Cyberattack Ramifications, The Hidden Cost of a Security Breach

In this in-depth exploration, I delve into the complex implications and costs of cybersecurity breaches. Venturing beyond just the immediate repercussions, the research unearths both the overt and concealed long-term consequences that businesses encounter. This study integrates findings from various research, including quantitative reports, drawing upon real-world incidents faced by both small and large enterprises. This investigation emphasizes the profound intangible costs, such as trade name devaluation and potential damage to brand reputation, which can persist long after the breach. By collating insights from industry experts and a myriad of research, the study provides a comprehensive perspective on the profound, multi-dimensional impacts of cybersecurity incidents. The overarching aim is to underscore the often-underestimated scope and depth of these breaches, emphasizing the entire timeline post-incident and the urgent need for fortified preventative and reactive measures in the digital domain.

Carbon Abatement Cost-Sharing Strategy for Electric Power Sector Based on Incentive and Subsidy Mechanisms

The green and low carbon transition and development of the electricity industry is the most crucial task in realizing the“dual-carbon target”,and it is urgent to explore the incentive and subsidy mechanism to promote green electricity consumption and the cost-sharing strategy of carbon reduction,to alleviate the pressure of carbon abatement cost of each subject of the electricity supply chain.Against this background,this paper takes into account the low-carbon subsidies provided by the government and the incentive subsidies for users,and studies the optimal decision-making of each subject in the electricity supply chain,so that each of them can obtain the optimal profit and achieve carbon emission reduction at the same time.Firstly,taking into account the direct power purchase mode of large users and the electricity-selling companies emerging after the reform of the power sales side,we have established a cooperative mechanism for sharing the cost of carbon emission reduction in the electricity supply chain and clarified the relationship between the supply and demand of electricity among the main parties.Subsequently,considering government low-carbon subsidies and user incentive subsidies,the optimal decisionmaking model is established under two scenarios of decentralized and centralized cooperative games in the supply chain,respectively,with the objective of maximizing profits and carbon reduction rates.Solving for the optimal proportion of carbon abatement costs shared by each participant in the electricity supply chain in achieving game equilibrium.Finally,we analyze the role of the government’s low-carbon subsidies,users’incentive subsidies,and other factors on the profit and carbon reduction effect of the electricity industry through the example analysis and further analyze the impact of carbon abatement cost-sharing measures to provide recommendations for the electricity industry to realize low-carbon abatement and make decisions.

CO2 Marginal Abatement Cost and Determinants——An Empirical Analysis of Sample Cities in China

This paper investigates the marginal abatement cost （MAC） of CO： emissions across 104 Chinese cities between 2001 and 2008. Based on parametric directional distance function, this paper discovers that the mean marginal abatement cost of CO2 emissions for sample cities was 967 yuan/ton. In terms of region, CO： marginal abatement cost is significantly higher in China＇s eastern region than in central and western regions; in terms of provincial-level region, it is the highest in Shanghai and the lowest in Shaanxi in terms of city, it is the highest in Shanghai and the lowest in Zhangjiajie with the ratio between their medians being at 48：1; in terms of time, marginal abatement cost has been always on the rise with significant intercity disparities. There is a U-shaped curve relationship between marginal abatement cost of cities and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP, which is negatively correlated with the share of secondary industry and positively correlated with the level of urbanization.

A Novel PSO Algorithm for Optimal Production Cost of the Power Producers with Transient Stability Constraints

The application of a novel Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method called Fitness Distance Ratio PSO (FDR PSO) algorithm is described in this paper to determine the optimal power dispatch of the Independent Power Producers (IPP) with linear ramp model and transient stability constraints of the power producers. Generally the power producers must respond quickly to the changes in load and wheeling transactions. Moreover, it becomes necessary for the power producers to reschedule their power generation beyond their power limits to meet vulnerable situations like credible contingency and increase in load conditions. During this process, the ramping cost is incurred if they violate their permissible elastic limits. In this paper, optimal production costs of the power producers are computed with stepwise and piecewise linear ramp rate limits. Transient stability limits of the power producers are also considered as addi-tional rotor angle inequality constraints while solving the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The proposed algo-rithm is demonstrated on practical 10 bus and 26 bus systems and the results are compared with other optimization methods.

Application of Steel Fiber in Increasing the Strength, Life-Period and Reducing Overall Cost of Road Construction (by Minimizing the Thickness of Pavement)

Recently, the use of steel fiber at high rates has been introduced as the sole method of reinforcement for fully elevated-suspended slabs having long span such as 5 m to 8 m each way, with a span to depth ratio of up to 33 [1]. As a result of long practical experience the total replacement of traditional rebar is a new routine. Now it is also used in the designing of SFRC pavements over conventional concrete pavements. Within the project framework a demonstration of a steel-fiber-reinforced roller-compacted concrete (SFR-RCC) pavement was constructed in a rural as well as urban area. In order to assess the economical condition of the demonstration pavement, life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) studies were undertaken. This is the advancement study of the various papers which is already published in many publications which serve as the main and important source of study for the research. Many applications of steel fiber are listed in the paper but the main output of this paper is that SFR-RCC is more economically sustainable than others and also helps in reducing the thickness of the pavement up to 20 to 25 percent, due to the excessive strength of steel fiber. The roads of the present system required high cost investment. And the life period is almost 20 years theoretically but the actual life of the road is depending on the maintenance and the applied load. The constructions of road have been done since the 3500 BC but the method does not change fully. Also the cost of the construction is increased continuously;as a result, the construction of roads is more and more complicated and time taken. For the better and economical construction of the roads, we use steel fibers in the composite pavement. The theoretical plan of the construction of composite pavement is given in the methodology, which gives the appropriate idea about the construction of road using steel fiber. Here we use the composite pavement in which the steel fiber is mixed in the concrete layer, after which the bitumen layer is laid for the smooth and suitable riding of the vehicles.

Evaluation of Length of Hospital Stay Joining Educational Programs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Can We Control Medical Costs in Japan?

Diabetes has become a growing concern in Japan, both medically and financially. The medical cost of diabetes was estimated at 1215 billion yen for fiscal year 2011. We analyzed the length of stay (LOS) in a hospital for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who participated in educational programs to determine factors affecting LOS. Data on 991 patients obtained from 28 Red Cross hospitals in 2008 were used. For the analysis, we used the Box-Cox transformation model and Hausman test. The results revealed that patients aged 75 years and above and those with comorbidities and complications were prone to longer LOS. The analysis also revealed significant differences in LOS across the hospitals, even after controlling for patient characteristics. Finally, we applied the least squares method to determine the effects of hospital and regional factors and revealed that patients’ LOS was affected by the region’s average LOS. Regional corporations and networks appeared to be important in improving educational programs.

The Business of Managing Risk and Network Security:An Exploration of Knowledge Transfer Issues within the Context of Data Security and Countermeasure Trade Offs

The contemporary environment within which command,control,communications,computers and intelligence (C4I platforms exist, have a number of characteristics. These characteristics may be most obviously identified as interconnectivity, international networking, speed of data transfer, the compact nature of electronic information and rapidly changing technology. Information security professionals employ a variety of approaches in order to counter risks within this complex and fluid environment. The gamut of potential security activities ranges form access control through a variety of auditing techniques to secure data communications. This field is broad and well documented. Indeed, the discipline of network risk management and data security is both well developed and sophisticated.This paper addresses twin themes:i.The fundamental issue of the method by which specific approaches are employed. This is a precursor to the adoption of an eventual strategy.ii.The crucial issues revolving around the

Optimization of Evidence Analysis Cost Using Arbitrary Re-Sampling Techniques for Sample Influx into Forensic Science Laboratory

This study analyzes the sample influx (samples per case file) into forensic science laboratory (FSL) and the corresponding analysis costs and uses arbitrary re-sampling plans to establish the minimum cost function. The demand for forensic analysis increased for all disciplines, especially biology/DNA between 2014 and 2015. While the average distribution of case files was about 42.5%, 40.6% and 17% for the three disciplines, the distribution of samples was rather different being 12%, 82.5% and 5.5% for samples requiring forensic biology, chemistry and toxicology analysis, respectively. Results show that most of the analysis workload was on forensic chemistry analysis. The cost of analysis for case files and the corresponding sample influx varied in the ratio of 35:6:1 and 28:12:1 for forensic chemistry, biology/DNA and toxicology for year 2014 for 2015, respectively. In the two consecutive years, the cost for forensic chemistry analysis was comparatively very high, necessitating re-sampling. The time series of sample influx in all disciplines are strongly stochastic, with higher magnitude for chemistry, biology/DNA and toxicology, in this order. The PDFs of sample influx data are highly skewed to the right, especially forensic toxicology and biology/DNA with peaks at 1 and 3 samples per case file. The arbitrary re-sampling plans were best suited to forensic chemistry case files (where re-sampling conditions apply). The locus of arbitrary number of samples to take from the submitted forensic samples was used to establish the minimum and scientifically acceptable samples by applying minimization function developed in this paper. The cost minimization function was also developed based on the average cost per sample and choice of re-sampling plans depending on the range of sample influx, from which the savings were determined and maximized. Thus, the study gives a forensic scientist a business model and scientific decision making tool on minimum number of samples to analyze focusing on savings on analysis cost.

Artificial Intelligence Integration with Energy Sources (Renewable and Non-renewable)

In the past decade or so,AI(artificial intelligence)technology has been growing with such a mesmerizing speed that today its presence in almost any industry that deals with any huge sheer volume of data is taking advantage of AI by integrating it into their day-to-day operation.Meanwhile,seven billion people worldwide shape the world’s energy system and directly impact the fundamental drivers of energy,both renewable and non-renewable sources,to meet the demand for electricity from them.These energy sources can be reached from nature such as solar,wind,etc.,and human-made such as NPPs(nuclear power plants)in the form of either fission as an old technology since the Manhattan project and in the near future as fusion in the form of magnetic or inertial confinements.Meanwhile,AI controlling nuclear reactors are about to happen.The basic idea is to apply AI with its two subset components as ML(machine learning),and DL(deep learning)techniques to go through the mountains of data that come from a reactor,spot patterns in it,and calling them to the unit’s human attention operators is not invadable either.Designers of such nuclear reactors will combine simulation and real-world data,comparing scenarios from each to develop“confidence[in]what they can predict and what is the range of uncertainty of their prediction”.Adding that,in the end,the operator will make the final decisions in order to keep these power plants safe while they are in operation and how to secure them against cyber-attack natural or human-made disasters.In this short communication article,we would like to see how we can prove some of these concepts;then a NPP manufacturer can pick it up and use it in their designs of a new generation of these reactors.

论守法的成本与效益

实施依法治国的基本方略、建设法治国家,可以有多种具体设计供选择。其中,判断法治水平的重要标志在于制定法的被遵守和实现,这也是立法的目的和落脚点。如果制定法不能使守法主体从中受益,那么立法以后人们就不会按照法的指引行事,法律就要被架空。所以,守法的成本和效益问题是守法主体能否从根本上自觉接受法的指引的内在动力。当守法的法定效益和边际效益之和大于守法的综合成本时,人们便在行为选择上产生适法偏好,制定法就会得到尊重和实现;当守法成本大于守法效益,即守法无效率或者呈负效益时,人们在行为上就表现出逆则倾向。保证守法的正效益,不仅需要在立法之时自觉设计,适应构建和谐社会的需要多做授权性立法,更要在执法和司法环节时刻做好守法的成本和效益之间的衡平,既确保静态的制定法规范中的守法效益大于成本,还要在法的遵守与实现的动态过程中确保守法行为不致于出现负效益。

基于小波分析的短期电价ARIMA预测方法

电力市场中的电价具有特殊的周期性,以天、周、年为周期波动,且大周期中嵌套小周期。作者提出一种基于小波分析的累积式自回归滑动平均方法(WARIMA)用于短期电价预测,首先利用小波变换能将交织不同频率成份的混合信号分解成不同频带上的块信号的特性,将电价这一随机序列进行小波分解,得到低频上的概貌序列和高频上的细节序列,并在此基础上对各个子电价序列分别利用累积式自回归滑动平均模型(ARIMA)进行预测,然后在电价平稳时段用概貌序列预测结果直接作为电价预测结果,而在电价非平稳时段将各子序列预测结果重构作为最终的预测结果。为了对比分析,将直接使用ARIMA模型的预测结果和采用WARIMA方法的预测结果进行了比较,表明引入小波分析对提高预测精度是有益的。

Modelling spatial variation in the treatment costs of nonpoint source pollution in mountainous regions of southwest China

Non-point source(NPS) pollution is considered to be one of the main threats of the aquatic environment. Mountainous regions are particularly important water sources for urban areas. The various driving factors of NPS pollution such as terrain, precipitation, and vegetation type in mountainous regions show clear spatial heterogeneity. Consequently, the management systems required for NPS pollution in mountainous regions are complex. In this study, we developed a framework to estimate and map the treatment costs for NPS pollution in mountainous regions and applied this method in Baoxing County, a typical mountainous county in Sichuan Province of southwest China. The export levels of total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) in Baoxing County were estimated using the water purification model in InVEST(Itegrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) tool. NPS pollutant treatment costs were calculated based on the level of pollutants exports, water yield, water quality targets, and treatment costs of NPS pollutants per unit mass. The results show that at the watershed level the amounts of TN and TP exported in Baoxing County were below threshold limits. However, at the sub-watershed level, TN and TP excesses of 291.64 and 2.96 tons per year were found, respectively, with mean TN and TP treatment costs of 6.58 US$/hm^2 and 0.35 US$/hm^2. Appraising pollution treatment cost intuitively reflects the overall expenditure in NPS pollution reduction from an economic perspective. This study provides a foundation for the implementation of Payment for Ecosystem Service(PES) and the prevention and control of NPS pollution.

我国地方渔港布局规划方法研究

我国各地区渔港众多、规模偏小、发展不平衡,若不分主次进行平均投资,则无法形成优势项目.只有对渔港进行科学的布局规划,才能有效利用资源,使渔业发展更加有序,从而保证海洋渔业的持续稳定和可持续发展.为此在满足人民生活对水产品需求的前提下,充分考虑捕鱼、海上运输、陆上运输、码头装卸、水产品加工、港口建设和改型等费用,以及水产品销售收益,建立了一年总费用最低(或总效益最好)的数学模型.算例分析证明,该方法具有普遍性、实用性和可操作性,可为我国地方渔港规划提供参考依据.

公司治理结构与股利分配动机——基于代理成本和利益侵占的分析

本文以我国上市公司为对象,从公司治理结构安排的角度,系统研究2001年管理层出台新政策后公司的股利分配动机。结果表明,降低代理成本假说和利益侵占假说都在不同程度地发挥作用,集团控股公司适合降低代理成本假说;而对于政府控制公司,用利益侵占假说解释其股利分配动机更为恰当。我们进一步发现,针对我国特殊的股权结构特征及流通特征,现金股利在中国资本市场中具有“双刃剑”特征。

A Multi-Criteria Decision Support System for the Selection of Low-Cost Green Building Materials and Components

The necessity of having an effective computer-aided decision support system in the housing construction industry is rapidly growing alongside the demand for green buildings and green building products. Identifying and defining financially viable low-cost green building materials and components, just like selecting them, is a crucial exercise in subjectivity. With so many variables to consider, the task of evaluating such products can be complex and discouraging. Moreover, the existing mode for selecting and managing, often very large information associated with their impacts constrains decision-makers to perform a trade-off analysis that does not necessarily guarantee the most environmentally preferable material. This paper introduces the development of a multi-criteria decision support system (DSS) aimed at improving the understanding of the principles of best practices associated with the impacts of low-cost green building materials and components. The DSS presented in this paper is to provide designers with useful and explicit information that will aid informed decision-making in their choice of materials for low-cost green residential housing projects. The prototype MSDSS is developed using macro-in-excel, which is a fairly recent database management technique used for integrating data from multiple, often very large databases and other information sources. This model consists of a database to store different types of low-cost green materials with their corresponding attributes and performance characteristics. The DSS design is illustrated with particular emphasis on the development of the material selection data schema, and application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) concept to a material selection problem. Details of the MSDSS model are also discussed including workflow of the data evaluation process. The prototype model has been developed with inputs elicited from domain experts and extensive literature review, and refined with feedback obtained from selected expert builder and developer companies. This paper further demonstrates the application of the prototype MSDSS for selecting the most appropriate low-cost green building material from among a list of several available options, and finally concludes the study with the associated potential benefits of the model to research and practice.

Social Cost Analysis of Biological Control Technology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests

With the rapid development of modern agriculture,the prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests has become an important part to ensure the safety of agricultural production,the quality of agricultural products and the safety of agricultural ecological environment.Although the effect of traditional chemical prevention and control technology is remarkable,the health risks and environmental problems brought by it should not be ignored.As a green and environmentally friendly means of prevention and control,biological prevention and control technology has gradually become a hot research topic and a trend of agricultural production.This paper is intended to comprehensively evaluate the social costs of biological control technologies for crop diseases and pests,including the health risks reduced,environmental improvements,economic benefits,and barriers to promotion,and put forward corresponding policy recommendations.

我国上市公司的财务困境成本及其影响因素分析

本文选择1998—2002年间沪深股市40家ST摘帽公司A股为样本,从“经营业绩观”和“权益价值观”两个角度考察我国上市公司是否存在财务困境成本。结果发现:(1)从陷入财务困境之前到解除财务困境之后,基于“经营业绩观”,企业经行业调整之后的平均主营业绩有所增长,但基于“权益价值观”,经过市场调整之后的权益市场价值平均下降了2.04%,表明投资者平均承担2.04%的财务困境成本,说明虽然企业在解除财务困境之后经营业绩较之于陷入财务困境之前有所增长,但这种经营业绩上的增长并未带来权益市场价值的提高。(2)行业因素和企业规模是影响财务困境的重要因素。当财务困境企业所在行业业绩不佳时财务困境成本较高;企业的资产规模与财务困境成本呈显著的正向关系。

补充含有谷氨酰胺的肠外营养对危重病人6个月预后的研究

作为人体内最丰富的氨基酸 ,谷氨酰胺 (Gln)具有许多重要的代谢作用 ,能够维持和改善组织的完整性和促进机体的免疫功能。危重病人的血浆和组织中的谷氨酰胺都是下降的 ,说明这些病人对谷氨酰胺的需要量超过了内源性谷氨酰胺的供给量。 目的 危重病人谷氨酰胺的相对缺乏将会影响到病人的恢复和延长疾病的时间并可能增加病人后期死亡率。本研究将检验这个假说。 方法 在本研究中 ,我们采用前瞻、块随机和双盲设计 ,研究与传统的等氮、等热卡的肠外营养相比 ,观察给予含有谷氨酰胺的肠外营养是否影响病人的预后 ,研究指标采用 6个月的患病率、死亡率和费用情况。在同一个普通的ICU进行研究 ,保证治疗和处理的一致性。 84例危重成年病人进入研究 ,他们的APACHE评分 >10 ,因为他们有肠内营养的禁忌症或肠内营养不成功 ,他们都接受肠外营养。 结果 接受含谷氨酰胺肠外营养组病人的 6个月存活率明显改善 (2 4/ 42比 14/ 42 ,P =0 0 49)。需要接受不含谷氨酰胺的肠外营养超过 10天的病人死亡数明显较多 (P =0 0 3)。对照组病人死亡多发生在疾病后期 ,病人在给予治疗后住ICU时间明显较长 (P =0 .0 12 )。接受谷氨酰胺的病人 ,每例存活者总的ICU费用和总住院费用下降 5 0 %。 结论 对不能接受肠内营养?

不同环节灌溉用水效率及节水潜力分析

以漳河灌区为例,在对灌区渠系进行等效概化的基础上,采用经验公式法进行不同工况下不同环节灌溉用水效率的分析计算。结果表明总干及干渠环节和分、斗、农渠环节的渠道水利用系数较大,而支干、分干和支渠环节的渠道水利用系数偏小,渠道断面大小、长度及防渗率是导致渠道水利用系数差异的主要原因。计算分析了不同条件下的灌溉用水效率阈值,达到相应阈值时的投资,以及净节水量和节水率,分析了投资与灌溉用水效率阈值及节水率的关系。表明随投资的增加灌溉用水效率及节水率均提高,但其过程符合报酬递减规律,且节水率的报酬递减速度更快。

Research Electricity Production Costs and External Compensation Mechanism

China's power enterprises are mainly dominated by thermal power, thermal power is the key industry of coal consumption, so the thermal power enterprises have a fundamental influence on the environment, and how to not affect the vital interests of power enterprises under the condition of power plant to increase the strength of governance is to solve the current problem of letter. On the basis of various types of power generation enterprise environmental cost of thermal power, hydropower, wind power and nuclear power pollutant treatment cost were described, through the analysis of emission control scheme and the cost compensation of pollutants, environmental governance cost model, using a actual plant data, calculation of various pollutants compensation cost of thermal power plant, and according to the thermal power and wind power for quantitative comparison before and after compensation.