Spatiotemporal variations in the organic carbon accumulation rate in mangrove sediments from the Yingluo Bay,China,since 1900

Mangroves can not only provide multiple ecosystem service functions,but are also efficient carbon producers,capturers,and sinks.The estimation of the organic carbon accumulation rate(OCAR)in mangrove sediments is fundamental for elucidating the role of mangroves in the global carbon budget.In particular,understanding the past changes in the OCAR in mangrove sediments is vital for predicting the future role of mangroves in the rapidly changing environment.In this study,three dated sediment cores from interior and fringe of mangroves in the Yingluo Bay,China,were used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal variations of the calculated OCAR since 1900 in this area.The increasing OCAR in the mangrove interior was attributed to mangrove flourishment induced by climate change characterized by the rising temperature.However,in the mangrove fringe,the strengthening hydrodynamic conditions under the sea level rise were responsible for the decreasing OCAR,particularly after the1940 s.Furthermore,the duration of inundation by seawater was the primary factors controlling the spatial variability of the OCAR from the mangrove fringe to interior,while the strengthened hydrodynamic conditions after the 1940 s broke this original pattern.

Aboveground carbon sequestration of Cunninghamia lanceolata forests:Magnitude and drivers

Understanding the spatial variation,temporal changes,and their underlying driving forces of carbon sequestration in various forests is of great importance for understanding the carbon cycle and carbon management options.How carbon density and sequestration in various Cunninghamia lanceolata forests,extensively cultivated for timber production in subtropical China,vary with biodiversity,forest structure,environment,and cultural factors remain poorly explored,presenting a critical knowledge gap for realizing carbon sequestration supply potential through management.Based on a large-scale database of 449 permanent forest inventory plots,we quantified the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of aboveground carbon densities and carbon accumulation rates in Cunninghamia lanceolate forests in Hunan Province,China,and attributed the contributions of stand structure,environmental,and management factors to the heterogeneity using quantile age-sequence analysis,partial least squares path modeling(PLS-PM),and hot-spot analysis.The results showed lower values of carbon density and sequestration on average,in comparison with other forests in the same climate zone(i.e.,subtropics),with pronounced spatial and temporal variability.Specifically,quantile regression analysis using carbon accumulation rates along an age sequence showed large differences in carbon sequestration rates among underperformed and outperformed forests(0.50 and 1.80 Mg·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1)).PLS-PM demonstrated that maximum DBH and stand density were the main crucial drivers of aboveground carbon density from young to mature forests.Furthermore,species diversity and geotopographic factors were the significant factors causing the large discrepancy in aboveground carbon density change between low-and high-carbon-bearing forests.Hotspot analysis revealed the importance of culture attributes in shaping the geospatial patterns of carbon sequestration.Our work highlighted that retaining largesized DBH trees and increasing shade-tolerant tree species were important to enhance carbon sequestration in C.lanceolate forests.

Biogenic Accumulations of Uranium in Recent Seas

The objective of this study is to determine the geochemical role of molluscs in the distribution of uranium in the marine ecosystem. Biogeochemical studies are carried out on recent mollusc shells from the Caspian Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Marmara, Aegean Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, and Indian Ocean, which differ from each other in terms of physical, chemical, geographic, and geochemical characteristics. In this study, nine Gastropoda and fifty-four Pelecypoda shells of different species are analyzed to document variations of uranium in seasonal layers, which were formed by the seasonal carbonate-organic phase of molluscs during their entire lives. Shell used in this study principally comprises three layers: upper (outer) prismatic, middle prismatic, and inner (mother-of-pearl) layers. In addition, when possible, the head, the middle, and the lower parts of the shells are used for analyses separately. Also, the biological accumulation rate values for each different mollusc species rel

Organic matter accumulation in hill forests of Chittagong region, Bangladesh

Litter fall and its effect on forest soil properties at each decomposition stages were investigated in tropical monsoon climatic conditions of three plantations （7-year acacia plantation, 15-year acacia plantation and 18-year mixed plantation） and one natural forest （Si- tapahar forest） from Chittagong hilly region of Bangladesh. Results showed that total accumulation of organic matter increased with plantation age, accompanying with a decrease of annual accumulation rate. Within the same vegetation type, the organic accumulation of both fresh and partially decomposed litter with humus varied significantly （p≤0.05） on hill positions, being highest on bottom slope and decreased gradually towards hilltop in the forest. Reverse trend in accumulation of soil organic matters was shown in 15-year Acacia auriculiformis plantation, from where fuel wood collected. In 7- and 15-year acacia and 18-year mixed broadleaved plantations, rates of total organic matter production consisting of fresh, partially and completely decomposed litter as well as incorporated organic matter in soil were 2554.31, 705.79 and 1028.01 kg.ha^-1.a^-1, respectively, and the corresponding contribution from fresh litter were 38.23, 19.40 and 30.48 kg-ha^-1.a^-1, respectively. In the three plantations and the natural forest, on an average fresh litter constituted 32.45%, partially decomposed litter with humus 13.50% and incorporated organic matter in soil 54.56% of the total organic matter production with mean litter thickness of 0.90 cm. Soil acidity increased with the increase of decomposition stage of organic matter.

250 years of accumulation, oxygen isotope and chemical records in a firn core from Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica

A 51.85-m tim core collected from site DT001 （accumulation rate 127 kgm^-2a^-1, mean annual temperature -33.1 ℃） on Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, during the 1996-97 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition has been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. A comparison between the seasonal variations of major ions was carried out in order to reduce the dating uncertainty, using the volcanic markers as time constrains. A deposition period of 251 years was determined. The calculated accumulation rates display an increasing trend before 1820, while after 1820, the trend of the accumulation is not obvious. Overall, temperature change in the region shows a slight increasing trend over the past 250 years. But, notably, a temperature decline of -2 ℃ is observed from 1860 to the present. This feature, at odds with the warming trend over the past century recorded in both hemispheres, likely reflects a regional characteristic related to the lack of a high latitude/low latitude link in the Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns. The results of the glaciochemical records of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl^-, Na^＋ and Mg^2＋ are similar to those reported from other sites in East Antarctica. However, the mean concentration of Ca^2＋ is much higher than that reported from other regions, suggesting the influence of the strong local terrestrial sources in Princess Elizabeth Land. There is no evidence of a positive correlation between NO3^- concentrations and solar activity （11-year solar cycle and solar cycle length）, although solar proton events may account for some of the NO3^- peak values in the record.

Organic matter accumulation in hill forests of Chittagong region,Bangladesh

Litter fall and its effect on forest soil properties at each decomposition stages were investigated in tropical monsoon climatic conditions of three plantations (7-year acacia plantation, 15-year acacia plantation and 18-year mixed plantation) and one natural forest (Sitapahar forest) from Chittagong hilly region of Bangladesh. Results showed that total accumulation of organic matter increased with plantation age, accompanying with a decrease of annual accumulation rate. Within the same vegetation type, the organic accumulation of both fresh and partially decomposed litter with humus varied significantly (p≤0.05) on hill positions, being highest on bottom slope and decreased gradually towards hilltop in the forest. Reverse trend in accumulation of soil organic matters was shown in 15-year Acacia auriculiformis plantation, from where fuel wood collected. In 7-and 15-year acacia and 18-year mixed broadleaved plantations, rates of total organic matter production consisting of fresh, partially and completely decomposed litter as well as incorporated organic matter in soil were 2554.31, 705.79 and 1028.01 kg·ha-1·a-1, respectively, and the corresponding contribution from fresh litter were 38.23, 19.40 and 30.48 kg·ha-1·a-1, respectively. In the three plantations and the natural forest, on an average fresh litter constituted 32.45%, partially decomposed litter with humus 13.50% and incorporated organic matter in soil 54.56% of the total organic matter production with mean litter thickness of 0.90 cm. Soil acidity increased with the increase of decomposition stage of organic matter.

Carbon accumulations by stock change approach in tropical highland forests of Chiapas, Mexico

Changes in forest biomass and soil organic carbon reserves have strong links to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.Human activities such as livestock grazing,forest fires,selective logging and firewood extraction are the common disturbances that affect the carbon dynamics of the forest ecosystems.Here,we hypothesized that such anthropogenic activities significantly reduce the carbon stocks and accumulation rates in the tropical highland forests of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in Southern Mexico.We sampled the Pinus oocarpa Scheide dominated forests within the elevation range of 900 to 1100 m above sea level in 2010,2014 and 2017.We measured the stand structural properties and used the reported allometric equations to calculate the tree carbon stocks.Stock change approach was used to calculate carbon accumulation rates.The results showed a gradual increase in carbon storage over the 7-year period from 2010 to 2017,but the rate of increase varied significantly between the study sites.The aboveground carbon stock was 107.25±11.77 Mg ha-1 for the site with lower anthropogenic intensity,compared to 74.29±16.85 Mg ha-1 for the site with higher intensity.The current annual increment for the forest with lower anthropogenic intensity was 7.81±0.65 Mg ha-1 a-1,compared to 3.87±1.03 Mg ha-1 a-1 in the site with high anthropogenic intensity.Although at varying rates,these forests are functioning as important carbon sinks.The results on carbon accumulation rates have important implications in greenhouse gas mitigations and forest change modelling in the context of changing global climate.

Sediment accumulation of Dianchi Lake determined by ^(137)Cs dating

The water quality of Dianchi Lake declines quickly and the eutrophication is getting serious. To identify the internal pollution load of Dianchi Lake it is necessary to evaluate its sediment accumulation. Sedimentation rates of Dianchi Lake are determined by ^137Cs dating. However, ^137Cs vertical distribution in sediment cores of Dianchi Lake has special characteristics because Dianchi Lake is located on the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Kunming quasi-stationary front is over the borders of Yunnan and Guizhou where the specific precipitation is distributed. Besides 1954, 1963 and 1986 ^137Cs marks can be determined in sediment cores, a ^137Cs mark of 1976 representing the major period of ^137Cs released from China unclear test can be determined and used for an auxiliary dating mark. Meanwhile Dianchi Lake is divided into seven sections based on the water depth, basin topography, hydrological features and supplies of silt and the lakebed area of each section is calculated. The mean annual sedimentation rates for seven sections are 0.0810, 0.1352, 0.1457, 0.1333, 0.0904, 0.1267 and 0.1023 g/cm^2 a in 1963-2003, respectively. The gross sediment accumulation of the lake is 26.18×10^4 t/a in recent 17 years and 39.86×10^4t/a in recent 50 years.

Identification of Milankovitch Cycles and Calculation of Net Primary Productivity of Paleo-peatlands using Geophysical Logs of Coal Seams

Individual coal seams formed in paleo-peatlands represent sustained periods of terrestrial carbon accumulation and a key environmental indicator attributed to this record is the rate of carbon accumulation.Determining the rate of carbon accumulation requires a measure of time contained within the coal.This study aimed to determine this rate via the identification of Milankovitch orbital cycles in the coals.The geophysical log is an ideal paleoclimate proxy and has been widely used in the study of sedimentary records using spectral analysis.Spectral analyses of geophysical log from thick coal seams can be used to identify the Milankovitch cycles and to calculate the period of the coal deposition.By considering the carbon loss during coalification,the long-term average carbon accumulation rate and net primary productivity(NPP)of paleo-peatlands in coal seams can be obtained.This review paper presents the procedures of analysis,assessment of results and interpretation of geophysical logs in determining the NPP of paleo-peatlands.

Effects of Caragana microphylla plantations on organic carbon sequestration in total and labile soil organic carbon fractions in the Horqin Sandy Land, northern China

Afforestation is conducive to soil carbon（C） sequestration in semi-arid regions. However, little is known about the effects of afforestation on sequestrations of total and labile soil organic carbon（SOC） fractions in semi-arid sandy lands. In the present study, we examined the effects of Caragana microphylla Lam. plantations with different ages（12-and 25-year-old） on sequestrations of total SOC as well as labile SOC fractions such as light fraction organic carbon（LFOC） and microbial biomass carbon（MBC）. The analyzed samples were taken from soil depths of 0–5 and 5–15 cm under two shrub-related scenarios： under shrubs and between shrubs with moving sand dunes as control sites in the Horqin Sandy Land of northern China. The results showed that the concentrations and storages of total SOC at soil depths of 0–5 and 5–15 cm were higher in 12-and 25-year-old C. microphylla plantations than in moving sand dunes（i.e., control sites）, with the highest value observed under shrubs in 25-year-old C. microphylla plantations. Furthermore, the concentrations and storages of LFOC and MBC showed similar patterns with those of total SOC at the same soil depth. The 12-year-old C. microphylla plantations had higher percentages of LFOC concentration to SOC concentration and MBC concentration to SOC concentration than the 25-year-old C. microphylla plantations and moving sand dunes at both soil depths. A significant positive correlation existed among SOC, LFOC, and MBC, implying that restoring the total and labile SOC fractions is possible by afforestation with C. microphylla shrubs in the Horqin Sandy Land. At soil depth of 0–15 cm, the accumulation rate of total SOC under shrubs was higher in young C. microphylla plantations（18.53 g C/（m^2·a）; 0–12 years） than in old C. microphylla plantations（16.24 g C/（m^2·a）; 12–25 years）, and the accumulation rates of LFOC and MBC under shrubs and between shrubs were also higher in young C. microphylla plantations than in old C. microphylla plantations. It can be concluded that the establishment of C. microphylla in the Horqin Sandy Land may be a good mitigation strategy for SOC sequestration in the surface soils.

Characteristics of regional crustal deformation before 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

On January 21, 2016, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of Ms6.4 happened at Menyuan, Qinghai Province of China. In almost the same place, there was another strong earthquake happened in 1986, with similar magnitude and focal mechanism. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of regional crustal deformation before the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earth- quake by using the data from 10 continuous Global Positioning System （GPS） stations and 74 campaign-mode GPS stations within 200 km of this event： （a） Based on the velocity field from over ten years GPS observations, a regional strain rate field is calculated. The results indicate that the crustal strain rate and seismic moment accumulation rate of the Qilian- Haiyuan active fault, which is the seismogenic tectonics of the event, are significantly higher than the surrounding regions. In a 20 km~ 20 km area around the seismogenic region, the maximum and minimum principal strain rates are 21.5 nanostrain/a （NW-SE extension） and -46.6 nanostrain/a （NE-SW compression）, respectively, and the seismic moment accumulation rates is 17.4 Nm/a. The direction of principal compression is consistent with the focal mechanism of this event. （b） Based on the position time series of the continuous GPS stations for a time-span of about 6 years before the event, we calculate the strain time series. The results show that the dilatation of the seismogenic region is continuously reduced with a ＂non-linear＂ trend since 2010, which means the seismogenic region has been in a state of compression. However, about 2-3 months before the event, both the dilatation and maximum shear strain show significant inverse trends. These abnormal changes of crustal deformation may reflect the non-linear adjustment of the stress-strain accumulation of the seismogenic region, when the accumulation is approaching the critical value of rupture.

The development process of a temperate montane peatland and its controlling factors since the middle Holocene

Peatlands are some of the largest carbon reservoirs in terrestrial ecosystems and play a key role in the global carbon cycle.Understanding peatland development,carbon accumulation processes,and the peatland response to varying forcing factors over different temporal and spatial scales helps reveal the underlying processes and general patterns of these ecosystems.To assess the role of climate and local conditions in peatland development,the basal samples from 23 peat cores and three well dated long peat cores were used to explore peatland initiation,lateral expansion,and carbon accumulation rate in the Baijianghe peatland located in the Changbai Mountains,Northeast China.Our results reveal that the Baijianghe peatland was initiated from forest conditions at 7.9 cal.kyr BP and then expanded laterally by paludification.The rapid expansion between 5 and4 cal.kyr BP likely resulted from high precipitation and gentle topography.The mean carbon accumulation rates of the three long peat cores were 36.3,39.1 and 48.4 g C m^(-2)yr^(-1),respectively,which are higher than rates from the northern peatlands.Both climate and local conditions have exerted an important influence on carbon accumulation rates in the Baijianghe peatland since the middle Holocene.The carbon accumulation patterns between 5 and 1.5 cal.kyr BP were probably linked to local conditions rather than climatic settings,including topography,hydrological conditions,and plant composition.The consistently decreasing carbon accumulation rate values at all locations within the BJH peatland over the last 1.5 cal.kyr BP suggests that climate is the primary control.This study highlights the varying primary controls on the process of peatland development and reveals the important role of local conditions in carbon accumulation.

Recent geodynamics of major strike-slip zones

The subject of this study is strike-slip fault zones, where temporal variations of accumulation in strike-slip deformation complicate the standard process of deformation accu- mulation and release during strong earthquakes. These temporal variations are expressed in the E1 Ghab segment of the Dead Sea Transform zone （DST, Eastern Mediterranean） and in the Talas-Fergana fault zone （Central Asia）. According to Global Positioning System （GPS） data, the strike-slip deformations within these zones are not now accumulating or are accumulating at a rate that is significantly less than their average rate during the Holocene and Quaternary or the Pliocene-Quaternary. Simultaneously, weak transverse shortening has been measured in both zones by GPS. In both of these zones, strong earthquakes have not registered within the XX century, yet epochs of intensified seismicity （strong earthquakes） took place throughout history. In the southern and central parts of the E1 Ghab zone, there is evidence of 30 strong historical earthquakes of Ms ≥ 5.7; however, no instrumental earthquakes of Ms 〉 5 have been identified. The temporal distribution of seismic energy released by these earthquakes demonstrates a 350 ± 50-year cycle. Values for the seismic energies released during the peak phases of these cycles are approximated by a sinusoid that suggests the possibility of a 〉1800-year cycle （＂hyper-cycle＂）, which began around the 3rd century, reached its maximum in the 12th century, and has continued until now. A combination of geological, archaeoseismological, and geodetic data show that the rate of sinistral strike-slip deformation varied in the fault zone, probably in conformity with the variation of seismicity during the ＂hyper-cycle.＂ In the Talas-Fergana fault zone, trenching and 14C dating that was correlated with right lateral offsets, gave a possible preliminary estimate of the average rates of the Late Holocene strike slip of about 10 mm per year, with a decrease in the SE direction to 4 mm-4.5 mm per year. These studies also showed that the slip in the Talas-Fergana fault zone was realized mainly during strong earthquakes. New trenching and 14C dating of paleoearthquake records identified the epoch of seismicity intensification dating to the XIV-XVII centuries. These paleoearthquakes could produce a total dextral slip at several meters. Therefore, consid- eration of these epochs was necessary to determine a calculated average slip rate during the Late Holocene.

Spatiotemporal variations of deep-sea sediment components and their fluxes since the last glaciation in the northern South China Sea

Sediment components and their fluxes of Cores MD12-3428(water depth: 903 m), MD12-3433(water depth: 2125 m),and MD12-3434(water depth: 2995 m), obtained along a transect on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea, have been conducted to reveal the spatiotemporal variations and the controlling factors of the sediment components and of their fluxes.Results show that deep-sea sediments in the northern South China Sea are composed mainly of terrigenous(59–89%) and carbonate(6–38%) particles, with minor components of opal(1.6–9.4%) and organic matter(0.7–1.9%). Fluxes of terrigenous and carbonate particles reach up to 2.4–21.8 and 0.4–6.5 g cm–2 kyr–1, respectively, values that are one to two orders of magnitude higher than the fluxes of opal and organic matter. Temporal variations of the percentages and fluxes of deep-sea sediment components have displayed clear glacial-interglacial cyclicity since the last glaciation. Terrigenous, opal, and organic matter percentages and their fluxes increas clearly during marine isotope stage 2, while carbonate percentages and fluxes show an opposite variation pattern or are characterized by an unremarkable increase. This implies that deep-sea carbonate in the South China Sea is affected by the dilution of terrigenous inputs during the sea-level lowstand. With increasing water depth along the transect, the terrigenous percentage increases but with largely decreased fluxes. Both the percentage and flux of carbonate decrease, while the percentages and fluxes of opal and organic matter display much more complicated variational features. The spatiotemporal variations of deep-sea sediment components and of their fluxes since the last glaciation in the northern South China Sea are strongly controlled by sea-level fluctuations. Simultaneously, terrigenous supply associated with monsoonal rainfall, marine primary productivity,and the dilution effect between terrigenous and biogenic particles, also play interconnected roles in the sediment accumulation processes.

Resolving the hydrothermal signature by sequential leaching studies of sediments from the middle of the Okinawa Trough

A sediment core H9 collected from the middle of the Okinawa Trough was studied by sequential leaching to indentify the hy- drothermal component from the various other components such as detrital, biogenic, and so on. The elements were partitioned into five fractions： exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to iron and manganese oxides, bound to organic matter, and re- sidual. The contents of elements A1, Ti, K, Fe, Mn, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, and V in each fraction were determined and their percent- ages were calculated. Residual fraction is a dominant speciation for most studied elements except for Mn and Pb in the core sediments. For the elements A1, Ti, and K, residual fraction accounts for more than 95% of the total metal concentration. The concentrations of all studied elements in the exchangeable fraction, carbonate fraction, and organic fraction are relatively low. The metal levels in the iron and manganese oxide fraction are relatively high and this fraction represents another prevalent speciation. Also in this fraction, the metal concentrations and percentages are higher in the core section above 80 cm than those below 80 cm. Especially for Mn and Pb, the fractions bound to iron and manganese oxides account for more than 50% of the total metal concentration for the upper 80 cm section. Hydrothermal components mainly occur in this fraction. And the downcore variations of metal contents and percentages reflect the variations of hydrothermal inputs to the sediments. The high metal levels in the upper core indicate the enhancing influence of hydrothermal activities around on the core H9 during its late stage of sedimentation. The accumulation rates of hydrothermally derived Fe, Mn, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, and V were evaluated based on their concentrations in the iron and manganese oxide fractions in this study. The results show that the accumulation rate of hydrothermally derived Mn is similar to those obtained from the Mid-ocean Ridges and Lau Basin. However, hydrothermally derived Fe and Cu present a relatively lower level.

Pharmacokinetics of Pazufloxacin Mesilate Sodium Chloride in healthy Chinese volunteers after intravenous injection

In the present study,we aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and dosage proportionality for a single,intravenous utilization of Pazufloxacin Mesilate Sodium Chloride,an injectable synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent,in healthy Chinese volunteers.In this open-labeled,three-dosage parallel study,subjects were randomized to receive a single dose of Pazufloxacin Mesilate at 150,300 or 600 mg(n=10,10 and 10,respectively)administered as a 30-min intravenous infusion.Blood and urine samples were serially collected from 0 to 24 h after drug administration.Moreover,the sample’s drug concentrations were analyzed via validated RP-HPLC method.Subjects receiving a single dose of Pazufloxacin Mesilate 150,300 or 600 mg were in accordance with the two compartment model.The Cmax for each dosage group was 2.37±0.89,4.27±0.74 and 10.74±4.06 mg·mL(–1),respectively;and the AUC0→∞was 3.24±1.2,5.89±1.51 and 13.32±2.35 mg·h·mL–1,respectively.In addition,Tmax for groups treated with 150,300 and 600 mg was 0.48±0.08,0.50±0.00 and 0.53±0.08 h,respectively.The correlation analysis for AUC0→∞,Cmax and dosage suggested that pazufolxacin mesilate displayed dose proportion at the dose ranging from 150 to 600 mg.The data suggested that all three different dosage regimens fit with the two compartment model.Meanwhile,it presented a linear correlation between AUC0→∞,Cmax and dosage over the range of 150–600 mg.