The Practice of Accounting in Cameroonians Very Small Enterprises(VSEs)

While accounting practices(APs)are inherent to all businesses,factors to identify them are not always unanimous in the literature.This paper aims to analyze the contingency factors and accounting practices factors(APFs),to see if and how very small enterprises(VSEs)produce and use accounting data.This research focuses on 10 semi-structured interviews with VSEs promoters or managers in Yaounde and surrounding.Content analysis is used to identify theirs accounting practices.That is,how and if accounting figures are produced and used.Very small enterprises(VSEs)use accounting practices.The majority is involved on forecasting and analyses or cost calculation.Mostly,cost calculation(management accounting)is used but,some are also applying daily registration of transactions(general accounting)and the assessment of financial situation(financial analysis).The principal implication here is in regard with accounting standards for VSEs.Taxation must be based on accounting.But that is not the case in our context.At least,75%of companies in Cameroun are VSEs.This means that they should be taken into account for accounting rules revisions.It emerges that the accounting practices of very small enterprises depend on the retention capacity of the manager,its profile,and the nature of the activity.The emergence of these variables can permit to apprehend the Information Accounting System of VSEs.

ADDRESSING FINANCIAL OBJECTIONS TO SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

We have the tools and the knowledge to create much healthier,economical,and ecologically responsible buildings at little or no incremental cost over that of conventional buildings.Unfortunately,both actual and perceived financial barriers are preventing widespread adoption of sustainable design,construction,and maintenance practices.Often organizations express a commitment to sustainable design and construction,but limit the actual implementation to only low-hanging fruit and ignore any significant investment.We need to be able to explain the benefits of sustainable design,construction,and facilities management in a more compelling fashion.In addition to talking about important features of green building,such as decreased use of energy,water,and other natural resources,we need to emphasize the benefits of green building in terms that resonate with key decision makers,such as higher net profits,increased asset values,enhanced image and reduced risk.This article provides useful information that could help you address some barriers to sustainable initiatives:•Every executive that you speak to is aware that data can be manipulated and may be skeptical of studies conducted by organizations that could benefit from a particular set of results.So I’ve included information on independent third-party studies.•In challenging economic times,people are particularly concerned about short-term cash flow.So I’ve included information on programs developed by the Building Owners and Management Association(BOMA)International to maximize asset values without sacrificing shorter-term profits.•Often people are risk-averse and feel more comfortable in the middle of the pack than on the cutting edge.So I’m including information on some potential risks of not going green,including decreased asset values and increased operating costs.Many aspects of sustainable design and construction are based upon proven technology and are being increasingly incorporated into best practices for the design and construction industries,which might lead to legal problems for those who do not include the more widely accepted sustainability measures in their projects.It can be difficult to find and navigate through existing incentives for energy efficiency.So I’m including information on a tool to help you find what initiatives are available and some expert advice on how to use this type of tool.•Often an executive may be far more concerned with the next quarter’s financial results than in the long-term profitability of an organization that he or she may very well not be working for in 20 years.Currently accepted financial accounting methods encourage this short-term focus.So I’m including information on the efforts of leaders in the finance sector to change accounting principles to accommodate considerations of long-term profitability.•Normally,people tend to accept the opinions of acknowledged leaders in their own fields.So I’m including examples of how sustainable initiatives are contributing to the bottom lines of several highly respected organizations.I’m also including information about efforts to create a globally accepted framework for accounting for sustainability that brings together financial,environmental,social,and governance information in a single integrated reporting format by a coalition including the Big Four accounting firms-PricewaterhouseCoopers,Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu,Ernst&Young and KPMG.