Effect of Dynamic Strain Aging on Hardness in the Heat-Affected Zone of SUS316 Steel Welds

DSA(dynamic strain aging)phenomenon in SUS316 steel was investigated using isothermal and non-isothermal tensile tests of simulated HAZ(heat-affected zone)thermal cycles.Isothermal tensile tests were performed on SUS316 in the peak temperature range of 20-700°C,with strain rates varying from 4.2×10^(-3)to 4.2×10^(-5)s^(-1).Based on the appearance of discontinuous plastic flows,expressed as serrations,and the hardening phenomenon of the tensile samples,the conditions for the occurrence of DSA in the SUS316 steel were investigated.Furthermore,the extent of hardening due to DSA was evaluated by comparing the hardness values of the SUS316 and SUS316EHP steels after the tensile tests.To confirm the effect of DSA on hardness in the HAZ of the welded SUS316 steel,non-isothermal tensile tests of the simulated HAZ thermal cycles were performed using a Thermec Master.The relationship between the increase in Vickers hardness due to DSA and the strain in the HAZ was determined;the effect of DSA on hardness in the HAZ could be predicted.The DSA in SUS316 steel was found to be mainly attributed to the dynamic interaction of dislocations with C and N interstitial atoms during high-temperature deformation.

Improving Tribological Performance of Gray Cast Iron by Laser Peening in Dynamic Strain Aging Temperature Regime

A high and stable brake disc friction coefficient is needed for automobile safety, while the coefficient degrades due to elevated temperature during the braking process. There is no better solution except changes in material composition and shape design optimization. In the dynamic strain aging（DSA） temperature regime of gray cast iron, micro-dimples with different dimple depth over diameter and surface area density are fabricated on the material surface by laser peening（LP） which is an LST method. Friction behavior and wear mechanism are investigated to evaluate the effects of surface texturing on the tribological performance of specimens under dry conditions. Through LP impacts assisted by DSA, the friction coefficients of the LPed specimens increase noticeably both at room temperature and elevated temperature in comparison to untreated specimens. Moreover, the coefficient of specimen with dimple depth over diameter of 0.03 and surface area density of 30% is up to 0.351 at room temperature, which dramatically rises up to 1.33 times that of untextured specimen and the value is still up to 0.3305 at 400℃ with an increasing ratio of 35% compared to that of untreated specimen. The surface of textured specimen shows better wear resistance compared to untreated specimen. Wear mechanism includes adhesive wear, abrasive wear and oxidation wear. It is demonstrated that LP assisted by DSA can substantially improve wear resistance, raise the friction coefficient as well as its stability of gray cast iron under elevated temperatures. Heat fade and premature wear can be effectively relieved by this surface modification method.

EFFECT OF DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING ON LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF 18-8 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

Studies were made of the symmetric tensile-compressive low cycle fatigue behaviour and the influence of dynamic strain aging(DSA)pre-treatment of 18-8 austenitic stainless steel. Within the testing amplitude range of strain.±0.5 % to±1.5 %,the three processes of cyclic hardening,cyclic saturation and cyclic softening were observed.In the same amplitude of strain,the peak stress of the samples pre-treated by DSA is higher than that of solid-solu- tion and cold working pre-treatment,but no remarkable differences of the fatigue lives of them were found.TEM observation shows that the uniform and stable dislocation networks with high density form after DSA pre-treatment,which increases the cyclic peak stress.The cyclic softening results from the low dislocation density and elongated cell structure with low energy.

A DISLOCATION-MECHANICS-BASED CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING

Dynamic strain aging (DSA) is an important phenomenon in solutehardened metals and seri- ously affects the mechanical properties ofmetals. DSA is generally induced by the interaction between themoving dislocations and the mobile solute atoms. In this paper, onlythe interaction between moving disloca- tions and mobile solute atomsin a dislocation core area (core atmosphere) will be taken intoaccount. To es- tablish the constitutive model which can describe theDSA phenomenon, we improved the Zerilli-Armstrongdislocation-mechanics-based thermal viscoplastic constitutiverelation, and added the effect of the interaction between the movingdislocations and core atmosphere.

Stress-state dependence of dynamic strain aging:Thermal hardening and blue brittleness

This study aims to discover the stress-state dependence of the dynamic strain aging(DSA)effect on the deformation and fracture behavior of high-strength dual-phase(DP)steel at different deformation temperatures(25-400°C)and reveal the damage mechanisms under these various configurations.To achieve different stress states,predesigned specimens with different geometric features were used.Scanning electron microscopy was applied to analyze the fracture modes(e.g.,dimple or shear mode)and underlying damage mechanism of the investigated material.DSA is present in this DP steel,showing the Portevin-Le Chatelier(PLC)effect with serrated flow behavior,thermal hardening,and blue brittleness phenomena.Results show that the stress state contributes distinctly to the DSA effect in terms of the magnitude of thermal hardening and the pattern of blue brittleness.Either low stress triaxiality or Lode angle parameter promotes DSA-induced blue brittleness.Accordingly,the damage mechanisms also show dependence on the stress states in conjunction with the DSA effect.

DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING BEHAVIOR OF K40S ALLOY

The dynamic strain aging behavior during tensile tests of K40S alloy has been investigated in the temperature range of 25-1100℃ with the strain rate range from 10-4 to 10-3s-1. The results show that four different types of serration, identified as A, B, C and E type serration were observed in the temperature range of 300-600℃. The strain exponents for onset of the serrated flow were calculated as 1.21, 2.19 and 1.61, and the activation energies as 121, 40 and 67kJ/mol for E, B and C type serration respectively. The main mechanism for dynamic strain aging discussed in light of the strain exponent and the activation energy.

An overview of strain ageing in low carbon steels

Strain ageing in steel was first observed during the 19th century when the maximum load carrying capacity of a test piece was increased after it had been retested following a previous series of testing in a plastic range. Over the last decades, a great deal of research has been performed to gain deeper insights into the phenomenon of strain ageing. The synergistic development of theoretical hypothesis and new experimental evidences has promoted the understanding of the mechanisms underlying strain ageing. The content of this paper is organized into four components. First, we have compared the main theories developed in recent years. Second, we have summarized the metallurgical effects on the strain ageing behavior observed in experiments. Moreover, we have made an attempt to correlate the experimental results and the above-mentioned theories. Third, we have proposed a feasible solution to control strain ageing in low carbon steels. Finally, we have elaborated the potentiality of the atom probe technique in facilitating direct characterization of the distribution of solute atoms.

EFFECT OF DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING ON PURE BENDING FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

The effect of various dynamic strain aging(DSA)pre-treatment processes on pure bending fatigue strength of an 18-8 austenitic stainless steel was investigated.The results show that DSA pre-treatment processes increase remarkably the fatigue strength and the strengthening effects increase with increasing pre-strain temperature and pre-strain.The fatigue limit of specimens pre-treated by DSA is 87% higher than that by solution treatment,and 20% high- er than that by cold-working.TEM observations show that the uniform and stable dislocation networks with high density formed after DSA pre-treatment,which suppress effectively the initiation and propugation of fatigue cracks and increase the fatigue strength of materials.

Effects of strain ageing on the microstructures of microalloyed steels

This study investigates the microstructures of microalloyed steels before and after strain ageing treatment. It was found that the microstructure consisted of both lath ferrite and pearlite. Most of the carbides and/or nitrides of microalloying elements were distributed inside the grains with a small amount distributed at the grain boundaries. The precipitated phases inside the grains were much smaller in size than those at the grain boundaries. The precipitates are either circular or short bar-like,of sizes from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers. After ageing,only carbon atoms segregate around the dislocations and nitrogen does not participate in producing the Cottrell atmosphere because it was fixed by alloying elements before ageing.

狂犬病病毒aG株假病毒的制备方法

基于HIV慢病毒包装系统建立了狂犬病病毒(RV)aG株假病毒的制备方法。构建编码RV aG株糖蛋白(GP)的重组真核表达质粒pCMV-aG-G,转染至293T细胞验证GP的表达。将GP表达质粒与假病毒包装质粒及绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)指示质粒共转染293T细胞进行假病毒包装,制备携带GFP报告基因与aG株GP的RV假病毒。结果表明,研究成功构建了编码RV aG株GP的重组真核表达质粒,其可在293T细胞中有较高表达;成功制备了具有细胞感染性的RV aG株假病毒。本研究有助于更安全、准确监测针对我国现用人狂犬病疫苗生产用RV固定毒aG株的中和抗体水平。

TEM STUDY OF MECHANISM OF STRAIN-AGE HARDENING OF INITIALLY DISORDERED (Co,Fe)_3V ALLOY

TEM study was made to explore the mechanism of the strain-age hardening of initially-dis- ordered (Co_(78)Fe_(22))_3V,which was found to be attributed to the formation of a special disloca- tion-stacking fault configuration in company with disorder-order transformation-disloca- tions extended to stacking faults on{111}planes and got connected with each other through partial dislocation reaction at intersections of{111}planes,leading to dense networks with cells bounded by stacking fault tetrahedrons.The results also indicated that ordered (Co_(78)Fe_(22))_3V has very low stacking fault energy on{111}planes and relative high and isotropie antiphase boundary energy,which implies that it is most likely to be Lomer-Cottrell locks,not Kear-Wilsdof locks,that are responsible for the high strength at high temperatures of this alloy.

Influence of Microstructure Refinement on Strain Strengthening Effect of Cu-Ag Alloy in situ Filamentary Composites

The Cu-10Ag and Cu-10Ag-RE （RE=Ce, Y） alloys in situ filamentary composites were prepared. The relationships of the ultimate tensile strengths （UTS） and microstructure changes of the composites were studied. With increasing of the true strain η, the sizes of the Ag filaments in the composites reduce according to a negative exponential function of η:d=d0·exp（-0.228η）, and the UTS of the composites increase also according to a exponential function of η, σ Cu/Ag=σ 0（Cu）+[k Cu/Agd0 -1/2]exp（η/3）, here d0 is a coefficient related to the original size of Ag phase. The strain strengthening follows a two-stage strengthening effect. The strengthening mechanisms are related to changes of microstructure in the deformation process. At the low true strain stage, the strengthening is mainly caused by the working hardening controlled by dislocation increasing; at the high true strain stage, the strengthening is mainly caused by the super-fine Ag filaments and the large coherent interfaces between the Ag filaments and Cu matrix. The trace RE additions and the rapid solidification obviously refine scales of the Ag filament of the composites, and therefore obviously increased the strain strengthening rate. The microstructure refinement of the composites, especially the refinement of Ag filament, is the main reason of the high strain strengthening effect in Cu-Ag alloy in situ filamentary composites.

挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-(0.2Sr)镁合金的准静态压缩变形行为

采用准静态压缩实验研究了挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-(0.2Sr)镁合金在0.0001~0.33 s^(-1)应变速率范围内的变形行为。结果表明:挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-(0.2Sr)镁合金的流变应力响应行为具有一定的应变速率相关性,具体表现为流变应力随加载应变速率的增加呈现先降低,后增加,再降低的演变趋势。在压缩变形过程中,两种镁合金试样均产生了较为明显的动态应变时效(DSA)。产生DSA所需的临界应变随加载应变速率的增加而增加,且应力-应变曲线的锯齿类型具有强的应变速率相关性。添加Sr元素降低了镁合金沿径向压缩的流变应力,但对DSA行为具有一定的促进作用。相同应变速率下,挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-0.2Sr镁合金产生DSA的临界应变明显较小,且锯齿幅值略大。此外,Sr元素对孪生也具有一定的抑制作用,导致挤压态Mg-Al-Mn-0.2Sr镁合金的孪晶界出现不同程度的扭曲。

出菇温度对不同菌龄香菇群体主要农艺性状的影响

以香菇L135与931的F1代群体为试验材料,研究不同出菇温度(12℃、17℃、22℃、27℃)对不同菌龄香菇群体农艺性状的影响。结果表明:在不同出菇温度下,香菇菌龄与原基数量、子实体个数、单包产量均呈极显著负相关,与单菇重呈极显著正相关,且随着出菇温度的升高,菌龄与现蕾天数的相关系数逐渐减小;出菇温度与菌龄可共同影响群体的现蕾天数、采菇周期、单包产量、单菇重4个农艺性状,提高出菇温度会降低菌龄的影响;原基数量与子实体个数更易受到菌龄的影响;长菌龄群体比短菌龄群体更易受出菇温度的影响。香菇高温品种选育工作可将单菇重、单菇重环境方差和子实体个数作为代表性状筛选指标。以环境方差作为表型进一步验证了单菇重受出菇温度影响较大。

地铁车站叠合墙内衬早龄期温度与应变演化规律

为探究叠合墙早龄期内衬温度与应变演化规律,依托地铁车站叠合墙工程开展早龄期内衬墙温度与应变现场监测,分析内衬墙的裂缝分布特征、温度与应变演化规律。结果表明:在早龄期,裂缝多从内衬墙的底部施工缝向上延伸,大部分裂缝为竖向裂缝,少量斜裂缝位于墙角;内衬墙的中部温度高于四周温度,而墙体中心的温度峰值与降温速率最大,表面温度峰值最小,并且墙体存在明显的里表温差;在早龄期,内衬墙存在明显的膨胀与收缩现象,并且不同方向上的应变演化规律存在明显的区别。

在原油中老化的螺杆泵定子氢化丁腈橡胶胶料的性能变化研究

研究在原油中老化的螺杆泵定子氢化丁腈橡胶(HNBR)胶料的性能变化。结果表明:随着老化时间的延长,在25℃原油中老化的HNBR胶料的邵尔A型硬度先减小后增大、损耗因子(tanδ)减小;在60和100℃原油中老化的HNBR胶料的邵尔A型硬度和tanδ增大;在25,60和100℃原油中老化的HNBR胶料的拉伸强度和撕裂强度减小;在25和60℃原油中老化的HNBR胶料的拉断伸长率减小、压缩永久变形先减小后增大,在100℃原油中老化的HNBR胶料的拉断伸长率和压缩永久变形增大。随着老化温度的升高和老化时间的延长,HNBR胶料在25%压缩应变下的压缩应力减小,但相对于老化时间,老化温度对HNBR胶料的压缩应力影响较大。

变形和热处理对Cu-0.26Cr-0.24Sn合金组织及性能的影响

采用气保护炉熔炼了Cu-0.26Cr-0.24Sn合金,而后对棒状铸锭依次进行了旋锻变形、固溶和时效处理,用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段,分析了不同旋锻变形量、固溶和时效条件下合金的微观组织及力学、电学性能。结果表明:旋锻变形后的晶粒组织随着变形量的增加而细化,提高了合金的强度,而导电率稍有下降;960℃保温1 h后微米级富Cr析出物充分固溶。固溶时效后发生再结晶并产生再结晶织构,平行于轴向的<111>晶向增加,再结晶织构的强度随旋锻变形量的增加而增加,可提高屈服强度,但降低伸长率。时效后纳米级的富Cr颗粒析出,硬度和导电率显著上升。合金经过75%的旋锻变形,在450℃时效2.5 h后,该合金的抗拉强度和导电率分别达到476.5 MPa、68.7%IACS,可获得较好的强度和导电率配合。

产纤维素酶工程菌株的构建及其在醇化烟叶中的应用

烟叶中过高的纤维素含量使烟叶组织容易破碎,影响加工过程中烟叶的可塑性,使烟叶杂气变重等。为了获得产纤维素酶的优良菌株,实现醇化烟叶纤维素的有效降解,利用同源重组法成功构建了10株纤维素降解的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)工程菌株。通过刚果红平板筛选、羧甲基纤维素钠酶活、滤纸酶活及滤纸崩解率等检测,共筛选出C36、CM、KF和GH54株产纤维素酶能力较强的重组菌株。将醇化烟叶作为底物进行纤维素降解,发现重组菌株CM的产纤维酶效率最高,其羧甲基纤维素钠酶活和滤纸酶活分别为39.55和23.52 U·mL-1。结果表明,构建的重组菌株能够利用醇化烟叶中的纤维素产生纤维素酶,可为工业生产中醇化烟叶纤维素降解提供理论支撑。

狂犬病固定毒aG株在Vero细胞上的传代适应研究

目的 为研制安全 ,有效和使用方便的Vero细胞狂犬疫苗提供基础资料。 方法 对狂犬病固定毒 3aG株在Vero细胞上的传代适应性进行了研究 ,同时进行了狂犬病毒在Vero细胞上繁殖最适条件的选择实验。 结果 狂犬病固定毒 3aG株在Vero细胞上多次传代后得到高滴度表达毒力可达 8 3LogLD50 /ml,具有较好的抗原性及免疫原性 ,并且确定了狂犬病病毒在Vero细胞上繁殖的最适条件 ,即种毒量在 0 1～ 0 0 1LD50 /cell之间病毒滴度最高。 结论 3aG -V毒株在Vero细胞上繁殖可维持相当长时间 ,并可进行多次加液 ,检测证实多次收获毒液毒力均达到疫苗制造要求。

沿海环境双块式无砟轨道早期湿度及收缩研究

为了研究沿海环境双块式无砟轨道结构早期湿度和收缩应变分布特征,基于ABAQUS子程序HETVAL建立有限元模型,研究混凝土浇筑早期湿度和湿度梯度分布形式,得出道床板收缩应变分布规律。研究结果表明:1)在洒水养护期时,底座板竖向和横向湿度梯度最大值分别为0.68%/mm和0.202%/mm;受环境湿度影响较大的区域为埋深90 mm,底座板内部湿度在龄期28 d时趋于一致。2)轨枕内部相对湿度随着龄期增加而逐渐下降,浇筑第56天时轨枕内部湿度基本一致。3)道床板浇筑后,轨枕表面的最大竖向和横向湿度梯度分别为1.64%/mm和0.59%/mm;在道床板浇筑35 d时,双块式无砟轨道内部湿度基本一致。4)在洒水养护阶段,轨枕与道床板界面的自由收缩应变最大值为270.58×10^(-6);在自然养护阶段,受大气湿度影响,其收缩应变与湿度变化幅度呈线性相关;道床板表面在湿度饱和期的收缩应变占总收缩应变的58.21%。