Localization Algorithm of Indoor Wi-Fi Access Points Based on Signal Strength Relative Relationship and Region Division

Precise localization techniques for indoor Wi-Fi access points(APs)have important application in the security inspection.However,due to the interference of environment factors such as multipath propagation and NLOS(Non-Line-of-Sight),the existing methods for localization indoor Wi-Fi access points based on RSS ranging tend to have lower accuracy as the RSS(Received Signal Strength)is difficult to accurately measure.Therefore,the localization algorithm of indoor Wi-Fi access points based on the signal strength relative relationship and region division is proposed in this paper.The algorithm hierarchically divide the room where the target Wi-Fi AP is located,on the region division line,a modified signal collection device is used to measure RSS in two directions of each reference point.All RSS values are compared and the region where the RSS value has the relative largest signal strength is located as next candidate region.The location coordinate of the target Wi-Fi AP is obtained when the localization region of the target Wi-Fi AP is successively approximated until the candidate region is smaller than the accuracy threshold.There are 360 experiments carried out in this paper with 8 types of Wi-Fi APs including fixed APs and portable APs.The experimental results show that the average localization error of the proposed localization algorithm is 0.30 meters,and the minimum localization error is 0.16 meters,which is significantly higher than the localization accuracy of the existing typical indoor Wi-Fi access point localization methods.

Traffic prediction enabled dynamic access points switching for energy saving in dense networks

To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by deploying a large number of Access Points(APs)in the service area.However,since the energy consumption of APs generally accounts for a substantial part of the communication system,how to deal with the consequent energy issue is a challenging task for a mobile network with densely deployed APs.In this paper,we propose an intelligent AP switching on/off scheme to reduce the system energy consumption with the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of service,where the signaling overhead is also taken into consideration to ensure the stability of the network.First,based on historical traffic data,a long short-term memory method is introduced to predict the future traffic distribution,by which we can roughly determine when the AP switching operation should be triggered;second,we present an efficient three-step AP selection strategy to determine which of the APs would be switched on or off;third,an AP switching scheme with a threshold is proposed to adjust the switching frequency so as to improve the stability of the system.Experiment results indicate that our proposed traffic forecasting method performs well in practical scenarios,where the normalized root mean square error is within 10%.Furthermore,the achieved energy-saving is more than 28% on average with a reasonable outage probability and switching frequency for an area served by 40 APs in a commercial mobile network.

A Plea for Commonality Without Common Points --With Reference to The Planet of the Apes

In the science fiction novel titled The Planet of the Apes （1963）, Pierre Boulle tells a story about a completely reversed world where the apes dominate the humans. Coming from the normal world that is ours, a small group of people is totally embarrassed and confused by observing this strange world. On the planet of the apes that they have discovered, it is the apes that are more intelligent than the humans. On the earth, it was the other way around. That observation results in their perplexity. The two communities, human and simian, bear with one another the relationship that corresponds to what Lotman calls ＂enantiomorphic pairings＂. In this context, a series of questions deserves to be raised： Is a ＂common language＂ possible between the two communities in the enantiomorphic pairings？ If the answer is yes, under what conditions could they succeed in opening up a space where they can have something in common？ In rereading The Planet of the Apes with reference to Lotman＇s semiotics of culture, we would like to formulate a response to those questions. Our claim is that the experience of finitude of one＇s own language can make possible an access to the new form of universality requisite for the cross-cultural communication： commonality without common points.

PLC-Oriented Access Point Location Planning Algorithm in Smart-Grid Communication Networks

In this study, we investigate the optimal location of access points （APs） to connect end nodes with a service provider through power-line communication in smartgrid communication networks. APs are the gateways of power-distribution communication networks, connecting users to control centers. Hence, they are vital for the reliable, safe, and economical operation of a power system. This paper proposes a planning method for AP allocation that takes into consideration economics, reliability, network delay, and （n-l） resilience. First, an optimization model for the AP location is established, which minimizes the cost of installing APs, while satisfying the reliability, network delay, and （n-1） resilience constraints. Then, an improved genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The simulation results indicate that the proposed planning method can deal with diverse network conditions satisfactorily. Furthermore, it can be applied effectively with high flexibility and scalability.

A Robust Wi-Fi Fingerprinting Indoor Localization Coping with Access Point Movement

A Wi-Fi fingerprinting localization approach has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the ubiquity of Access Point( AP). However,typical fingerprinting localization methods fail to resist accidental environmental changes,such as AP movement. In order to address this problem,a robust fingerprinting indoor localization method is initiated. In the offline phase,three attributes of Received Signal Strength Indication( RSSI) —average,standard deviation and AP's response rate—are computed to prepare for the subsequent computation. In this way,the underlying location-relevant information can be captured comprehensively. Then in the online phase, a three-step voting scheme-based decision mechanism is demonstrated, detecting and eliminating the part of AP where the signals measured are severely distorted by AP 's movement. In the following localization step,in order to achieve accuracy and efficiency simultaneously,a novel fingerprinting localization algorithm is applied. Bhattacharyya distance is utilized to measure the RSSI distribution distance,thus realizing the optimization of MAximum Overlapping algorithm( MAO). Finally,experimental results are displayed,which demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods in eliminating outliers and attaining relatively higher localization accuracy.

Performance Analysis in Cloud Radio Access Networks:User-Centralized Coordination Approach

The cloud radio access network(C-RAN) has recently been proposed as an important component of the next generation wireless networks providing opportunities for improving both spectral and energy effi ciencies. The performance of this network structure is however constrained by severe inter-cell interference due to the limited capacity of fronthaul between the radio remote heads(RRH) and the base band unit(BBU) pool. To achieve performance improvement taking full advantage of centralized processing capabilities of C-RANs,a set of RRHs can jointly transmit data to the same UE for improved spectral effi ciency. In this paper,a user centralized joint coordinated transmission(UC-JCT) scheme is put forth to investigate the downlink performance of C-RANs. The most important benefit the proposed strategy is the ability to translate what would have been the most dominant interfering sources to usable signal leading to a signifi cantly improved performance. Stochastic geometry is utilized to model the randomness of RRH location and provides a reliable performance analysis. We derive an analytical expression for the closed integral form of the coverage probability of a typical UE. Simulation results confirm the accuracy of our analysis and demonstrate that significant performance gain can be achieved from the proposed coordination schemes.

Creation of Virtual Wi-Fi Access Point and Secured Wi-Fi Pairing, through NFC

The growing ubiquity of Wi-Fi networks combined with the integration of low-cost Wi-Fi chipsets in all devices makes Wi-Fi as the wireless technology the most used for accessing to internet [1]. This means that the development of a Wi-Fi strategy has become an imperative for almost all operators worldwide. In this context, APs (Access Points) have to become as secure as cellular networks. Furthermore, authentication process between a mobile device and an access point has to be automated, without user constraining configuration. For reaching this purpose, client must have different credentials depending on authentication method. Our goal is to create an architecture that is both ergonomic and flexible in order to meet the need for connection and client mobility. We use NFC technology as a radio channel for starting communication with the network. The communication initiation will instantiate a virtual Wi-Fi AP and distribute all policies and access certificates for an authentication based on EAP-TLS (it could be extended to any EAP method for 802.1X standard). The end result of our new topology is to allow access to services through a virtual Wi-Fi AP with an enterprise-grade in a public hotspot.

Manageable Fast Handover at Access Point in WLAN

The handover speed is always vital for the further development of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), which is enjoying a fast growth. Based on the handover technology specified in IEEE 802.11 WLAN, Manageable Fast Handover (MFHO) mechanism is proposed to speed up handover at the Access Point (AP), meet handover demands of services with different Quality of Service (QoS), and ensure service continuity. Adopting a handover policy named 'Make-before-break', this mechanism enables wireless APs to control and manage handover between two stations based on improving Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP). Tests have been carried out to compare functions and performance of MFHO and IAPP-based handover technology. The test results prove that MFHO provides a higher successful handover ratio and better handover performance than IAPP-based handover technology.

Control Access Point of Devices for Delay Reduction in WBAN Systems with CSMA/CA

Due to the gathering of sickrooms and consultation rooms in almost all hospitals, the performance of wireless devices system is deteriorated by the increase of collision probability and waiting time. In order to improve the performance of wireless devices system, relay is added to control the access point and then the access of devices is distributed. The concentration of access point is avoided and then the performance of system is expected to be improved. The discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) is proposed to calculate the access probability of devices in a duration time slot. The collision probability, throughput, delay, bandwidth and so on are theoretically calculated based on the standard IEEE802.15.6 and the performance of the system with and without relay is compared. The numerical result indicates that the performance of the system with control access point is higher than that of the system without control access point when the number of devices and/or packet arrive rate are high. However, the system with control access point is more complicated. It is the trade-off between the performance and the complication.

基于人工蜂群算法的去蜂窝大规模MIMO系统AP选择技术

为了提升去蜂窝大规模多输入多输出(multiple input multiple output,MIMO)系统中接入点(access point,AP)选择方案的性能,结合迫零(zero forcing,ZF)预编码技术和人工蜂群算法,提出了针对去蜂窝大规模MIMO系统用户端的AP选择算法。基于各个用户所需接收的信号,采用ZF预编码算法,使得所有AP都参与预编码,从而获得预编码信号;针对每个用户,利用人工蜂群算法,在优化目标为最大化用户的信道容量的前提下,求解相应的AP选择方案。仿真结果表明,相比于不进行AP选择的方案,提出的去蜂窝大规模MIMO系统的AP选择方案在信道容量性能方面表现更优。当用户数量为5、信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)为40 dB、AP数量为40时,提出的AP选择算法对应的信道容量为14.8 bit/(s·Hz),与不进行AP选择的算法相比,信道容量提高5 bit/(s·Hz)。

APS在萧燃电厂机组中的应用

燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组作为电网调峰机组,具有启动快、燃烧效率高等特点,在我国电力生产行业中的地位日益提高。然而机组启停频繁,给安全运行带来一定的挑战。以萧燃电厂9F联合循环机组自动启停控制系统(APS)为例,对APS设计思想、结构和断点以及实现进行分析。研究表明APS能够实现机组从启动准备工作到燃气轮机、汽轮机启动到发电机并网带满负荷的一键功能,使得机组在启停过程中实现重要控制回路全程化、启动条件自优化、启停标准化、切换操作自动化和参数控制智能化,有效提高了机组启停的安全性、经济性。

基于AP聚类的含分布式光伏的配电网分区方法

分布式光伏(Distributed Generation Photovoltaic,DGPV)接入配电网(Distribution Network,DN),其出力具有随机性和波动性,为配电网分区带来了挑战。为获得稳定的全网分区,提出了一种基于AP聚类的分布式光伏接入配电网的分区方法。首先,针对分布式光伏接入配网其出力对电压的影响,提出了一种适用于除平衡节点外所有节点的综合电气距离指标;其次,考虑以离散概率分布处理光伏出力,建立节点间电气距离期望矩阵作为分区依据,采用AP聚类对除平衡节点外的所有节点进行分区,以IEEE-123节点系统对上述方法进行了验证,结果表明所提方法的有效性和可行性。该分区方法优于以往方法,降低了将PQ节点与PV节点分别进行分区处理的复杂度,且避免了人为确定聚类数目带来的人为主观性,并将分布式光伏出力的随机性和波动性考虑在内,具有广泛的适用性。

无线流媒体应用中端系统切换触发机制和AP选择策略的研究与实现

对无线局域网(WLAN)中节点(Station)切换过程进行了研究,提出了一种适合流媒体应用的端系统快速切换解决方案.该方案在3个方面进行了改进:通过设置动态切换阈值避免节点的频繁切换;使用平滑因子降低无线信号强度的时变不确定性;利用探询时延选择合适的接入点(AP).该方案无需对现有AP进行修改,具有较强的可扩展性能.在实际WLAN环境下进行了实现和测试分析,表明该方案能有效地减小切换时延,改善了流媒体在WLAN中的应用.

分布式AP选择策略在室内定位中的应用

由于物体遮挡和无线接入点(AP)故障等因素,导致将所有AP节点作为特征输入的定位效果并不一定最优。传统AP选择方法通过比较整体区域的信号特征参数进行选择,并没有考虑不同子区域与AP节点之间的相关性。针对该问题,提出一种分布式AP选择算法,能够有效去除较大噪声和位置分辨能力弱的AP节点。通过将室内区域划分为若干个子区域,并计算子区域与AP节点的相关性,选取相关性优的AP节点作为该子区域的训练节点,最后通过深度置信网络模型进行定位模型训练。实验结果表明:在12 m×12 m的区域范围内,该算法平均定位误差为0.415 1 m,较BP算法、RADAR算法而言,平均定位误差分别降低了35.95%,46.78%,运行时间分别减少了22.8%,32.9%。

WiFi指纹定位中AP个数对定位精度的影响

基于RSSI的WiFi指纹定位算法离线建立指纹数据库阶段受AP个数影响,因此AP个数也将影响到指纹定位算法精度。为了探究AP个数对定位精度的影响,文中在室内环境下进行实验,选取不同的AP进行基于RSSI的WiFi指纹定位实验和分析,定位精度和可靠性作为定位结果的衡量指标。实验结果表明:在单个办公室内,5~6个AP时定位精度较高且定位结果可靠性达到最高。

一种基于通信的列车控制系统的AP快速切换方法研究

当前大多数基于无线通信的列车控制系统(CBTC)都是基于FAT无线接入点架构的。该系统架构中所有无线接入点(AP)都要承担与通信相关的全部任务,且各无线接入点间相互独立,因此其信道不能得到充分利用。本研究通过引入FIT无线接入点与无线交换技术相结合的思想优化CBTC通信系统架构,降低了无线接入点的通信负载,在此基础上提出了列车车载通信终端在无线接入点之间的快速切换方法和安全认证策略,可有效减少无线接入点切换时延,缩短列车经过的盲区距离,从而提高行车安全。仿真实验结果表明,所提出的方法是可行且有效的。

WLANAP中二层隔离功能的实现

分析了在公共无线局域网(PWLAN)中为实现对用户统一有效管理而要求使用二层隔离技术。提出通过在AP接入点的MAC层中定义一个隔离参量dot11Isolation,并修改MAC层协议中Distribution_Service模块的运行状态图以实现二层隔离功能的方法。在一个基于MPC860处理器并以嵌入式Linux操作系统为软件平台的实际WLAN AP接入点上实现并仿真二层隔离的功能,结果表明该方法有效可行。

一种基于MPS和ISOMAP的空间数据重建方法

在空间数据重建过程中,条件数据对重建结果影响较大,在仅有少量条件数据的情况下,重建结果常常出现较多的不确定性,此时适合采用不确定性插值方法重建空间数据.作为目前不确定性插值的主流方法之一,多点信息统计法(multiple-point statistics,MPS)可以从训练图像提取模式的本质特征,然后将这些特征复制到待模拟区域.由于传统采用线性降维的MPS方法无法有效处理非线性数据,因此将等距特征映射(isometric mapping,ISOMAP)应用到MPS方法,以实现对非线性数据的降维.提出基于MPS和ISOMAP的空间数据重建方法,通过模式库构建、模式降维、模式分类、模式提取等步骤能够较为准确地重构出未知的空间数据,为MPS处理非线性空间数据提供了新思路.实验结果表明:该方法所重建的空间数据具有与训练图像相似的结构特征.

HMIPv6中MAP提前选取的宏移动管理机制

为了提升移动IP域间切换的性能,提出了基于MAP的提前选择的宏移动管理方式。在这种方式下,移动主机在移动到旧的MAP边缘路由器(EAR)上时,根据收到的路由公告消息提前进行MAP的选择;对端节点可以通过两个MAP进行转发数据,同时利用在新选择MAP处缓存到达的分组,可以有效减少域间切换带来的延迟同时也降低了分组的丢失。