Profiles of Traditional Chinese Medicine Schools

Many schools of academic doctrines have emerged throughout the development history of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） due to geographic, time, Shicheng （mentor-apprentice system） and academic diversities. Classic TCM School, Classic Formula School and Febrile Disorder School, though all lacking a clearly demonstrable or continuous Shicheng relationship, are nevertheless so classified because of their consistency in reference to the classic TCM works. Each of the Four Famous Masters of Jin and Yuan Dynasties had its distinctively different academic doctrine, resulting in the establishment of individually integrated academic schools. The emergence of the Warming and Tonifying School in late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties was realized as a means to rectify the ill effects of the cool and cold medications prevalent at the time. On the other hand, the advent of the Warm Disease School and the rise of the Confluence School embodied the close relationship carried by TCM academic schools to contemporary historical background. Looking at this development history, it is evident that the development of TCM academic schools could flourish only if it allows dissenting, yet mutually tolerant, opinions. In present medical environment where TCM and Western medicine are of equal importance, Classic TCM Schools, TCM Modernization Schools and Integrative Medicine Schools should all receive emphasis to foster development.

Words of the Editor-in-Chief——Academic discussion is an effective measure to promote scientific development

Van Loon et al.＇s paper ＂The response of stromatolites to seismic shocks： Tomboliths from the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation, E India＂ with a new term ＂tomboliths＂ and original viewpoints should be published, but some contents need to be discussed. Shanmugam＇s paper ＂The response of stromatolites to seismic shocks： Tomboliths from the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation, E India： Discussion and liquefaction basics＂ pointed out some queries and problems about Van Loon et al.＇s paper. It is an academic discussion paper and should be published as well. However, some main problems, such as the new term＂tomboliths＂ and its origin of seismic shocks, ＂whether stromatolites or tomboliths are soft-sediment deformation structures or not＂, etc., also need to be discussed. Academic discussion is an effective measure to promote scientific development. The more thorough academic discussions are carried out regarding academic problems, the more scientific facts and truths will become clear. All participants in this discussion are contributors. It is active to carry out the policy of ＂A hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend＂ by our Journal of Palaeogeography.

GAO's governor vessel-regulating and collaterals-unblocking technique for headache

Governor vessel-regulating and collaterals-unblocking technique is a specific acupuncture therapy for treatment of headache of ＂GAO＇s acupuncturemoxibustion academic school in Yanzhao land（around Hebei Province area）＂.This method is a specific acupuncture therapy for treatment of various types of headache through combining GAO＇s four groups of empirical paired acupoints with governor vessel-regulating needling,z？w？liúzhù acupoint opening needling and meridian sinew needling in Yanzhao land correctly according to the clinical conditions of patients.Immediate effect can be obtained,and the duration of treatment can be shortened through appropriate clinical application,so that good long-term effects can be obtained.In this paper,the specific manipulations and theoretical basis of this needling method will be illustrated,and two cases will be attached for explanation.

Efficacy observation on Governor Vessel-unblocking and mind-calming acupuncture for insomnia

Objective：To observe the effect of Governor Vessel-unblocking and mind-calming acupuncture on insomnia and further develop the academic idea on Gao＇s lineage acupuncture.Methods：A total of 68 insomnia cases were randomly allocated into an acupuncture group（n=34） and a medication group（n=34） according to their sequences of consultation.Patients in the acupuncture group received acupuncture treatment once a day,5 d a week,for 4 weeks.Patients in the medication group took 1 mg of Estazolam before sleep for each dose,one dose a day,for 4 weeks.Before and after treatment,the sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index（PSQI）,and the efficacy was assessed using the PSQI reductive rate.Results：After treatment,the global PSQI score and scores of each component in the acupuncture group were significantly decreased（all P〈0.01）.The global PSQI score in the medication group was significantly decreased（P〈0.01）.Except for sleep disturbance,scores of the rest of components were significantly decreased（P〈0.01 or P〈0.05）.The between-group difference was statistically significant in global PSQI score（P〈0.01）.Except for sleep latency and duration,scores of the sleep quality,efficiency,disturbance and daytime dysfunction in the acupuncture group were significantly lower than those in the medication group（all P〈0.05）.In addition,the recovery and marked effect rate in the acupuncture group was significantly higher than that in the medication group（P〈0.05）.Conclusion：The Governor Vessel-unblocking and mind-calming acupuncture is safe,reliable for insomnia and has better efficacy than Estazolam.

Observation on instant analgesic effect of Governor Vessel-regulating and collateral-unblocking acupuncture method for primary headache

Objective： To observe the instant analgesic effect of Governor Vessel-regulating and collateral-unblocking acupuncture method in treating primary headache and to inherit and carry forward the academic achievements of Gao＇s acupuncture school in Yanzhao （Hebei Province） area. Methods： Eighty eligible primary headache patients were randomized into an observation group and a control group following their visiting sequence, 40 patients in each group. The observation group was intervened by Yanzhao Gao＇s Governor Vessel-regulating and collateral-unblocking acupuncture, and the control group was intervened by ordinary acupuncture method. The visual analogue scale （VAS） was used to evaluate the headache intensity before and after the first treatment session in the two groups, to compare the instant analgesic effect of the two acupuncture methods. Results： After the first treatment session, the VAS scores dropped significantly in both groups （both P〈0.05）. The change of VAS score after the initial treatment in the observation group was significantly different from that in the control group （P〈0.05）. The percentage of patients with headache completely vanished instantly after the first treatment was markedly higher in the observation group than that in the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The two acupuncture methods both can produce a significant instant analgesic effect in treating primary headache, while Yanzhao Gao＇s Governor Vessel-regulating and collateral-unblocking acupuncture method is superior to ordinary acupuncture method.

20世纪上半期乐府研究史述评

20世纪上半期的乐府研究,主要是在北大、清华及西南联大等学校和研究机构中展开的。黄节首开学院乐府研究之风气,但其方法趋向于传统;同时的歌谣运动、新文学运动也有力地促进了汉魏六朝乐府研究风气的形成,并且在研究方法与观念上都与传统的研究有很大的不同。此后诸家,或主要是以平民文学、白话文学的观念阐述乐府,如郑振铎、陆侃如、冯沅君诸家,或力图将传统的乐府研究与新的美学观念相结合,以达到更加客观、历史的研究,如梁启超、罗根泽、萧涤非、王运熙诸家。但从诸家的实际情况来看,学院式研究方法、传统的研究方法与新文学家式的研究方法,其实是相互交结一起的。本文主要从这样一些角度出发,对20世纪上半期诸家乐府研究进行评述,试图建构20世纪乐府研究的学术史。

王运熙在汉魏六朝乐府研究方面的贡献

乐府研究有丰富的传统积累,在20世纪进入现代研究的状态,形成注重实证的学院派与注重价值判断的新文学史家派两种倾向。王运熙对汉魏六朝乐府的研究集中在20世纪40年代后期到50年代前期,主要继承学院的传统,同时较多吸收古代的乐府研究成果。其在吴声西曲的文体特点、产生地域、创作者身份以及汉魏乐府制度的研究方面,充分注重文献记载,在实证研究方面有所推进;同时对片面强调民间创作、否认贵族作用的倾向有所纠正;可以视为20世纪上半期学院派乐府研究的殿军人物。

黑山派“投射诗”的反叛与创新

20世纪诗歌史上,以T. S.艾略特、J. C.兰瑟姆等诗人为代表的学院派诗风占据重要地位,被作为诗歌品质判断标准的权威与规范。二战后,黑山派作为第一个反学院派诗歌团体,以查尔斯·奥尔森、罗伯特·克里利、黛尼丝·莱弗托芙等诗人为代表,对学院派诗风发起质疑与挑战。黑山派对学院派的反叛与创新具体体现在诗歌内容、诗歌形式及诗歌情感三个方面。本论文立足诗歌文本,探究黑山派"投射诗"对学院派诗学观念的反叛与创新,旨在拓展黑山派诗歌的研究维度,为深入理解并把握20世纪美国诗歌流派思潮及其走向提供新路径。