Study on Extraction of Oolong Tea Assisted by Ultrasonic Wave and 4C Technique and Its Application

[Objectives]The extraction conditions of formula oolong tea were investigated by an orthogonal experiment.[Methods]The technical conditions were optimized by the 4C method,and the application of formula oolong tea extract in cigarettes was studied.[Results]①In the experimental range,the best sensory evaluation effect of formula oolong tea extract was obtained with extraction conditions of 70%ethanol as extraction solvent,extraction time h,extraction temperature 25℃,and ultrasonic frequency 80 kHz,and follow-up low-temperature concentration,low-temperature sedimentation and low-temperature centrifugation.②The effects of different centrifugal speeds on the quality of formula oolong tea extract were explored.The formula oolong tea extract obtained under the conditions of 3000 r/min and centrifugal time of 10 min showed the best evaluation effect with soft and delicate smoke,rich smoke fragrance,good comfort and refreshing mouthfeel.③The effective aroma components in the formula oolong tea extract were qualitatively analyzed by GC-MS.[Conclusions]This study provides high-quality raw materials and a theoretical basis for the research of independent flavor blending in cigarette industry enterprises.

Assessment of flexural properties of different grade dimension lumber by ultrasonic technique

The dimension lumber （45mm×90mm×3700mm） of plantation Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook.） was graded to four different classes as SS, No. 1, No.2 and No.3, according to national lumber grades authority （NLGA） for structure light framing and structure joists and planks. The properties of apparent density was determined at 15% moisture content, bending strength and stiffness were tested according to American Society for Testing and Materials （ASTM） D198-99, and dynamic modulus of elasticity （Eusw） was measured by ultrasonic technique, for predicting the flexural properties of different grade lumbers. The results showed that Eosw was larger than the static MOE. The relationship between Eusw and static MOE was significant at 0.01 level, and the determination coefficients （R2） of the four grade lumbers followed the sequence as R^2No.2 （0.616）〉 R^2ss （0.567）〉 R^2No1 （0.366）〉 R^2No.3 （0.137）. The R^2 of Fusw and MOR were lower than that of the Etru and MOR for each grade. The Eusw of all the grade lumbers, except No.3-grade, had significant correlation with the static MOE and MOR, thus the bending strengthof those grade lumbers can be estimated by the E The Etru valuesof four grade lumbers followed a sequence as No.2-grade （10.701 GPa） 〉 SS-grade （10.359 GPa） 〉 No.l-grade （9.840 GPa） 〉 No.3-grade （9.554 GPa）. For the same grade dimension lumber, its Eusw value was larger than static MOE. Mean values of MOR for four grade lumbers follow a sequence as No.2-grade （48.67 MPa） 〉 SS-grade （48.16 MPa） 〉 No.3-grade （46.55 MPa） 〉 No. 1-grade （43.39MPa）.

A fast approach to optimize dye loading of photoanode via ultrasonic technique for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells

A distinctive method is proposed by simply utilizing ultrasonic technique in Ti02 electrode fabrication in order to improve the optoelectronic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells （DSSCs）. Dye molecules are at random and single molecular state in the ultrasonic field and the ultrasonic wave favors the diffusion and adsorption processes of dye molecules. As a result, the introduction of ultrasonic technique at room temperature leads to faster and more well-distributed dye adsorption on TiO2 as well as higher cell efficiency than regular deposition, thus the fabrication time is markedly reduced. It is found that the device based on 40 kHz ultrasonic （within 1 h） with N719 exhibits a Voc of 789 mV, Jsc of 14.94 mA]cm2 and fill factor （FF） of 69.3, yielding power conversion efficiency （PCE） of 8.16%, which is higher than device regularly dyed for 12 h （PCE = 8.06%）. In addition, the DSSC devices obtain the best efficiency （PCE = 8.68%） when the ultrasonic deposition time increases to 2.5 h. The DSSCs fabricated via ultrasonic technique presents more dye loading, larger photocurrent, less charge recombination and higher photovoltage. The charge extraction and electron impedance spectroscopy （EIS） were performed to understand the influence of ultrasonic technique on the electron recombination and performance of DSSCs.

Ultrasonic Resonator Techniques for Broad-band Spectroscopy and for High-resolution Sound Velocity Measurement of Liquids

This review gives a short introduction into the principles of ultrasonic measurement techniques for liquids, using cavity resonators. Guidelines for the resonator design in broad-band ultrasonic stxctroscopy as well as in high-resolution single-frequncy or narrowband applications are presented. Deviations of the field configuration in real cells frtxn that in an ideal resonator are discussed and relations for the mode spectrum of cavity fields are given. Recent resonator measurement procedures and methods of data evaluation are mentioned briefly. Some examples of measurements show the extended usability of ultrasonic resonator techniques in basic science and in a wide range of applications for rrkaterials characterization, in manufacturing processes, as well as in control routines.

Fabrication of Lead Zirconate Titanate Powder Using Ultrasonic Ball Milling Technique

In this research,the ultrasonic ball milling technique has been used to fabricate lead zirconate titanate(PZT)ceramics.PZT with the composition nearly the morphotropic phase boundary(MPB):Pb(Zr_ 0.52Ti_ 0.48)O_3 was studied.The effect of milling time on phase formation of sample powder was examined by X-ray diffraction technique(XRD).Moreover,the physical,dielectric,piezoelectric properties and microstructure of PZT ceramics were investigated.The present results reveal that the ultrasonic ball milling technique results the homogeneous and small size of PZT powder.Furthermore,there is a significantly change occurs in the size of the particles with the short time of milling process.

NONCONTACT MEASUREMENT OF ULTRASONIC VELOCITY IN LIQUID USING PULSED PHOTOACOUSTIC TECHNIQUE

Based on the theory of the pulsed photoacoustic signal in liquid generated by a pulsed laser, a novel, optically noncontact, fast and accurate method for temperature-dependent ultrasonic velocities for ethanol and water has been demonstrated. The experiment results are in good agreemerit with literature values.

Research Review of Principles and Methods for Ultrasonic Measurement of Axial Stress in Bolts

Bolts are important fasteners indispensable in the manufacturing field for their advantages, which include convenient assembly and disassembly, easy maintenance, refastenability to prevent looseness, and the avoidance of a phase change in the connected material composition. The precise control of the tightening force in bolts is closely related to the safety and reliability of the connected equipment or structure. Although there are many methods for estimating the tightening force applied to a bolt during assembly, poor accuracy in controlling the preload during the tightening process and a lack of monitoring to determine the residual axial force in service remain issues in evaluating the safety of bolted assemblies. As a nondestructive testing technology, ultrasonic measurement can be applied to successfully address these issues. In order to help researchers understand the theoretical basis and technological development in this field and to equip them to conduct further in-depth research, in this review, the basic knowledge describing the state of stress and deformation of bolts, as well as conventional testing methods are summarized and analyzed. Then, through a review of recent research of the ultrasonic measurement of the axial stress in bolts, the influence of the e ective stressed length and temperature are analyzed and proposed methods of calibration and compensation are reviewed. In order to avoid coupling errors caused by traditional piezoelectric transducers, two newly proposed ultrasonic coupling technologies, the electromagnetic acoustic transducer(EMAT) and the permanent mounted transducer system(PMTS), are reviewed. Finally, the new direction of research of the detection of residual axial stress in in-service bolts that have been assembled to yield is discussed.

Research on Cutting Force of Ultrasonic Diamond Wire Saw

Based on impulse and vibration machining theories,a mathematical model of cutting force for the electroplated diamond ultrasonic wire saw was established using superposition principle.The differences between the cutting forces with and without ultrasonic effect were analyzed theoretically and experimentally.The results indicate that the cutting force of diamond wire increases along with the spindle speed decrease and the lateral pressure increase.The force in ultrasonic vibration cutting is about 20% to 30% less than that in conventional cutting.Also,the cutting trajectory of single diamond grit in sawing process is simulated,and the reason that the ultrasonic vibration can reduce the cutting force is explained further.

Study on the concentrated SF_6 quantitative intelligent ultrasonic detection system

In order to realize on-line quantitative detection on SF6 and effective control of nlnning state of SF6 high voltage power supply system, a concentrated SF6 quantitative ultrasonic on-line deteetion system has been developed based on the actual demand of electric power system consumers. There are four major characteristics in this system. Firstly, the gas of maximum 64 detection points is transferred through the specific air path to the detection devices to he detected and analyzed, thereby the electrical lines and the complicated installation of the collectors can be avoided; secondly, the differential technique is used to shield the influence of environmental factors, which effectively improves the accuracy of the acoustic detection; thirdly, the SF6 coneentration is determined by the speed and phase in the ultrasonic wave trans- mission process, therefore there is no secondary pollution for the purely physical means; finally, the ma- ture embedded technique is applied in this system to improve its intelligence and stability.

Evaluation of Various Extraction Techniques for Efficient Lipid Recovery from Thermo-Resistant Microalgae, Hindakia, Scenedesmus and Micractinium Species—Comparison of Lipid Extraction Methods from Microalgae

In recent years, photosynthetic microalgae regained attention for biodiesel production. For efficient utilization of microalgae, a number of criteria including a strain with high biomass and lipid productivities and employment of effective and reliable methods for oil extraction from the obtained biomass should be met. Recently, we have isolated and identified three thermo-resistant green microalgae strains, namely;Scenedesmus sp. ME02, Hindakia tetrachotoma ME03 and Mic-ractinium sp. ME05. In this study, we compared percent lipid content of thermos-tolerant mic-roalgal strains using the following solvent extraction methods: Soxhlet, Bligh and Dyer and Folch methods with or without assisted cell disruption techniques including lyophilization, homogenization, ultrasonication, bead and microwave-assisted. The highest increase in lipid yield was obtained with a combination of lyophilization and ultrasonication techniques together with Soxhlet method: 27% of total dry weight for Micractinium sp. ME05. We conclude that lyophilization and ultrasonication are effective assistance methods for lipid extraction from thermo-resistant microalgae.

Ultrasonic Investigation of Elastic Anomalies in Lithium Sodium Sulphate Hexahydrate Single Crystal

An extensive study of the thermal properties of Lithium Sodium Sulphate Hexa hydrate (LSSW) single crystal, with Trigonal structure, has been carried out using ultrasonic Pulse Echo Overlap (PEO) technique, Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The temperature variation of elastic constants of LiNa3(SO4)2·6H2O single crystal have been reported for the first time. The second order elastic stiffness constants C11,?C33, C44, along the various directions in the crystal have been determined in the temperature range 300 - 330 K. The change in velocity with temperature with respect to the room temperature value has been measured using PEO technique. Significant anomalies were observed in C11?and C33?at 316 K. The elastic constant C12?has shown no variation in the temperature range 300 - 319 K. A minor deviation for C44?at 305 K following a parabolic change has been observed. The minor anomalies observed in the elastic constants of LSSW may be due to its dehydration of water of crystallization in the range 304 - 319 K. DTA studies showed an appreciable endothermic change in the range 309 K-369.79 K. TGA curve exhibited a decrease in weight of 1.687 mg in the temperature range 304 K-360 K. The minor anomalies observed in the elastic constants of LSSW may be due to loosing of its water of crystallization in the range 309 - 319 K. On loosing water there will not be any change in chemical structure but there will be physical change associated with loosing of water molecule.

Ultrasonic wave extraction and simultaneous analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic esters in soil

A method is developed for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil samples. Ultrasonic Wave Extraction under airtight circumstances is adopted to extract the analytes in soil samples with n-hexane–acetone(V:V=1:1) as extraction solvent. This method has several advantages, including high extraction efficiency, short time, convenience and simplicity. It can be used to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters(PAEs) in soil.

Testing the Setting and Hardening of Concrete Using the Prism Technique

In non-destructive testing of concrete, the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique has proven to be a reliable method for locating cracks and other internal defects. An electro-mechanical transducer is used to generate a short pulse of ultrasonic stress waves that propagate into the object being inspected. Reflection of the stress pulse occurs at boundaries separating materials with different densities and elastic properties. The reflected pulse travels back to the transducer that also acts as a receiver. The received signal can give many insights to the properties of materials under test. The question arises how the setting and hardening of cement paste, mortar, and concrete can be measured continuously. Continuous measurement asks for non-destructive methods. The current testing method such as the vicat needle for cement paste and penetration resistance test for concrete methods measure at intervals. These methods can be applied before the end of setting. All these methods do not allow continuous measurements and axe partly destructive In this paper a special pulse-echo technique called ＂prism technique＂ is used to evaluate the evolution of proprieties of concrete over time. For that, an automatic system has been developed with LabVIEW program in order to monitor the time of flight of the reflected p-wave. Two mixtures of mortar are made using different proportions, of water, cement, and sand. The mortar is poured into a mould that has a form of a prism. Measurements are taken every 10 minutes over a period of 24 hours. This enabled us to plot the evolution of p-wave velocities over time for the samples and compare the results.

球罐缺陷的衍射时差法超声检测分析及判别

对某中厚板球罐焊接接头进行衍射时差法超声检测(TOFD)中发现大量密集显示点状缺陷,排除焊接原因后,通过取样进行低倍检测、金相组织检验分析,确认TOFD图谱显示与母材中存在的条状MnS夹杂物,聚集态的含Nb、Ti的氮化物夹杂物有关,二者大量存在对接头焊接质量产生直接影响。通过调整扫查方式对缺陷位置进行确认,为TOFD检出缺陷的识别与判定提供借鉴。

基于频域合成孔径聚焦的输电线路钢管杆超声导波成像检测

输电线路钢管杆结构是一种带有拔梢斜度的大口径薄壁管,超声导波周向B扫描检测传感器激发的超声导波在钢管杆传播过程中存在波束扩散现象。为了解决钢管杆超声导波检测过程中波束扩散导致周向检测分辨率降低的问题,提出了一种钢管杆超声导波频域合成孔径聚焦方法(Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique,SAFT)。采用文中构建的超声导波合成孔径成像检测装置对直径为608 mm的钢管杆进行超声导波扫查,可获得周向B扫描图像和频域合成孔径聚焦图像。对比钢管杆周向B扫描图像和频域合成孔径聚焦图像,频域合成孔径聚焦图像中散射体和通孔的周向检测分辨率明显优于B扫描图像,文章提出的钢管杆超声导波频域合成孔径聚焦方法能够显著改善超声导波周向检测分辨率。

基于调制声场的腔体内壁黏附物清洗方法

传统超声清洗技术已经广泛应用于器件外表面的清洗,但对于微器件内部,如:狭缝、微腔体等,目前该技术仍难以胜任。其主要原因是自由微泡难以在器件内部指定位置稳定持续爆破。该文提出利用调制声场调控微腔体内声场极值的位置,使得微泡在声辐射力的作用下能够移动并停驻在腔体内壁附近位置,再采用瞬时高强度低频声场爆破微泡,其产生的微射流等实现腔体内壁黏附物分离并清洗的目的。该技术可以为医疗微管、光学仪器以及半导体芯片等精密器件的腔体内部清洗提供物理模型和技术基础。

基于超声平面波成像的钢轨螺孔裂纹检测方法研究

轨道交通在当今社会生产活动中发挥着重要作用。目前在役钢轨大量采用鱼尾板和螺栓联接的方式铺设。钢轨接头在服役过程中会频繁受到冲击载荷作用,容易诱发螺孔裂纹损伤。尽早发现螺孔裂纹,并对裂纹进行定量测量,是保障铁路运输安全,避免发生严重事故的关键。超声相控阵成像检测方法具有精度高、环境适应性强、实施方便的优点,在钢轨在役无损检测中得到了广泛的应用。然而,传统相控阵斜入射扇扫成像方法受裂纹倾斜角度的影响,在工业实践中依赖工人的主观判断和分析能力,难以实现检测的定量化与标准化。基于以上背景,本文提出了一种基于超声平面波全聚焦成像的钢轨螺孔裂纹检测方法。使用复合平面波成像方法对钢轨内部螺孔及附近区域进行高精度重建,获得裂纹伤损的初步检测图像。基于编码器信息,将多个扫查点上的初步检测图像融合,得到合成检测图像,从而覆盖不同倾斜角度的裂纹。基于主成分分析方法,对裂纹倾斜角度进行定量分析,进而借助方向最大强度投影方法,得到裂纹长度的定量检测结果。所述方法在钢轨螺孔裂纹试件检测试验中实现了对[-45°,45°]范围内裂纹的100%检出率;裂纹定位误差最大值为1.47 mm,接近1个波长;长度检测误差最大值1.17 mm,小于1个波长;裂纹角度检测误差最大5.01°。所述方法需要的设备结构简单,可集成于移动式钢轨巡检设备,具备自动化实施的能力。

基于物理信息神经网络的激光超声波场研究

为了解决传统神经网络技术过于依赖数据资源,同时也无法运用数据中暗含的物理先验知识等局限性问题,采用物理信息神经网络(PINN)、基于超声传播的波动方程,利用数值计算实验的数据训练出了正向激光超声单模态(表面波)波场的PINN模型;建立了反向求解激光超声单模态波场参数的PINN模型,并对激光超声波场进行了正向成像和反向参数推演。结果表明,当探测点不包含激发点时,正向PINN在数据量仅为10%的情况下可得到高精度的波场图像,相比于原波场下降了一个数量级;即使在包含激发点时,反向PINN利用25%的波场数据不仅可以重建波场,且不需要人为地分析就可以求解控制方程的参数,与原波场数据的参数误差均在5%以内;与传统神经网络相比,PINN通过加入符合激光超声特性的控制方程,降低了神经网络对于训练数据稀疏性的依赖;与传统的激光超声波场建模相比,PINN构建的物理模型更简单,可自动求得控制方程的参数,有着更好的鲁棒性。该研究可为波场重建和参数反演激光超声无损检测技术提供参考,在激光超声领域有着广泛的应用前景。

基于超声的标准发动机动态燃速测试技术

以标准发动机的动态燃速测试技术为研究对象,应用超声测厚原理获取固定声速点火条件下的发动机动态燃速、压强数据;分析提出一种基于特征点的动态燃烧信号辨识方法,获取发动机点火过程中推进剂退移厚度与时间变化数据;通过试验的方法建立常温状态不同压强下的声速校准模型,结合测试过程压强数据计算得到发动机点火过程中超声的实时声速,代入前期在固定声速条件下获取的推进剂退移厚度与时间数据中,通过求导获取点火过程中发动机的实时燃速。计算结果表明:基于超声的动态燃速测试方法能够实现整机的动态燃速测试,具有较高的时间分辨精度,其中基于超声的动态燃速测试燃烧时间与传统压强-时间曲线计算得到的燃烧时间误差为0.235%。此外,对比发动机点火后压强-时间与动态燃速-时间曲线发现,发动机建压完成后的动态燃速与压强曲线变化趋势呈一定相似性。

基于超声剪切波弹性成像与红热外成像技术探讨浮针治疗子宫腺肌病痛经的研究

目的基于超声剪切波弹性成像与红热外成像技术探讨浮针治疗子宫腺肌病痛经的效果。方法选取2021年1月至2022年12月广州中医药大学第一附属医院收治的84例子宫腺肌病痛经患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组42例。对照组予以常规药物治疗,观察组在此基础上予以浮针治疗。比较两组患者临床疗效、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、COX痛经症状量表(CMSS)评分、弹性特征量测值及红外线热成像分布图。结果观察组患者总有效率(95.24%)高于对照组(78.57%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗第1个月经周期,观察组VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者痛经症状持续时间、严重程度评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗第1个月经周期,观察组痛经症状持续时间、严重程度评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组标准偏差、应变均值、均等性、对比度低于对照组,观察组复杂度、蓝色区域所占百分比、峰度、偏度、杂乱性、相关性、一致性高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。红外线热成像分布图显示,观察组高温区及分布减少程度优于对照组。结论浮针可以有效缓解子宫腺肌病痛经时间及严重程度,减轻患者疼痛,临床疗效及安全性较高。