Three-dimensional Modeling of Ore-forming Elements and Mineralization Prognosis for the Yechangping Mo Deposit,Henan Province,China

Three-dimensional geochemical modeling of ore-forming elements is crucial for predicting deep mineralization.This approach provides key information for the quantitative prediction of deep mineral localization,three-dimensional fine interpolation,analysis of spatial distribution patterns,and extraction of quantitative mineral-seeking markers.The Yechangping molybdenum(Mo)deposit is a significant and extensive porphyry-skarn deposit in the East Qinling-Dabie Mo polymetallic metallogenic belt at the southern margin of the North China Block.Abundant borehole data on oreforming elements underpin deep geochemical predictions.The methodology includes the following steps:(1)Threedimensional geological modeling of the deposit was established.(2)Correlation,cluster,and factor analyses post delineation of mineralization stages and determination of mineral generation sequence to identify(Cu,Pb,Zn,Ag)and(Mo,W,mfe)assemblages.(3)A three-dimensional geochemical block model was constructed for Mo,W,mfe,Cu,Zn,Pb,and Ag using the ordinary kriging method,and the variational function was developed.(4)Spatial distribution and enrichment characteristics analysis of ore-forming elements are performed to extract geological information,employing the variogram and w(Cu+Pb+Zn+Ag)/w(Mo+W)as predictive indicators.(5)Identifying the western,northwestern,and southwestern areas of the mine with limited mineralization potential,contrasted by the northeastern and southeastern areas favorable for mineral exploration.

Origin of the Dashuigou Independent Tellurium Deposit at the Southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:Based on the Abundances of Trace Elements in the Country Rocks

Through a detailed study of the abundances and spatial-temporal distribution patterns of Te,Bi,As,Se,Cu,Pb,Zn,Au,and Ag in the rock types of different geological epochs in the Dashuigou independent tellurium deposit,and in combination with other research findings of previous researchers in this area,the authors conclude as follows:Abundances of the main ore-forming elements Te,Bi,As,Se,Au,and Ag are not high in the regional geological background,generally lower or close to their respective crustal Clark values,but almost all altered country rocks contain high levels of ore-forming elements.This indicates that the deposit’s ore-forming elements do not come from the country rocks.This also indicates that the geological thermal events that cause alteration and mineralization originate from depths and may be related to mantle plumes.Considering the distribution pattern of these ore-forming elements in the ore bodies’hanging wall and footwall,the metallogenic mechanism may be as follows:Mineralization is not achieved through lateral secretion in the horizontal or near horizontal direction,but rather through the upward movement and emplacement of deep ore-forming elements driven by geological processes such as mantle plumes.In addition,the migration of deep ore-forming elements is not achieved through dispersed infiltration between overlying rock particles,but through non widespread concentrated penetrating channels.This type of channel is likely to be the expansion structures where faults from different directions intersect,or where linear faults intersect with circular structures.

Upper Mantle Heterogeneity in Ore-Forming Elements and Its Bearing on Metallogenesis in Qinling Belt and East China

This paper presents the results of our recent studies on the upper mantle composition in the Qinling Belt and East China . It discusses the methods of estimating the upper mantle composition, its selected elements and its constitution characteristics .The results indicate that ore-forming elements on ore types and their distribution in this area are strongly controlled by the upper mantle heterogeneity .

Data Analysis of Chang'E-1 Gamma-Ray Spectrometer and Global Distribution of U,K,and Th Elemental Abundances

Gamma-ray spectrometer （GRS） is one of the main payloads on the Chang＇E-1 （CE-1） lunar probe, mainly aimed to detect the elemental abundances and distributions on the lunar surface. At 03：58 on 28 November 2007, it performed the first observation of the lunar gamma rays. As of 24 October 2008, 2105 h of effective gamma rays spectra had been acquired by CE-1 GRS, which covers the whole surface of the moon. This paper mainly describes the data processing procedures and methods of deriving the elemental abundances by using the CE-1 GRS time series corrected spectra： first, to bin data into pixels for mapping; then, to perform a background deduction of the cumulative spectra and obtain a peak area of the elements; and finally, to use the elemental abundances inversion model to produce the elemental abundances. Based on these processing methods, the global abundance maps of U, K, and Th at a 5°×5° equal-area pixel are acquired by CE-1 GRS data. The paper gives a preliminary analysis of the uncertainties of the elemental abundances.

REGIONAL ELEMENT ABUNDANCES OFCONTINENTAL CRUSTOBODIES IN CHINA

The continental crustobody of China is composed of three regional crustobodies, i. e., the Cathaysian crustobody, the West China crustobody and the South Tibet crustobody. This paper gives their mass models and element abundance values and discusses their regional abundance characteristics from metallogenic elernents, heat source elements and lanthanide elements. The conclusion is that their geochemical backgrounds are quite different from each other.

Element Abundances of China's Continental Crust and Its Sedimentary Layer and Upper Continental Crust

China's continental crust (CCC)has an average thickness of 47km,with the uppercontinental crust (CUCC)being 31 km and the sedimentary layer(CSL)5 km in thickness.The CCC,CUCC and CSL measure 12.437×10^17,8.005×10^17 and 1.146×10^17 metric tons in mass,respectively.The mass ratio of the upper continental crust to the lower one is 1.8:1.The element abundances were calculated for the CCC,CUCC and CSL respectively in terms of the chemical compositions of 2246 samples of various types and some complementary trace element data.The total abundance of 13 major elements accounts for 99.6% of the CCC mass while the other minor elements only account for 0.4%.REE characteristics,the abundance ratios of element pairs and the amounts of ore-forming elements are also discussed in the present paper.

Trace Element Abundance Relationships in the Multi-stage Comagmatic Fractional Crystallization and Their Applications

In this study a mathematical expression of trace element abundance relationship for the mul-ti-stage comagmatic fractional crystallization has been established ,based on geochemical studies of the Emeishan basalt-trachyte series and adjacent mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions, as well as on the avail-able data for basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite series in southern Andes,Chile ,which have been well documented.It is demonstrated that the abundance constant (R) for a given trace element at dif-ferent stages of fractional crystallization of a parental magma is highly variable,which can be used as a criterion to divide fractional crystallization stages.

Estimation of the Primary Magma Compositions of an Igneous Rock Series Petrogenetically Associated with Fractional Crystallization with Special Reference to Element Abundance Relationships

A primary magma not only represents the starting point of a fractional crystallization process,but also is the product of an equilibrium or fractional partial melting process in a mantle. Element abundance relation ships in the primary magma obey both the law of power function for fractional crystallization and the law of fractional linear function for Nullibrium partial melting. Based on this double nature of the primary magma, the authors advanced a principle to restore the primary magma composition from that of an igneous rock series with petrogenesis of fractional crystalization and put forward an approach of estimating the element abundance of the primary magma, exemplified by the rare-earth elements in the Andes volcanic rock series.

Research on the inversion of elemental abundances from Chang'E-2 X-ray spectrometry data

The elemental abundances of lunar surface are the important clues to study the formation and evolution history of the Moon. In 2010, China's Chang'E-2(CE-2) lunar orbiter carried a set of X-ray spectrometer(XRS) to investigate the elemental abundances of the lunar surface. During CE-2's life span around the Moon, the XRS experienced several events of solar flare. The X-ray solar monitor onboard recorded the spectra of solar X-rays at the same time. In this paper, we introduced the XRS instrument and data product. We analyzed the characteristics of the XRS data. Using the data obtained during an M solar flare event which had occurred on Feb. 16, 2011, we derived the elemental abundances of Mg, Al, Si, Ca and Fe of the lunar surface in the Oceanus Procellarum. Finally, we discussed the factors that influence the accuracy of the inversion.

In, Sn, Pb and Zn Contents and Their Relationships in Ore-forming Fluids from Some In-rich and In-poor Deposits in China

All the indium-rich deposits with indium contents in ores more than 100×10^-6 seems to be of cassiterite-sulfide deposits or Sn-bearing Pb-Zn deposits, e.g., in the Dachang Sn deposit in Guangxi, the Dulong Sn-Zn deposit in Yunnan, and the Meng＇entaolegai Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in Inner Mongolia, the indium contents in ores range from 98×10^-6 to 236×10^-6 and show a good positive correlation with contents of zinc and tin, and their correlation coefficients are 0.8781 and 0.7430, respectively. The indium contents from such Sn-poor deposits as the Fozichong Pb-Zn deposit in Guangxi and the Huanren Pb-Zn deposit in Liaoning are generally lower than 10×10^-6, i.e., whether tin is present or not in a deposit implies the enrichment extent of indium in ores. Whether the In enrichment itself in the ore -forming fluids or the ore-forming conditions has actually caused the enrichment/depletion of indium in the deposits？ After studying the fluid inclusions in quartz crystallized at the main stage of mineralization of several In-rich and In-poor deposits in China, this paper analyzed the contents and studied the variation trend of In, Sn, Pb and Zn in the ore-forming fluids. The results show that the contents of lead and zinc in the ore-forming fluids of In-rich and -poor deposits are at the same level, and the lead contents range from 22×10^-6 to 81×10^-6 and zinc from 164×10^-6 to 309×10^-6, while the contents of indium and tin in the ore-forming fluids of In-rich deposits are far higher than those of Inpoor deposits, with a difference of 1-2 orders of magnitude. Indium and tin contents in ore-forming fluid of In-rich deposits are 1.9×10^-6-4.1×10^-6 and 7×10^-6-55×10^-6, and there is a very good positive correlation between the two elements, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9552. Indium and tin contents in ore-forming fluid of In-poor deposits are 0.03×10^-6-0.09×10^-6 and 0.4×10^-6-2.0×10^-6, respectively, and there is no apparent correlation between them. This indicates, on one hand, that In-rich oreforming fluids are the material basis for the formation of In-rich deposits, and, on the other hand, tin probably played a very important role in the transport and enrichment of indium.

Rare earth elements and yttrium in ferromanganese deposits from the South China Sea:distribution,composition and resource considerations

Ferromanganese nodules and crusts contain relatively high concentration of rare earth elements（REE） and yttrium（REY）,with a growing interest in exploitation as an alternative to land-based REY resources.On the basis of comprehensive geochemical approach,the abundance and distribution of REY in the ferromanganese nodules from the South China Sea are analyzed.The results indicate that the REY contents in ferromanganese deposits show a clear geographic regularity.Total REY contents range from 69.1×10^-6 to 2 919.4×10^-6,with an average value of 1 459.5×10^-6.Especially,the enrichment rate of Ce content is high,accounting for almost 60% of the total REY.This REE enrichment is controlled mainly by the sorption of ferromanganese oxides and clay minerals in the nodules and crusts.Moreover,the total REY are higher in ferromanganese deposits of hydrogenous origin than of diagenetic origin.Finally,Light REE（LREE） and heavy REE（HREE） oxides of the ferromanganese deposits in the study area can be classified into four grades： non-enriched type,weakly enriched type,enriched type,and extremely enriched type.According to the classification criteria of rare earth resources,the Xisha and Zhongsha platform-central deep basin areas show a great potential for these rare earth metals.

Ratios of Closely Related Elements in Soil and Their Implications

This paper has investigated the ratios of closely related elements such as Mn,Cr,V,Ni,Co,Cu,Pb,Cd,Ba,Sr,La and Ce in the major soils of China,and the factors affecting them,and explored their use as indicators in soil formation,material transport and environmental pollution.Results show that the effect of soil-forming processes on the ratios of closely related elements varied with different elements,and became greater in the sequence of Ce/La <V/Cr≈Ni/Co<Zn/Cu≈Zn/Pb<Zn/Cd<Mn/Cr<Ba/Sr.The magnitude of the variation in the ratios of closely related elements depended on the chemical properties of the elements themselves,on the one hand,and the parent material and climatic conditions on the other.The ratio of Ba/Sr showed a distinct zonality,decreasing gradually in the sequence:cool temperate zone acid soils>grassland soils>desert soils and increasing gradually from the semi-arid subhumid zone soils>the temperate zone neutral soils>the north subtropic zone soils>tropical and subtropical acid soils.

Availability of elements for heterogeneous catalysis: Predicting the industrial viability of novel catalysts

Growing concern regarding the sustainability of the chemical industry has driven the developmentof more efficient catalytic reactions.First‐generation estimates of catalyst viability are based oncrustal abundance,which has severe limitations.Herein,we propose a second‐generation approachto predicting the viability of novel catalysts prior to industrial implementation to benefit the globalchemical industry.Using this prediction,we found that a correlation exists between catalyst consumptionand the annual production or price of the catalyst element for11representative industrialcatalytic processes.Based on this correlation,we have introduced two new descriptors for catalystviability,namely,catalyst consumption to availability ratio per annum(CCA)and consumed catalystcost to product value ratio per annum(CCP).Based on evaluations of CCA and CCP for selected industrial reactions,we have grouped catalysts from the case studies according to viability,allowing the identification of general limits of viability based on CCA and CCP.Calculating the CCA and CCP and their comparing with the general limits of viability provides researchers with a novel framework for evaluating whether the cost or physical availability of a new catalyst could be limiting.We have extended this analysis to calculate the predicted limits of economically viable production and product cost for new catalysts.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Ore-forming Fluid of the Gaoshan Gold-Silver Deposit in the Longquan Area, Zhejiang Province and its Implications for the Ore Genesis

The Gaoshan gold-silver deposit, located between the Yuyao-Lishui Fault and Jiangshan- Shaoxing fault in Longquan Area, occurs in the Suichang-Longquan gold-silver polymetallic metallogenic belt. This study conducted an investigation for ore-forming fluids using microthermometry, D-O isotope and trace element. The results show that two types of fluid inclusions involved into the formation of the deposit are pure liquid phase and gas-liquid phase aqueous inclusions. The homogenization temperature and salinity of major mineralization phase ranges from 156~C to 236~C （average 200~C） and 0.35% to 8.68% （NaCleqv） （average 3.68%）, respectively, indicating that the ore-forming fluid is characteristic of low temperature and low salinity. The ore- forming pressure ranges between in 118.02 to 232.13＂105 pa, and it is estabmiated that the ore- forming depth ranges from 0.39 to 0.77 km, indicating it is a hypabyssal deposit in genesis. The low rare earth elements content in pyrites, widely developed fluorite in late ore-forming stage and lack of chlorargyrite （AgCI）, indicates that the ore-forming fluid is rich in F rather than CI. The ratios of Y/ Ho, Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta of between different samples have little difference, indicating that the later hydrothermal activities had no effects on the former hydrothermal fluid. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of pyrites from country rocks and ore veins are basically identical, with the characteristics of light REE enrichment and negative Eu anomalies, implying that the ore-forming fluid was oxidative and derived partly from the country rocks. The JD and jlSo of fluid inclusions in quartz formed during the main metallogenic stage range from -105%o to -69 %0 and -6.01%o to -3.81%o, respectively. The D-O isotopic diagram shows that the metallogenic fluid is characterized by the mixing of formation water and meteoric water, without involvement of magmatic water. The geological and geochemical characteristics of the Gaoshan gold-silver deposit are similar to those of continental volcanic hydrothermal deposit, and could be assigned to the continental volcanic hydrothermal gold-silver deposit type.

基于主量元素地球化学的岩屑层位源解析

近年来,岩屑录井在“华北型”煤田底板灰岩层注浆加固工程中发挥了重要作用。然而,现有的岩屑录井仅停留在颜色、颗粒大小及形貌特征等物理指标的识别上,难以精准判层,钻孔设计“顺层率”难以保障,制约着底板灰岩水害区域治理效果。基于石炭纪太原组薄层灰岩及其碎屑岩夹层的元素地球化学差异特点,选取淮北煤田桃园煤矿为研究区,对太原组上段薄层灰岩L_(1)灰~L_(4)灰地层(注浆治理目的层为L_(3)灰)垂直钻孔岩心进行取样,利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)定量测定了薄层灰岩及其夹层的主量元素背景值,通过聚类分析、因子分析等数理统计手段建立薄层灰岩主量元素地球化学识别模式;同时对地面定向钻水平分支孔岩屑同样开展主量元素测试,并基于已建立的地球化学识别模式进行岩屑层位源解析以及识别模式验证。结果显示:高CaO丰度、烧失量(LOI)可以作为注浆加固改造目的层L_(3)灰的特征指标,MgO(0.5%±)、MnO(0.03%±)、P_(2)O_(5)(0.08%±)丰度可作为注浆目的层上覆标志层J3的识别指标;聚类分析识别模式可有效区分太原组一灰~三灰(L_(1)灰~L_(3)灰);以元素因子得分建立的识别模式可以将太原组碎屑岩夹层与薄层灰岩进行有效区分;以岩样地球化学背景值运行判别模型得到的Fisher判别方程对注浆目的层L_(3)灰岩屑来源解析的准确率为100%。基于上述认识,论证了以确保设计“顺层率”为目标的水平分支孔岩屑地球化学源解析方法应用之可行性,进而提出了一种地面定向钻“顺层率”控制技术方案。本研究基于元素地球化学理论,对地面定向钻岩屑携带的特征地球化学信息进行了目的层层位辨识,在现场快速定量测试技术手段的支持下,可为解决华北型煤田底板灰岩水害区域注浆改造顺层难题提供了新的思路。

保持等价关系的变换半群的一些结果

给出了保持等价关系的变换半群上的格林关系L,R,H和格林*-关系L^(*),R^(*),H^(*)相容的充要条件,刻画了这类半群的左(右,完全)正则性,得到了这类半群的全体幂等元(正则元,富足元)构成子半群的等价描述.

基于理论-经验模型的春玉米产量丰歉动态气象评估

为了在玉米不同生长阶段进行气象要素影响评价和产量丰歉趋势定量评估,利用1983—2018年吉林省50个气象观测站4—9月逐日降水量、气温和风速等资料,以及各县逐年玉米产量资料,基于春玉米生长发育自然节律和模糊数学原理,将吉林省春玉米划分为5个生育阶段,构建基于诸阶段气象要素的理论—经验产量动态评估模型。该模型充分考虑各生育阶段内降水、气温、大风等关键气象要素对产量影响的比重、地域差异、气象要素综合影响及其阶段累加效应,可在每个生育阶段输出预期产量丰歉评估结果。拟合检验和试用显示模型输出结果客观性和实用性较好,评估模型在丰产年和歉收年的输出结果与实际产量拟合更好,后期评估结果比前、中期结果更贴近实际产量;中部半湿润半干旱区和东部冷湿山区的评估效果略好于西部半干旱地区的。

杭州重点茶园中微量元素丰缺状况研究

研究旨在评估杭州市茶园土壤中微量元素的有效态浓度及其丰缺情况。为此,我们对8个主要植茶县30个代表性茶园进行表层土样的采集与分析。研究发现,有效铁和锌在土壤中的浓度较为丰富,而有效铜浓度普遍缺乏,有效锰、硼、硫、钙和镁部分土壤缺乏;茶园间土壤中微量元素浓度差别较大,有效铜、铁、硼和硫元素空间变异为中等变异,有效锰、锌、钙和镁元素为强变异;土壤有效铜、铁、锌、硼和硫与pH呈负相关关系,有效锰、钙和镁与pH呈正相关关系;土壤有效铁、锰、锌、硼、钙和镁与有机质呈正相关关系,有效铜和硫与有机质呈负相关关系;中微量元素之间既有共生也有互相抑制的关系。因此,应针对不同茶园土壤的中微量元素情况,在多施有机肥的同时因地制宜地增施相应的微肥,防止茶园土壤过度酸化。

ABUNDANCE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN SEDIMENTS FROM THE HUANGHE RIVER, THE CHANGJIANG RIVER AND THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF CHINA

It is well known that the Huanghe (Yellow) River ranks first in the world in sediment discharge and that the Changjiang (Yangtze) River is the third in total length and water discharge. The two rivers continuously bring large amount of suspended loads to the seas, about 500×10~6 t (the Changjiang River) and 100×10~6 t (the Huanghe River) per year, which make a great contribution to the sedimentation in the shallow water areas of the

Effect of Phosphatization on Element Concentration of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts

A detailed study on a small scale of the effect of phosphatization on the chemistry of marine cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts supplies useful information for the evaluation and comprehensive utilization of crust mineral resources. Sub-samples from top to bottom of a 10-cm thick sample from the NW Pacific Magellan seamount were taken at 5 mm intervals. The concentration profiles of ore-forming and rare earth elements show that obvious differences exist between young unphosphatized crusts and old phosphatized crusts. In the old crusts Fe, Mn, Si, Al, Zn, Mg, Co, Ni and Cu elements are depleted and Ca, P, Sr, Ba and Pb elements are enriched. The order of depletion is Co > Ni > Mg > Al > Mn > Si> Cu > Zn > Fe, while the order of enrichment is P > Ca > Ba > Pb > Sr. The phosphate mineral controls the concentration variation of the ore-forming elements in crusts and causes loss of the main ore-forming elements such as Co and Ni. The phosphatization also affects the abundance of REEs in the crusts. REEs are more abundant and the content of Ce in old crusts is higher than that in young crusts, however, the pattern of REEs and their fractionation characteristics in new and old crusts are not fundamentally changed. A Y-positive anomaly in old crusts has no relationship to the phosphatization.