Sedimentary environment and organic matter accumulation of Wufeng-Longmaxi shales,southwest Yangtze Plate,China:Insights from geochemical and petrological evidence

Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation is the most developed strata of shale gas in southern China.Due to the complex sedimentary environment adjacent to the Kangdian Uplift,the favorable area for organic-rich shale development is still undetermined.The authors,therefore,focus on the mechanism of accumulation of organic matter and the characterization of the sedimentary environment of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Shales to have a more complete understanding and new discovering of organic matter enrichment and favorable area in the marginal region around Sichuan Basin.Multiple methods were applied in this study,including thin section identification,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observations and X-ray diffraction(XRD),and elemental analysis on outcrop samples.Five lithofacies have been defined according to the mineralogical and petrological analyses,including mudstone,bioclastic limestone,silty shale,dolomitic shale,and carbonaceous siliceous shale.The paleo-environments have been reconstructed and the organic enrichment mechanism has been identified as a reduced environment and high productivity.The Wufeng period is generally a suboxic environment and the early Longmaxi period is a reducing environment based on geochemical characterization.High dolomite content in the study area is accompanied by high TOC,which may potentially indicate the restricted anoxic environment formed by biological flourishing in shallower water.And for the area close to the Kangdian Uplift,the shale gas generation capability is comparatively favorable.The geochemical parameters implied that new favorable areas for shale gas exploration could be targeted,and more shale gas resources in the mountain-basin transitional zone might be identified in the future.

Evolution of Hydrodynamic Field, Oil-Gas Migration and Accumulation in Songliao Basin, China

The oil-gas migration and accumulation in the Songliao Basin were analyzed in the view of fluid dynamics by the authors. The key point of fluid dynamics is hydrodynamics. Oil-gas migration and accumulation are related closely with formation and evolution of hydrodynamic field. Based on abundant data, initial formation pressure and other parameters, such as water head were studied. They can be used to understand the present distribution of hydrodynamic field and its hydrochemical features. Generally, the hydrodynamic field in the basin is obviously asymmetrical. In its north and east part, there are the areas of centripetal flow caused by topographic relief when meteoric water permeate downwards. Its south part is an evaporation-concentration area. The central depression is an area of centrifugal flow driven by sediment compaction and its cross-formational flow area. Only at the basin margin and in the local uplifted and denudated area are the meteoric water permeating downwards areas. The centrifugal flow driven by sediment compaction is the main dynamic factor that induces oil-gas migration and accumulation and its formation period corresponding to the main stage of oil-gas migration and accumulation. Moreover, the evolution of hydrodynamic field has the cyclic property, which results in phased oil-gas migration by stages, and further dominates the terraced annular oil and gas distribution, concentric with their corresponding sags.

Geochronological Records of Oil-Gas Accumulations in the Permian Reservoirs of the Northeastern Ordos Basin

Geochronology of oil-gas accumulation （OGA） is a challenging subject of petroleum geology in multi-cycle superimposed basins.By K-Ar dating of authigenic illite （AI） and fluid inclusion （FI） analysis combined with apatite fission track （AFT） thermal modeling,a case study of constraining the OGA times of the Permian reservoirs in northeast Ordos basin （NOB） has been conducted in this paper.AI dating of the Permian oil-gas-bearing sandstone core-samples shows a wide time domain of 178-108 Ma.The distribution of the AI ages presents 2-stage primary OGA processes in the Permian reservoirs,which developed in the time domains of 175-155 Ma and 145-115 Ma with 2-peak ages of 165 Ma and 130 Ma,respectively.The FI temperature peaks of the samples and their projected ages on the AFT thermal path not only present two groups with a low and a high peak temperatures in ranges of 90-78℃ and 125-118℃,respectively corresponding to 2-stage primary OGA processes of 162-153 Ma and 140-128 Ma in the Permian reservoirs,but also appear a medium temperature group with the peak of 98℃ in agreement with a secondary OGA process of c.～30 Ma in the Upper Permian reservoirs.The integrated analysis of the AI and FI ages and the tectono-thermal evolution reveals that the Permian reservoirs in the NOB experienced at least 2-stage primary OGA processes of 165-153 Ma and 140-128 Ma in agreement with the subsidence thermal process of the Mid-Early Jurassic and the tectono-thermal event of the Early Cretaceous.Then,the Upper Permian reservoirs further experienced at least 1-stage secondary OGA process of c.～30 Ma in coincidence with a critical tectonic conversion between the slow and the rapid uplift processes from the Late Cretaceous to Neogene.

Origin, hydrocarbon accumulation and oil-gas enrichment of fault-karst carbonate reservoirs: A case study of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in South Tahe area of Halahatang oilfield, Tarim Basin

Based on comprehensive analysis of tectonic and fault evolution, core, well logging, seismic, drilling, and production data, the reservoir space characteristic, distribution, origin of fault-karst carbonate reservoir in Yueman block of South Tahe area, Halahatang oilfield, Tarim Basin, were studied systematically. And the regular pattern of hydrocarbon accumulation and enrichment was analyzed systematically based on development practice of the reservoirs. The results show that fault-karst carbonate reservoirs are distributed in the form of "body by body" discontinuously, heterogeneously and irregularly, which are controlled by the development of faults. Three formation models of fault-karst carbonate reservoirs, namely, the models controlled by the main deep-large fault, the secondary fault and the secondary internal fault, are built. The hydrocarbon accumulation and enrichment of fault-karst carbonate reservoirs is controlled by the spatiotemporal matching relation between hydrocarbon generation period and fault activity, and the size and segmentation of fault. The study results can effectively guide the well deployment and help the efficient development of fault-karst carbonate reservoirs of South Tahe area, Halahatang oilfield.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE LANKAO-LIAOCHENG FRACTURAL ZONE AND ITS OIL-GAS ACCUMULATION

The Lankao-Liaocheng Fractural Zone is a large-seade NNE-trending struetural zone in the North China Crustoblock. Dated from the Late Arehean-Early Proterozoie, it is stil1 active now. Its nature varied with time in its developing process. It has became a tensile ultralithospherie fraetural zone at present or in diwa residual-mobility period. Some cenozoic oil-gas-bearing basins are distributed along the fraetural zone which fomed an important oil-gas accumulating belt in the North China Ctustoblock.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF NEAR-WALL FLOWS OF TWO- PHASE MIXTURE WITH EVAPORATING DROPLETS

In the framework of the two-continuum approach, using the matched asymptotic expansion method, the equations of a laminar boundary layer in mist flows with evaporating droplets were derived and solved. The similarity criteria controlling the mist flows were determined. For the flow along a curvilinear surface, the forms of the boundary layer equations differ from the regimes of presence and absence of the droplet inertia deposition. The numerical results were presented for the vapor-droplet boundary layer in the neighborhood of a stagnation point of a hot blunt body. It is demonstrated that, due to evaporation, a droplet-free region develops near the wall inside the boundary layer. On the upper edge of this region, the droplet radius tends to zero and the droplet number density becomes much higher than that in the free stream. The combined effect of the droplet evaporation and accumulation results in a significant enhancement of the heat transfer on the surface even for small mass concentration of the droplets in the free stream.

香榧种实生长早期枝叶和种实矿质元素质量分数及积累量动态分析

【目的】探究香榧Torreyagrandis‘Merrillii’种实早期生长阶段枝叶与种实矿质元素质量分数、积累量的关系,为科学施肥,提升香榧种仁品质及产量提供依据。【方法】选择浙江农林大学东湖校区(2+17)a香榧试验林(砧木为2年生,嫁接后生长了17 a),采集3月上旬至7月上旬当年生侧枝(含叶片)及2代种实,对枝叶、种实中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、锌、锰、铜质量分数及积累量动态变化关系进行分析。【结果】香榧种实早期生长阶段,种实横纵径、单果干鲜质量及含水率在4月上旬前无明显变化,4月中旬至6月中旬均增长迅速,之后趋于平稳。4月中下旬至6月中旬,枝叶中氮、磷、钾的积累量下降,而种实中氮、磷积累量及钾质量分数持续上升,表明枝叶中的氮、磷、钾优先供应种实的生长,缓生期与花芽分化期种实对氮、磷、钾的需求量较小,速生期种实对氮、磷、钾需求增加,该现象随时间推移而增强;在时间尺度上,钙在枝叶中逐渐吸收、积累,种实中钙质量分数及积累量则呈显著、极显著降低;速生期后,种实中的镁积累量增高,枝叶中镁积累量及质量分数均随着种实的膨大而下降;香榧种实早期生长阶段枝叶中锌、铜积累量呈下降趋势,种实对锌、铜、锰需求量较小。【结论】①速生期香榧种实的体积和含水率快速增加,进入充实期后趋于稳定。②元素质量分数、积累量与香榧种实生长期密切相关。为提高香榧种实品质,应在种实缓生期末期和速生期开始时施加氮、磷、钾肥,并配合施用适量锌、铜等微量元素肥料,在种实采收后施用镁肥。图5参27.

二草清肝合剂联合多烯磷脂酰胆碱治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病临床研究

目的:观察二草清肝合剂联合多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)湿热蕴结证的临床疗效。方法:选取104例NAFLD湿热蕴结证患者,按随机数字表法分成对照组和治疗组,每组52例。对照组给予多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上给予二草清肝合剂治疗。2组均治疗3个月。比较2组临床疗效、生化指标、中医证候评分、氧化应激指标。结果:治疗后,治疗组总有效率94.23%,高于对照组78.85%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)水平均较治疗前降低,治疗组血清AST、ALT、TC、TG水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组中医证候评分均较治疗前降低,治疗组中医证候评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组血清正五聚体蛋白3 (PTX3)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平均较治疗前升高,治疗组血清PTX3、SOD、GSH-Px水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:二草清肝合剂联合多烯磷脂酰胆碱胶囊治疗NAFLD湿热蕴结证临床疗效较好,能改善肝功能、血脂状况,缓解临床症状,减轻氧化应激反应。

沥青混合料的动荷载响应特征及沥青路面黏弹性力学研究

依托北京东六环改造项目的沥青路面工程,运用室内试验的方法,研究沥青混合料持续受到车辆活荷载作用的动力响应特征,以及受到车辆荷载与各种自然因素耦合作用的黏弹性力学变化规律。研究结果表明,沥青混合料的累积应变动力响应经历了2个阶段:在第Ⅰ阶段,沥青混合料的累积应变动力响应表现为逐步增加;在第Ⅱ阶段,沥青混合料累积应变量整体无明显变化,沥青混合料的应力受车辆循环动荷载的影响无明显变化。当荷载加载频率逐渐增加时,沥青混合料动态模量也呈对数上升的趋势,随着温度的升高,沥青混合料的动态模量也会逐渐降低,且降低幅度逐渐减小;混合料相位角在荷载加载频率小于等于10 Hz时呈对数增加的趋势,在加载频率大于10 Hz时呈线性降低的趋势,随着温度的增加,沥青混合料相位角不断减小,减小的幅度不断降低。

多孔低噪路面沥青混合料承载疲劳预测仿真

采用已有方法预测沥青混合料的承载疲劳时,忽略了对沥青混合料已有损伤的分析,导致沥青混合料裂纹扩展角、裂纹深度和裂纹长度的预测结果不准确,应用有效性较差。现提出多孔低噪路面沥青混合料承载疲劳预测方法。设定多孔低噪路面的疲劳损伤参量,建立沥青混合料的疲劳损伤累积模型。分析荷载作用下多孔低噪路面沥青混合料产生的疲劳损伤,并以此为依据预测沥青混合料的承载疲劳。仿真结果表明,所提方法可精准的预测裂纹扩展角、裂纹深度和裂纹长度,实验结果验证了所提方法的整体应用有效性。

加载次序对沥青混合料疲劳损伤累积的影响

沥青混合料在变幅加载下的疲劳损伤累积过程具有明显的非线性特征,然而传统的线性损伤累积准则无法表征不同加载次序下的非线性疲劳损伤累积(NLFDA)。为研究加载次序对沥青混合料疲劳损伤累积的影响,首先开展恒幅加载疲劳试验,分析恒幅加载下的疲劳损伤累积规律;其次借助变幅加载疲劳试验,分析变幅加载下的疲劳损伤累积规律;最后建立考虑加载次序的NLFDA模型,分析加载次序对沥青混合料疲劳损伤累积的影响。结果表明:恒幅加载下沥青混合料疲劳损伤发生非线性演化,但服从线性损伤累积准则,且累积寿命分数为1;变幅加载会导致疲劳损伤发生非线性演化,且服从非线性损伤累积准则,低-高和高-低加载次序的累积寿命分数分别大于1和小于1;建立的NLFDA模型可较为准确地表征沥青混合料疲劳损伤对加载次序的依赖性。

长期喷施波尔多液对葡萄园土壤、树体和径流中铜积累的影响

为了解长期喷施波尔多液对生态环境的影响,在浙江省滨海平原选择喷施波尔多液不同年限的7个葡萄园,研究长期喷施波尔多液对果园土壤、果树不同器官中铜积累及地表径流中铜浓度的影响。结果表明,果园表土中全铜含量随喷施波尔多液年限呈显著地增加,表土年铜积累速率平均为4.33mg/kg。果园土壤中积累的铜主要为残余态、氧化物结合态和有机质结合态,交换态铜、氧化物结合态铜和有机质结合态铜的比例随波尔多液喷施年限增加而增加,而残余态铜的比例随波尔多液喷施年限下降。随着波尔多液喷施年限的增加,葡萄果肉、果皮、种子、新叶和树皮中铜含量呈现显著的增加,相关系数分别为0.859 5,0.908 1,0.888 1,0.923 3和0.921 8。同时,地表径流中铜浓度也随波尔多液喷施年限增加而增加;地表径流中铜浓度可随季节发生变化,波尔多液喷施时期的地表径流中铜浓度明显高于其它时期。

沥青混合料的疲劳效应研究

对沥青混凝土梁式试件进行不同温度、不同应力水平条件下的拉伸疲劳试验,结果表明累计耗散能与疲劳寿命在双对数坐标中表现出较好的线性关系,温度和应力水平等试验条件对该关系的影响较小可以忽略。因此,指出可以采用累计耗散能理论来分析沥青混凝土的疲劳性能。运用该理论,通过对大量不同试验条件下的疲劳试验结果的分析,建立了沥青混凝土的疲劳方程。

光纤光栅传感器与沥青混合料协同变形评价方法

研究光纤光栅传感器与沥青混合料之间的协调变形性能是解决光纤光栅传感器在路面中应用的前提和基础。针对已开发的两种不同模量传感器(根据应用特性分为3类),设计了传感器与沥青混合料协同变形评价的试验方法,采用静态和动态两种加载模式进行沥青混合料试件的应变测试。结果表明,采用应变修正后的光纤光栅应变传感器进行路面结构内部应变实测是可行的;模量匹配光纤光栅应变传感器与其它类型传感器相比具有较好的测试效果,同时该类型传感器在一定程度上能够反映出沥青混合料的累积变形。

不同粒径及级配对碎石料休止角影响的试验研究

为探究不同粒径及级配对碎石料休止角的影响,通过散粒体边坡堆积试验中改进的碎石料休止角测量方法,对不同粒径及级配碎石料休止角进行测量,并结合试验堆积现象进行观察分析。结果表明:随均质粒径碎石料粒径的增大,休止角逐渐增大;随不均匀系数的增加,平均粒径对休止角的影响逐渐变小;不均匀系数对休止角的影响呈先增大后趋于稳定;颗粒级配分布愈不均匀,散粒体边坡休止角越大。

沥青混合料粘弹性参数及其应用

为确定沥青混合料的粘弹性参数,在10,5,0,-5,-15,-20,-25,-30℃下进行了应力松弛试验,采有Maxwell摸型,运用粘弹性力学相关理论对沥青混合料的粘弹性参数测定方法进行了分析,提出了该测定方法的数学模型,并用Origin软件进行了计算求解.分析指出,用累计耗散能可分析沥青混合料的疲劳破坏,累计耗散能与疲劳寿命之间存在唯一的关系,其它因素如试验方法、加载频率、加载模式、温度等对其影响不大.最后简要说明了累积耗散能的求解方法.

痔血宁合剂对湿热下注证痔病患者纤维降解和血管增生调控的影响

目的:探讨痔血宁合剂对湿热下注证痔病患者纤维降解和血管增生调控的影响。方法:40例患者随机分为两组,服痔血宁合剂患者纳入痔血宁组,未服中药者设为对照组,取两组患者术后痔组织标本,分别采用Weigert染色观察弹性纤维含量,免疫组化法观察MVD、IV型胶原表达,免疫荧光定量法、Western Blot法检测MMP-9、VEGF mRNA及其蛋白的表达。结果:两组弹性纤维含量无统计学差异(P>0.05),MVD个数、IV型胶原表达有显著性差异(P<0.05);与对照组相比,痔血宁组MMP-9、VEGF mRNA及蛋白的表达明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:痔血宁合剂可降低痔组织中MMP-9、VEGF蛋白含量和表达,抑制新生血管形成,延缓痔支持结构退行性变化。

SF_6/N_2混合气体中沿面放电实验研究的现状与进展

由于SF6的强温室效应,其在GIS中的使用受到越来越大的阻力,为了减少SF6气体用量,采用SF6/N2混合气体是一种可行的替代方法。沿面绝缘是GIS中最为薄弱的环节,对SF6/N2混合气体中沿面放电的研究现状进行了综述。研究表明电荷在绝缘表面的积聚会很大程度畸变电场,从而造成沿面闪络电压下降,SF6/N2混合气体中存在着流注与先导放电,基于数值仿真的流注放电发展过程并不能完全反映SF6/N2混合气体中放电发展的全过程,流注到先导放电的转化机理的得出需要在仿真与实测结果的相互验证后得出。

施肥方式对水稻‘花优14’干物质积累、产量及肥料利用率的影响

基于长期测坑定位试验,连续两年研究了不同施肥方式对上海地区高产杂交水稻‘花优14’干物质积累规律、产量和肥料利用率的影响,以期为上海地区稻田科学的养分管理提供理论依据。试验设置4个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥处理[CT,300 kg(N)×hm^(-2),60 kg(P2O5)?hm^(-2)和60 kg(K2O)?hm^(-2)]、有机无机配施处理(MT,与CT等氮磷钾,80%尿素+20%有机肥,磷钾不足部分以化肥补充)和单施有机肥处理(OT,与CT处理等氮量),分析了不同施肥处理下水稻干物质积累特征、产量结构、肥料利用率和经济效益的差异。结果表明,水稻生育期干物质量积累符合Logistic方程。MT年平均干物质最大积累速率达0.78 kg?hm^(-2)?d^(-1),分别比OT和CK显著高0.17 kg?hm^(-2)?d^(-1)和0.19 kg?hm^(-2)?d^(-1),与CT之间无显著差异。MT灌浆期同化物输入对籽粒贡献率为76.3%,与CT差异不显著,但比OT和CK处理分别显著提高9.4%和5.2%。水稻收获后,MT的年平均产量分别比CT、OT和CK处理高3.5%、15.6%和63.4%,氮素农学利用率分别较CT和OT提高9.7%和53.7%。有机肥结合化肥施用能够显著提高水稻干物质积累速率并促进花后同化产物向籽粒的输入,从而提高产量,在保证水稻经济效益的同时减少化肥投入,提高了肥料利用率,是较优的施肥方式。

鸭茅与伴生草种在不同混播比例下的产量和营养价值

采用鸭茅、无芒雀麦、白三叶、苜蓿为材料,设置4个单播、15个混播和无牧草播种共20个处理,研究了鸭茅与伴生草种在不同混合比例下的产量和营养价值。试验表明:鸭茅和苜蓿混播时的牧草产量最高,为7 503~14 676 kg/hm^2,并且杂草累积量最低,为26~94 kg/hm^2。处理"30%鸭茅+70%苜蓿"的干物质最大(14 676 kg/hm^2)。与单播相比,混播可增加鸭茅的粗蛋白和纤维含量,处理"90%鸭茅+10%苜蓿"的鸭茅粗蛋白含量最高为19.44%;同时,混播组合中无芒雀麦和苜蓿的粗蛋白含量也高于单播。相反,与单播相比,混播降低了鸭茅的粗灰分含量,而单播时的含量最高,为16.05%。