The Upper Jurassic sediments,Marib-Shabwa Basin,Yemen:Lithofacies aspects and sequence stratigraphic analysis

The present study is devoted to understanding the evolution of the Upper Jurassic Sab'atayn Formation in the Marib-Shabwa Basin,Yemen,through a sequence stratigraphic analysis based on integrating datasets of sedimentology,seismic sections,and well logs.The Sab'atayn Formation(Tithonian age)is represented by a series of clastic and evaporites that were deposited under fluvio-deltaic to prodeltaic settings.It is divided into four members including Yah(at the base),upwards to Seen,Alif,and Safir at the top.Two third-order depositional sequences were determined for the Tithonian succession which were separated by three sequence boundaries.These sequences were classified into their systems tracts signifying several sedimentation patterns of progradational,aggradational,and retrogradational parasequence sets.The first depositional sequence corresponds to the early-middle Tithonian Yah and Seen units that can be classified into lowstand,transgressive,and highstand systems tracts.The second sequence comprises the late Tithonian Alif unit that can be subdivided into transgressive and highstand systems tracts.The sandy deposits of the Alif Member(highstand deposits)represent the most productive hydrocarbon reservoir in the basin.The Upper Jurassic sediments in the study area were resulted from a combination of eustatic and tectonic effects.

Study of sedimentary sequence cycles by well-seismic calibration

In order to solve the problems of the fine division of sedimentary sequence cycles and their change in two-dimensional space as well as lateral extension contrast, we developed a method of wavelet depth-frequency analysis. The single signal and composite signal of different Milankovitch cycles are obtained by numerical simulation. The simulated composite signal can be separated into single signals of a single frequency cycle. We also develop a well-seismic calibration insertion technology which helps to realize the calibration from the spectrum characteristics of a single well to the seismic profile. And then we determine the change and distribution characteristics of spectrum cycles in the two-dimensional space. It points out the direction in determining the variations of the regional sedimentary sequence cycles, underground strata structure and the contact relationship.

Comparison of different inversion methods of D-T_(2)two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance logging and applicability analysis

D-T_(2)two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance(2D NMR)logging technology can distinguish pore fluid types intuitively,and it is widely used in oil and gas exploration.Many 2D NMR inversion methods(e.g.,truncated singular value decomposition(TSVD),Butler-Reds-Dawson(BRD),LM-norm smoothing,and TIST-L1 regularization methods)have been proposed successively,but most are limited to numerical simulations.This study focused on the applicability of different inversion methods for NMR logging data of various acquisition sequences,from which the optimal inversion method was selected based on the comparative analysis.First,the two-dimensional NMR logging principle was studied.Then,these inversion methods were studied in detail,and the precision and computational efficiency of CPMG and diffusion editing(DE)sequences obtained from oil-water and gas-water models were compared,respectively.The inversion results and calculation time of truncated singular value decomposition(TSVD),Butler-Reds-Dawson(BRD),LM-norm smoothing,and TIST-L1 regularization were compared and analyzed through numerical simulations.The inversion method was optimized to process SP mode logging data from the MR Scanner instrument.The results showed that the TIST-regularization and LM-norm smoothing methods were more accurate for the CPMG and DE sequence echo trains of the oil-water and gas-water models.However,the LM-norm smoothing method was less time-consuming,making it more suitable for logging data processing.A case study in well A25 showed that the processing results by the LM-norm smoothing method were consistent with GEOLOG software.This demonstrates that the LM-norm smoothing method is applicable in practical NMR logging processing.

Logging Data High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy

The recognition and contrast of bed sets in parasequence is difficult in terrestrial basin high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. This study puts forward new methods for the boundary identification and contrast of bed sets on the basis of manifold logging data. The formation of calcareous interbeds, shale resistivity differences and the relation of reservoir resistivity to altitude are considered on the basis of log curve morphological characteristics, core observation, cast thin section, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the thickness of calcareous interbeds is between 0.5 m and 2 m, increasing on weathering crusts and faults. Calcareous interbeds occur at the bottom of a distributary channel and the top of a distributary mouth bar. Lower resistivity shale （4-5 Ω · m） and higher resistivity shale （〉 10Ω·m） reflect differences in sediment fountain or sediment microfacies. Reservoir resistivity increases with altitude. Calcareous interbeds may be a symbol of recognition for the boundary of bed sets and isochronous contrast bed sets, and shale resistivity differences may confirm the stack relation and connectivity of bed sets. Based on this, a high-resolution chronostratigraphic frame- work of Xi-1 segment in Shinan area, Junggar basin is presented, and the connectivity of bed sets and oil-water contact is confirmed. In this chronostratigraphic framework, the growth order, stack mode and space shape of bed sets are qualitatively and quantitatively described.

Division of high resolution sequence stratigraphy units with wavelet transform of logs in Dagang Oilfield

Division of high resolution sequence stratigraphy units based on wavelet transform of logging data is found to be good at identifying subtle cycles of geological process in Kongnan area of Dagang Oilfield. The anal- ysis of multi-scales gyre of formation with 1-D continuous Dmey wavelet transform of log curve （GR） and I-D discrete Daubechies wavelet transform of log curve （Rt） all make the division of sequence interfaces more objec- tive and precise, which avoids the artificial influence with core analysis and the uncertainty with seismic data and core analysis.

Depositional Setting and Petrophysical Evaluation of Reservoir of the K-Field in the Western Offshore Depobelt, Rio Del Rey Basin, Cameroon

The Rio Del Rey basin is a prolific petroleum field on the Continental margin of the gulf of Guinea and is one of the major producers in the gulf. The study was carried out using Schlumberger Petrel and Synergy Interactive Petrophysics software for the sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical analysis to study the depositional setting of the Rio Del Rey Basin, using Well Log Data. Five sequence boundaries, five Transgressive Surfaces and four Maximum Flooding Surfaces were identified from wireline log. The progradation of sediments is characterised by a number of stacked sequences deposited in a coastal complex, with offshore, shoreface, beach and tidal deposits. Sequence one contains mostly Lower shoreface deposits of fine to very fine laminated sediments. In sequence two there is, an increase proportion of upper shoreface deposits. Sequence three is dominated by upper shoreface and distributary channels deposits with a concomitant reduction of lower shoreface deposits while sequence four and five contain mostly stack distributary channels and beach deposits. The study has aided the identification and interpretation of two gas bearing and two oil bearing zones in the three wells based on hydrocarbon-typing using the sonic-resistivity logcombination. The total and effective porosities of the reservoirs range from 20% to 31% and 15% to 31% respectively, indicating that the reservoirs have very good porosities. The ratio of the net to gross thickness of the reservoirs is as high as 0.83. The water saturation values of the reservoirs ranges from 11% - 80%. The results of the petrophysical investigation show that the sand formations have good reservoir properties. The vertical facies succession records a migration/translation of laterally linked depositional environment, controlling reservoir properties like geometry, heterogeneity, porosity and permeability.

Predicting Terrestrial Flagstone Reservoirs in the Sha-I Member of the Qibei Depression in the Dagang Oilfield

There are few 3-D seismic profiles and drillings in the middle part of the Qibei depression in the Dagang oilfield, and more than 70% of the 2-D seismic profiles were completed before the 1980s. Meanwhile, changes in the terrestrial formations in this region have been large and complex. These factors have made it difficult to predict reservoirs in this area. The purpose of this paper is to establish a methodology for predicting potential gas and oil reservoirs. Our research combines sequence stratigraphy, well-logs, and seismic analysis to elucidate the prediction of flagstone reservoirs in the S1 (Sha-I) Member in the middle of the Qibei depression. Previous research indicates that these rocks were deposited in an environment that had a semiarid, northern subtropical, and warm, humid climate. The objective strata currently consist mainly of lake fades, deeper lake facies, and shore-shallow lake facies. The study reveals that the lower section of the S1 Member is an important objective region for exploration.

Urban Trace Utilizing Mobile Sequence

Urban trace mining and modeling of large scale active mobile phone holders is of great significance as it can effectively reduce traffic jam and hit-and-run incidents as well as other urban problems. Traditionally,people monitors traffic flows by GPS devices installed on buses or cars and traces hit-and-run incidents by road cameras, which turns out to be inefficient in that the data are sparse to represent a massive of people traces. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called mobile sequence to describe urban roads and moving object trajectories. Firstly,we use real urban roads information and base stations location information to generate urban roads mobile sequence. Then we extract people's mobile sequence from massive mobile network logs. Finally, we match roads' mobile sequence with people's mobile sequence to obtain human traces. As a validation, we use application installed on mobile phone to gather some real urban roads and base stations' information and then calculate their real mobile sequences to match the theoretical mobile sequences and gain 94.8% covering rate. Also, we use people's mobile sequences extracted from mobile network logs with theoretical mobile sequences and gain 90.6% matching

基于MATLAB的小波变换在沉积旋回研究中的应用

以黑龙江双鸭山盆地828井为例,选择基于MATLAB的wavelet 1-D和continueswavelet 1-D对GR曲线进行变换分析。结果表明,在Daubechies二进制小波系的db5wavelet1-D分析下,828井60m～570m区间共识别出二个二级旋回、四个三级旋回、八个四级旋回,分别对应于第11、第10、第8尺度的小波变换系数。在continues wavelet 1-D分析下,在10层分解后10个尺度下小波变换高频成份小波系数识别出四个三级层序,与wavelet 1-D变换d10所代表的三级沉积旋回一致。该方法将测井信号与深度的关系转换为深度与尺度域的变化关系,建立与之有对应关系的各级层序界面,使地层内部的隐蔽旋回结构得以清晰展示,这对提高旋回层序的划分精度具有重要的意义。

基于测井数据Hilbert-Huang变换的地层层序划分

介绍了HHT变换(Hilbert-Huang Transform)的基本原理和步骤,探讨了测井信号HHT变换在高分辨率层序地层划分中的应用,提出对测井数据进行HHT变换,并将其处理结果用于层序划分的方法。结果表明,测井数据EMD分解得到的本征模态函数(IMF)揭示了测井数据各深度处的频率特性,可以清晰反映出频率变化的结构特征。不同分解层的IMF信息刻画了不同规模的旋回周期特征,并可与各级层序相对应。利用这些特征可以清晰地找到对应地层序列中不同级别的界面,进而实现对各级层序划分。这种方法为利用测井资料进行高分辨率层序研究提供了一种新的手段。

深水湖盆层序地层单元识别方法——以Muglad盆地Fula坳陷为例

以Muglad盆地Fula坳陷的Abu Gabra组上段为例,探讨了深水湖盆层序地层单元的识别方法。地震反射终止类型和地震相分析有助于划分大级别的层序界面,对地震资料的时频分析指导了三级层序及其体系域的识别,放射性测井资料的应用则可在钻井剖面上较精确地确定各级层序地层单元的界面。最终在Abu Gabra组上段划分了4个三级层序,其中层序二为三分层序,包括低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域,其他均为TR层序,分为湖侵体系域和湖退体系域。

基于FPGA的核磁共振测井仪控制逻辑设计

核磁共振(NMR)测井仪以CPMG脉冲序列为测量基础,按照CPMG脉冲序列的时序要求完成大功率射频脉冲的发射和微弱回波信号的接收,在脉冲发射完成后快速泄放天线中储存的能量.该文介绍一种基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的NMR测井仪控制逻辑和典型脉冲序列,详细说明在CPMG脉冲序列下FPGA的工作时序和流程;讨论NMR测井仪发射电路、Q-转换电路和隔离电路的控制原理和时序要求,给出各电路的控制逻辑仿真结果;最后,利用所设计的控制逻辑和自制NMR测井仪探头,在实验室条件下对水溶液进行了测量,得到满意的结果.

煤储层测井分析和精细地质建模技术——以澳大利亚Surat盆地煤层气区为例

煤层气储层测井地质分析的深入和建立合理的煤层气精细地质模型对于提高煤层气开发效果影响巨大。澳大利亚东部Surat盆地煤层气区开发的目的层系是低煤阶的煤系地层,钻井井数多、测井时间跨度长,准确的单煤层精细识别和岩相定量解释技术需要测井标准化研究,同时,已钻井井距差别大,产量高低变化大,储层认识仅仅限于煤组和煤组模型,不利于细化开发和进一步提高单井产量。因此根据现场实际,建立一套煤储层测井地质分析和精细地质模型分析技术,首先以层序旋回识别为基础,进行多级层序高分辨率的煤小层层序划分和对比,解决单煤层空间分布和单井泄流面积的认识,同时,建立一套适用于全区的煤储层测井曲线标准化流程,解决煤储层厚度解释不准确的问题,在此基础上,建立单煤层PLY-BASE为基础的煤层气田精细地质模型,获得煤储层分布和地质储量基础。该研究建立的煤层序多级高分辨率层序格架,刻画了单煤层储层的尖灭合并分布特征和单井泄流面积范围。以测井标准化为基础的煤层精细解释和多岩性定量分析确保了煤层解释的准确性,并确定了包括5种微相类型的河流相概念模式。建立了气田范围内ply-based煤层气精细地质模型,为确定未来在全区进行河流相控煤沼随机模拟的研究重点和开发方案优化以及优选开发有利区提供依据。

Application of geophysical well logs in solving geologic issues:Past,present and future prospect

Geophysical well logs are widely used in geological fields,however,there are considerable incompatibilities existing in solving geological issues using well log data.This review critically fills the gaps between geology and geophysical well logs,as assessed from peer reviewed papers and from the authors’personal experiences,in the particular goal of solving geological issues using geophysical well logs.The origin and history of geophysical logging are summarized.Next follows a review of the state of knowledge for geophysical well logs in terms of type of specifications,vertical resolution,depth of investigations and demonstrated applications.Then the current status and advances in applications of geophysical well logs in fields of structural geology,sedimentary geology and petroleum geology are discussed.Well logs are used in structural and sedimentary geology in terms of structure detection,in situ stress evaluation,sedimentary characterization,sequence stratigraphy division and fracture prediction.Well logs can also be applied in petroleum geology fields of optimizing sweet spots for hydraulic fracturing in unconventional oil and gas resource.Geophysical well logs are extending their application in other fields of geosciences,and geological issues will be efficiently solved via well logs with the improvements of advanced well log suits.Further work is required in order to improve accuracy and diminish uncertainties by introducing artificial intelligence.This review provides a systematic and clear descriptions of the applications of geophysical well log data along with examples of how the data is displayed and processed for solving geologic problems.

训练隐马尔可夫模型的BW-GA方法

Baum-Welch算法是训练HMMs的传统方法,该方法虽然收敛速度快,但容易陷入局部最优,影响了序列比对的质量。针对该算法存在的问题,结合生物遗传与进化的规律,设计了一种将传统方法与遗传算法相结合训练HMMs的BW-GA方法。根据序列比对的需要和HMMs的结构,定义了3种遗传操作和编码方式。用19条原核5sRNA序列对模型进行了训练,用BW-GA训练模型产生序列的对数似然概率比单独用传统方法训练的要高,产生序列比对的质量较好。

一种改进的PrefixSpan算法及其在Web用户行为模式挖掘中的应用

序列模式挖掘是从序列数据库中挖掘相对时间或其他模式出现频率高的模式。针对PrefixSpan算法构造投影数据库时开销巨大、扫描效率不高的问题,通过以序列扩展代替项集进行扩展、放弃挖掘序列数小于阈值min_support的投影数据库以及直接递归局部频繁项等方式进行改进,并将改进方法应用于Web用户行为模式挖掘中,对日志记录中的规律进行分析和研究。实验分析表明,相比PrefixSpan算法,该改进算法在算法效率方面有一定的提高。

基于改进的Wap算法的Web序列模式的研究

序列模式挖掘是Web日志挖掘中的一个重要范畴。针对Wap算法中递归构建大量条件树的这一缺陷,提出了一种改进算法NGCWAP。NGCWAP算法采用前序遍历号和后序遍历号来跟踪频繁序列分布在哪些后缀树集中,避免了条件树的构建,从而减少了内存消耗。通过实验验证了改进算法的正确性和高效性。

A Computer-Assisted Method for Depositional Model Determination

A software has been developed to overcome the difficulties related to depositional model determination in Geosciences. The implemented methods, Walker, Harper and Turk methods, based on Markov process and Markov chain analysis, have been used in a case study. The results of the analysis are consistent with previous works. The analysis shows also that the results are accurate and do not rely on the used method. Therefore, the obtained depositional sequence is suitable to build a depositional model on which reliable sequence stratigraphic studies can be based.

厄瓜多尔奥连特盆地M油田NAPO组UT层沉积特征

以层序地层学及沉积学为依据,搭建地层格架划分小层,以小层为单元应用录井、岩心、测井资料建立起单井的测井响应,总结各沉积微相的测井曲线特征。平面上应用地震属性及反演技术确定各沉积微相的展布范围,从而确定工区内各小层沉积展布特征。M油田白垩统NAPO组UT层主要发育潮坪沉积,研究区内主要发育潮道、砂坪、混合坪微相,其中潮道沉积部位砂体发育较厚、物性较好、岩性纯,易形成优势储层,砂坪及混合坪次之。应用层序地层学将UT划分3个小层,在3个小层中均发育两条由西北向东南延伸的主潮道,但潮道的位置以及发育规模各不相同,UT-1、UT-3小层潮道砂体发育厚度较大且横向连续性较好,泥质含量、海绿石含量远小于UT-2小层,是此次研究的主要目的层。

塔里木盆地塔河油田T738井区一间房组高精度层序地层格架内沉积微相特征

塔河油田T738井区一间房组地质年代老、埋藏深度大,虽经历了复杂的构造与成岩改造,但仍具有良好的储集性能。目前该井区重点勘探开发主要集中在断裂带发育部位,以断溶体为主要钻探目标。然而,礁滩相勘探潜力巨大,但是对影响碳酸盐岩礁滩相储层发育沉积相认识的不足制约了勘探突破。本研究基于塔河油田T738井区重点井钻测井资料的分析和薄片鉴定工作,建立了T738井区一间房组高精度层序地层格架,总结了一间房组开阔台地内沉积微相常规测井相模式,对沉积微相类型和特征分别进行了划分和描述,分析了四级层序内部礁滩体厚度分布和沉积微相平面展布特征。结果显示,一间房组划分为1个三级层序(Sq1)和3个四级层序(Ssq1、Ssq2和Ssq3),在开阔台地相识别出高-中-低能滩、丘滩间、生物礁(丘)等几种沉积微相。其中,颗粒滩在常规测井判别值域分别对应AC为51~61μs/m,DEN为2.5~2.6 g/cm^(3),CNL为1%~6%,RD为80~3000Ω·m。一间房组Ssq1层序礁滩体规模较小且孤立,仅分布在地势相对高部位,归因于其在三级层序内所处的海侵体系域低部位,水动力条件较弱。Ssq2、Ssq3层序礁滩体位于三级层序内高位体系域,其规模较大、连片性较好,厚度稳定,最大累计厚度达40 m。