point Gauss-Legendre integral formula was used to calculate direct radiation exchange areas. Reflected radiation heat fluxes were obtained by Gauss elimination method, and energy balance equations were solved by main variable correction method. An example was given to validate the developed models, and further investigation of effects of flame distribution on heat transfer was carried on.

A circular zone counting method of identifying a Duffing oscillator state transition and determining the critical value in weak signal detection

Identifying state transition and determining the critical value of the Duffing oscillator are crucial to indicating external signal existence and have a great influence on detection accuracy in weak signal detection. A circular zone counting （CZC） method is proposed in this paper, by combining the Duffing oscillator＇s phase trajectory feature and numerical calculation for quickly and accurately identifying state transition and determining the critical value, to realize a high- efficiency weak signal detection. Detailed model analysis and method construction of the CZC method are introduced. Numerical experiments into the reliability of the proposed CZC method compared with the maximum Lyapunov exponent （MLE） method are carried out. The CZC method is demonstrated to have better detecting ability than the MLE method, and furthermore it is simpler and clearer in calculation to extend to engineering application.

Vibration analysis of steel structures including the effect of panel zone flexibility based on the energy method

New approximate formulas are proposed to determine the natural frequencies of structures considering the effects of panel zone flexibility and soil-structure interaction. Several structures with various earthquake resisting systems are idealized as prismatic cantilever flexural-shear beams. Floor masses are considered as lumped masses at each story level and masses of columns are evenly distributed along the cantilever beam. Soil-structure interaction is considered as axial and rotational springs, whose potential energy are formulated and incorporated into overall potential energy of the structure. Subsequently, natural frequency equations are derived on the basis of energy conservation principle. The effect of axial forces on natural frequency is also considered in the proposed formulas. Using the method presented in this study, natural frequencies are computed using a simplified method with no complex numerical modeling. The proposed formulas are verified via experimental and numerical methods. Close agreement between the results from these three approaches are observed. Furthermore, the effects of panel zone flexibility, continuity plates and doubler plates on the natural frequencies of buildings are investigated.

Computation of Protection Zone of a Lightning Rod Using Method of Moments and Monte Carlo Integration Technique

An accurate determination of lightning protection zone is an important issue in the analysis and design of an appropri-ate lightning protection system. This paper presents a fast and accurate protection zone determination methodology for metallic lightning rod. The methodology is based on Quasi Monte Carlo Integration technique applied to Method of Moments (MoM) solution of Integral Equations. As an example, solution of the integral equation for unknown charge distribution on lightning rod is obtained. The electric field in the region surrounding the rod is then computed and the protection zone plotted accordingly. The effect of the thickness of the rod on the protection zone is also studied.

A Coastal Zone Segmentation Variational Model and Its Accelerated ADMM Method

Effective and efficient SAR image segmentation has a significant role in coastal zone interpretation. In this paper, a coastal zone segmentation model is proposed based on Potts model. By introducing edge self-adaption parameter and modifying noisy data term, the proposed variational model provides a good solution for the coastal zone SAR image with common characteristics of inherent speckle noise and complicated geometrical details. However, the proposed model is difficult to solve due to to its nonlinear, non-convex and non-smooth characteristics. Followed by curve evolution theory and operator splitting method, the minimization problem is reformulated as a constrained minimization problem. A fast alternating minimization iterative scheme is designed to implement coastal zone segmentation. Finally, various two-stage and multiphase experimental results illustrate the advantage of the proposed segmentation model, and indicate the high computation efficiency of designed numerical approximation algorithm.

Study of the segmentation of active fault by the boundary element method──analysis of the Xianshuihe fault zone

On the basis of the recent geological surveys and the relevant studies of the Xianshuihe fault zone, this paper analyzes the seismogenic mechanism of some faults and characteristic morphology on the fault zone by the boundary element method and discusses the fault segmentation and the related distribution of the earthquake ruptures. The main conclusions are: For the first order segmentation, the Xianshuihe fault zone can be divided into three major segments (the northwestern Luhuo-Qianning segment, the middle linking fracture region and the southeastern Kangding segment). Among them, the differences are not only in geometry and structure, but also in mechanical property and dynamics. Some of the characteristic morphologies on the Xianshuihe fault zone reflect the effects in cumulative deformation due to long-term fault movement, and reveal the fault segmentation in different orders. Such morphologies control, to some extent, the developments and the distributions of the earthquake ruptures on the fault zone.

Sintering zone prediction in direct metal laser sintering by finite element method

A three-dimensional finite element thermal model in direct metal laser sintering(DMLS) including the effect of powder-to-solid transition were established to predict sintering zone, which benefited the determination of suitable process parameters in DMLS. The nonlinear transient model of the metals thermal conductivity for powder-to-solid transition was developed. The model uses solid thermal properties of material in liquid-phase zone, transitional ones in sintering or sintered zone and powder ones in unsintered zones of powder bed to predict, respectively. Sintering zone boundary was estimated by maximum temperature history profile. Experiments were carried out using multi-component Cu-based metal powder. Compared experimental and predicted results, the mean error of sintering depth and width are 7.8% and 14.4%, respectively, which confirms the accuracy of the FEM prediction.

计算辐射换热的Monte-Carlo-Zone方法

本文提出了Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ方法和Ｚｏｎｅ方法相结合的一种新的用于辐射传热的计算方法，简称为Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ－Ｚｏｎｅ方法。并用此方法对充满均匀和非均匀吸收辐射灰介质的无限大平板间的辐射换热进行了计算，得出平板间的无量纲辐射热流及无量纲“跳跃”温度，并与有关文献的分析计算结果进行了比较。

Floating zone growth and magnetic and specific heat properties of La0.67Ca0.33Mn1-xFexO3（x=0.00,0.04）single crystals

Single crystals of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 and La0.67Ca0.33Mn0.96Fe0.04O3 were obtained by floating zone method. Laue diffraction pattern and rocking curve of the single crystals show that their quality is good. The magnetic behaviours of these compounds have been studied. Fe doping significantly depresses the magnetic contribution to the total specific heat Cp, but slightly influences the lattice contribution at temperatures above 50K. The peak of Cp shifts towards high temperatures with increasing magnetic field. Both single crystals exhibit the first-order magnetic transition around the Curie temperature.

Prediction of plastic zone size around circular tunnels in non-hydrostatic stress field

This paper discusses the calculation of plastic zone properties around circular tunnels to rock-masses that satisfy the Hoek–Brown failure criterion in non-hydrostatic condition,and reviews the calculation of plastic zone and displacement,and the basis of the convergence–confinement method in hydrostatic condition.A two-dimensional numerical simulation model was developed to gain understanding of the plastic zone shape.Plastic zone radius in any angles around the tunnel is analyzed and measured,using different values of overburden(four states)and stress ratio(nine states).Plastic zone radius equations were obtained from fitting curve to data which are dependent on the values of stress ratio,angle and plastic zone radius in hydrostatic condition.Finally validation of this equation indicate that results predict the real plastic zone radius appropriately.

短周期线性密集台阵揭示宣城地区浅部地壳速度结构及断裂发育特征

宣城市位于东南丘陵与长江中下游平原过渡地带,区内经历多期构造活动,地质构造复杂且断裂十分发育,开展宣城地区浅部速度结构和断裂带探测,不仅有助于深入了解区内地质构造和成矿作用,还可以为区域地震危险性和危害性评价提供重要的参考模型.本文在研究区布设了一条由110套三分量地震仪组成的短周期线性密集台阵,利用采集的一个月的三分量背景噪声数据,采用噪声谱比方法(HVSR)探测研究区场地峰值频率及基岩界面结构;通过垂直分量背景噪声数据重建经验格林函数,采用拓距相移法(ERPS)提取相速度频散曲线并反演线性台阵下方浅部地壳精细横波速度结构.基于HVSR计算的场地峰值频率和基岩界面埋深,刻画了测线下方浅部地表松散沉积层的结构,结果显示研究区内皖南山区基岩埋深较浅,盆地区域基岩埋深较深,地表松散沉积层的厚度最大可至地下80 m,此外还评估了区内地震破坏性和建筑的抗震性,认为研究区内平均振幅放大系数相对较高,局部区域可能会产生明显的地震放大效应,并且皖南山区低矮建筑(1~2层)及宣城—南陵盆地区域的高层建筑(7层及以上)在抗震设防上应当特别注意;依据反演的二维横波速度模型,获得了研究区浅部地壳6 km以深的结构,结果显示宣城—南陵盆地在浅部表现为明显的低速特征,其基底深度可达2 km,并且盆地部分区域呈现相对高速的异常特征,指示在区域多期构造活动中产生的岩浆侵入和逆冲推覆构造作用。此外,区内深部总体表现为高低速异常交替分布的“叠瓦状”构造模式,出现的多处低速异常带推断分别是周王断裂、江南断裂和茅山断裂以及清水河—河湾断裂的构造破碎带,指示了研究区内经历的多期次挤压—拉伸的强烈变形改造.综合上述研究成果,本研究为宣城地区地质构造条件的分析、地震危险性及危害性的评价以及区域找矿勘查等相关工作提供了新的依据.

Meteorological impacts on evapotranspiration in different climatic zones of Pakistan

Arid regions are highly vulnerable and sensitive to drought. The crops cultivated in arid zones are at high risk due to the high evapotranspiration and water demands. This study analyzed the changes in seasonal and annual evapotranspiration（ET） during 1951–2016 at 50 meteorological stations located in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones of Pakistan using the Penman Monteith（PM） method. The results show that ET is highly sensitive and positively correlated to temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed whereas vapor pressure is negatively correlated to ET. The study also identifies the relationship of ET with the meteorological parameters in different climatic zones of Pakistan. The significant trend analysis of precipitation and temperature（maximum and minimum） are conducted at 95% confidence level to determine the behaviors of these parameters in the extremely arid, arid, and semi-arid zones. The mean annual precipitation and annual mean maximum temperature significantly increased by 0.828 mm/a and 0.014℃/a in the arid and extremely arid zones, respectively. The annual mean minimum temperature increased by 0.017℃/a in the extremely arid zone and 0.019℃/a in the arid zone, whereas a significant decrease of 0.007℃/a was observed in the semi-arid zone. This study provides probabilistic future scenarios that would be helpful for policy-makers, agriculturists to plan effective irrigation measures towards the sustainable development in Pakistan.

COHESIVE ZONE FINITE ELEMENT-BASED MODELING OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURES

Hydraulic fracturing is a powerful technology used to stimulate fluid production from reservoirs. The fully 3-D numerical simulation of the hydraulic fracturing process is of great importance to the efficient application of this technology, but is also a great challenge because of the strong nonlinear coupling between the viscous flow of fluid and fracture propagation. By taking advantage of a cohesive zone method to simulate the fracture process, a finite element model based on the existing pore pressure cohesive finite elements has been established to investigate the propagation of a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture in an infinite elastic medium. The effect of cohesive material parameters and fluid viscosity on the hydraulic fracture behaviour has been investigated. Excellent agreement between the finite element results and analytical solutions for the limiting case where the fracture process is dominated by rock fracture toughness demonstrates the ability of the cohesive zone finite element model in simulating the hydraulic fracture growth for this case.

Ventilated Double Skin Facades in Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Zones in China

Double-skin facades(DSF)are a technique developed for colder climates,so few people think about whether or not it can also be used for hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.After analyzing the problems of using DSF for hot-summer zones,this paper explored on the possibility of applying DSF in hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.The main existing research methods for DSF were also collected and commented.If properly managed,the ventilated DSF with controlled shading devices can be used even in hot summer in China.

Engineering Geological Zoning of Soft-Soil Foundation Based on Combination Weighting and Extension Methods

Different criteria and factors are used in different methods of soft soil foundation settlement calculation and engineering geological zoning.The methods used are not universally suitable for complex geological environments.The post-construction settlement of soft soil foundations are especially large and difficult to calculate.In addition,there are many deficiencies in the current methods used for engineering geological zoning.Focusing on the need of establishing engineering geological zoning for areas with soft soil foundations in the Tianjin Marine Economic Area,combination weighting and extension methods were introduced.An evaluation model for the settlement of soft soil foundations was established using multiple factors and large amounts of data.This evaluation model is accurate and objective for delineating engineering geological zoning.These methods eliminate deficiencies by considering both objective and subjective factors,and help obtain an objective and accurate result.

Large Eddy Simulation for Wave Breaking in the Surf Zone

In this paper, the large eddy simulation method is used combined with the marker and cell method to study the wave propagation or shoaling and breaking process. As wave propagates into shallow water, the shoaling leads to the increase of wave height, and then at a certain position, the wave will be breaking. The breaking wave is a powerful agent for generating turbulence, which plays an important role in most of the fluid dynamic processes throughout the surf zone, Such as transformation of wave energy, generation of near-shore current and diffusion of materials. So a proper numerical model for describing the turbulence effect is needed. In this paper, a revised Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model is used to describe the turbulence effect. The present study reveals that the coefficient of the Smagorinsky model for wave propagation or breaking simulation may be taken as a varying function of the water depth and distance away from the wave breaking point. The large eddy simulation model presented in this paper has been used to study the propagation of the solitary wave in constant water depth and the shoaling of the non-breaking solitary wave on a beach. The model is based on large eddy simulation, and to track free-surface movements, the Tokyo University Modified Marker and Cell (TUMMAC) method is employed. In order to ensure the accuracy of each component of this wave mathematical model, several steps have been taken to verify calculated solutions; with either analytical solutions or experimental data. For non-breaking waves, very accurate results are obtained for a solitary wave propagating over a constant depth and on a beach. Application of the model to cnoidal wave breaking in the surf zone shows that the model results are in good agreement with analytical solution and experimental data. From the present model results, it can be seen that the turbulent eddy viscosity increases from the bottom to the water surface in surf zone. In the eddy viscosity curve, there is a turn-point obviously, dividing water depth into two parts, in the upper part, the eddy viscosity becomes very large near the wave breaking position.

一种基于“四区”的低渗透油藏CO_(2)埋存量计算方法及应用

CO_(2)驱油和埋存能有效减少温室气体排放量达到碳中和目标,已有的CO_(2)埋存量计算方法主要针对CO_(2)的静态埋存量进行粗略计算,未考虑实际生产过程中CO_(2)埋存量的变化。针对上述问题,运用CO_(2)溶解、CO_(2)波及体积和驱油机理,将CO_(2)驱油与埋存过程分为气相区、两相或近混相区、扩散区和油相区,并基于“四区法”计算CO_(2)埋存量,得到了不同烃类的注入孔隙体积倍数、注入压力、注气速度下的CO_(2)动态埋存量的变化规律。将研究成果应用于W油田低渗储层,结果表明:注入烃类孔隙体积倍数、压力、注气速度与总埋存量呈正相关性,当压力由12 MPa升至30 MPa,CO_(2)埋存总量增加15.53×10^(4)t;当注气速度由5 t/d增加至30 t/d,峰值CO_(2)埋存总量由3.51×10^(4)t提高至12.62×10^(4)t。研究成果可为同类油藏开展CO_(2)驱油与埋存项目提供新的思路。

Dispersion attenuation structure of the crust around the Weifang-Jiashan segment of the Tanlu fault zone in North China

On the condition that the velocity ratio of compressive wave to shear wave is stable during the propagating process of seismic wave, this paper develops an estimation method for medium quality factor based on single station＇s travel time difference between direct S and P waves and the first period signal of direct P wave. 8 774 high SNR wave data altogether recorded by 75 stations are analyzed. The results show that： （1） under the normal regional stress field, the quality factors QmsP in the stable tectonic area are higher than that in the active tectonic area around the Weifang-Jiashan section and its surrounding area in the Tanlu fault zone; （2） in the Juxian-Tancheng section the seismic wave attenuation is relatively quick, and the media is relatively broken, suggesting no tectonic stress accumulation; （3） the Xinyi-Sihong section is currently locking and in accumulating elastic strain energy stage, which has the deep environment and conditions of strong earthquake generation similar to those of the 1668 M8.5 Tancheng strong earthquake.