Acetic acid-and furfural-based adaptive evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for improving stress tolerance and lignocellulosic ethanol production

Acetic acid and furfural are known as prevalent inhibitors deriving from pretreatment during lignocellulosic ethanol production.They negatively impact cell growth,glucose uptake and ethanol biosynthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.Development of industrial S.cerevisiae strains with high tolerance towards these inhibitors is thus critical for efficient lignocellulosic ethanol production.In this study,the acetic acid or furfural tolerance of different S.cerevisiae strains could be significantly enhanced after adaptive evolution via serial cultivation for 40 generations under stress conditions.The acetic acid-based adaptive strain SPSC01-TA9 produced 30.5 g·L^(-1)ethanol with a yield of 0.46 g·g^(-1)in the presence of 9 g·L^(-1)acetic acid,while the acetic acid/furfural-based adaptive strain SPSC01-TAF94 produced more ethanol of 36.2 g·L^(-1)with increased yield up to 0.49 g·g^(-1)in the presence of both 9 g·L^(-1)acetic acid and 4 g·L^(-1)furfural.Significant improvements were also observed during non-detoxified corn stover hydrolysate culture by SPSC01-TAF94,which achieved ethanol production and yield of 29.1 g·L^(-1)and 0.49 g·g^(-1),respectively,the growth and fermentation efficiency of acetic acid/furfural-based adaptive strain in hydrolysate was 95%higher than those of wildtype strains,indicating the acetic acid-and furfural-based adaptive evolution strategy could be an effective approach for improving lignocellulosic ethanol production.The adapted strains developed in this study with enhanced tolerance against acetic acid and furfural could be potentially contribute to economically feasible and sustainable lignocellulosic biorefinery.

Isoimperatorin alleviates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of isoimperatorin on histopathological and biochemical changes in acetic acid-induced colitis rats.Methods:Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of acetic acid solution(4%v/v)in rats.Rats were divided into six groups including the sham group,the negative control group,the dexamethasone-treated group,and the groups treated with isoimperatorin(0.1,1,and 10 mg/kg/d by gavage).The treatments were administered for three days and then colonic status was assessed by macroscopic,histopathological,and biochemical analyses.Results:Isoimperatorin significantly alleviated colonic damage in a dose-dependent manner and improved histological changes in rats with acetic acid-induced colitis.It also significantly reduced myeloperoxidase,TNF-α,IL-1β,and malodialdehyde levels.Conclusions:Isoimperatorin alleviates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats and may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of colitis.

Steam reforming of acetic acid over Ni/biochar of low metal-loading:Involvement of biochar in tailoring reaction intermediates renders superior catalytic performance

Biochar is a reactive carrier as it may be partially gasified with steam in steam reforming,which could influence the formation of reaction intermediates and modify catalytic behaviors.Herein,the Ni/biochar as well as two comparative catalysts,Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/SiO_(2),with low nickel loading(2%(mass))was conducted to probe involvement of the varied carriers in the steam reforming.The results indicated that the Ni/biochar performed excellent catalytic activity than Ni/SiO_(2) and Ni/Al_(2)O_(3),as the biochar carrier facilitated quick conversion of the -OH from dissociation of steam to gasify the oxygen-rich carbonaceous intermediates like C=O and C-O-C,resulting in low coverage while high exposure of nickel species for maintaining the superior catalytic performance.In converse,strong adsorption of aliphatic intermediates over Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/SiO_(2) induced serious coking with polymeric coke as the main type(21.5%and 32.1%,respectively),which was significantly higher than that over Ni/biochar(3.9%).The coke over Ni/biochar was mainly aromatic or catalytic type with nanotube morphology and high crystallinity.The high resistivity of Ni/biochar towards coking was due to the balance between formation of coke and gasification of coke and partially biochar with steam,which created developed mesopores in spent Ni/biochar while the coke blocked pores in Ni/Al_(2)O_(3) and Ni/SiO_(2) catalysts.

Acetic acid additive in NaNO_(3)aqueous electrolyte for long-lifespan Mg-air batteries

Mg-air batteries have attracted tremendous attention as a potential next-generation power source for portable electronics and e-transportation due to their remarkable high theoretical volumetric energy density,environmental sustainability,and cost-effectiveness.However,the fast hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in NaCl-based aqueous electrolytes impairs the performance of Mg-air batteries and leads to poor specific capacity,low energy density,and low utilization.Thus,the conventionally used NaCl solute was proposed to be replaced by NaNO_(3)and acetic acid additive as a corrosion inhibitor,therefore an electrolyte engineering for long-life time Mg-air batteries is reported.The resulting Mg-air batteries based on this optimized electrolyte demonstrate an improved discharge voltage reaching~1.8 V for initial 5 h at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm^(2) and significantly prolonged cells'operational lifetime to over 360 h,in contrast to only~17 h observed in NaCl electrolyte.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry were employed to analyse the composition of surface film and scanning electron microscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy to clarify the morphology changes of the surface layer as a function of acetic acid addition.The thorough studies of chemical composition and morphology of corrosion products have allowed us to elucidate the working mechanism of Mg anode in this optimized electrolyte for Mg-air batteries.

Could near focus endoscopy,narrow-band imaging,and acetic acid improve the visualization of microscopic features of stomach mucosa?

BACKGROUND Conventional magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging(NBI)observation of the gastric body mucosa shows dominant patterns in relation to the regular arrangement of collecting venules,subepithelial capillary network,and gastric pits.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of a new one-dual(near)focus,NBI mode in the assessment of the microscopic features of gastric body mucosa compared to conventional magnification.METHODS During 2021 and 2022,68 patients underwent proximal gastrointestinal endoscopy using magnification endoscopic modalities subsequently applying acetic acid(AA).The GIF-190HQ series NBI system with dual focus capability was used for the investigation of gastric mucosa.At the time of the endoscopy,the gastric body mucosa of all enrolled patients was photographed using the white light endoscopy(WLE),near focus(NF),NF-NBI,AA-NF,and AA-NF-NBI modes.RESULTS The WLE,NF and NF-NBI endoscopic modes for all patients(204 images)were classified in the same order into three groups.Two images from each patient for the AA-NF and AA-NF-NBI endoscopic modes were classified in the same order.According to all three observers who completed the work independently,NF magnification was significantly superior to WLE(P<0.01),and the NF-NBI mode was significantly superior to NF magnification(P<0.01).After applying AA,the three observers confirmed that AA-NF-NBI was significantly superior to AA-NF(P<0.01).Interobserver kappa values for WLE were 0.609,0.704,and 0.598,respectively and were 0.600,0.721,and 0.637,respectively,for NF magnification.For the NF-NBI mode,the values were 0.378,0.471,and 0.553,respectively.For AA-NF,they were 0.453,0.603,and 0.480,respectively,and for AA-NF-NBI,they were 0.643,0.506,and 0.354,respectively.CONCLUSION When investigating gastric mucosa in microscopic detail,NF-NBI was the most powerful endoscopic mode for assessing regular arrangement of collecting venules,subepithelial capillary network,and gastric pits among the five endoscopic modalities investigated in this study.AA-NF-NBI was the most powerful endoscopic mode for analyzing crypt opening and intervening part.

Gossypol acetic acid regulates leukemia stem cells by degrading LRPPRC via inhibiting IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling or resulting mitochondrial dysfunction

BACKGROUND Leukemia stem cells(LSCs)are found to be one of the main factors contributing to poor therapeutic effects in acute myeloid leukemia(AML),as they are protected by the bone marrow microenvironment(BMM)against conventional therapies.Gossypol acetic acid(GAA),which is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants,exerts anti-tumor roles in several types of cancer and has been reported to induce apoptosis of LSCs by inhibiting Bcl2.AIM To investigate the exact roles of GAA in regulating LSCs under different microenvironments and the exact mechanism.METHODS In this study,LSCs were magnetically sorted from AML cell lines and the CD34+CD38-population was obtained.The expression of leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein(LRPPRC)and forkhead box M1(FOXM1)was evaluated in LSCs,and the effects of GAA on malignancies and mitochondrial RESULTS LRPPRC was found to be upregulated,and GAA inhibited cell proliferation by degrading LRPPRC.GAA induced LRPPRC degradation and inhibited the activation of interleukin 6(IL-6)/janus kinase(JAK)1/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)3 signaling,enhancing chemosensitivity in LSCs against conventional chemotherapies,including L-Asparaginase,Dexamethasone,and cytarabine.GAA was also found to downregulate FOXM1 indirectly by regulating LRPPRC.Furthermore,GAA induced reactive oxygen species accumulation,disturbed mitochondrial homeostasis,and caused mitochondrial dysfunction.By inhibiting IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling via degrading LRPPRC,GAA resulted in the elimination of LSCs.Meanwhile,GAA induced oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage by causing mitochondrial damage.CONCLUSION Taken together,the results indicate that GAA might overcome the BMM protective effect and be considered as a novel and effective combination therapy for AML.

Study of the Effect of Acetic Acid and Phosphate on Copper Corrosion by Immersion Tests

It was reported that hemispheric corrosion occurred in copper tubes in an acetic acid environment. When hemispheric corrosion occurred, corrosion could easily progress if water then flowed into the copper pipe, and countermeasures were needed. Therefore, we studied the copper corrosion caused by acetic acid. The present work investigated the relationship between the corrosion form of copper and acetic acid concentration using phosphorous-deoxidized copper, and reported that hemispherical corrosion was observed at acetic acid concentrations of 0.01 to 1 vol.% (0.002 to 0.2 mol·L-1) in the immersion test. In this study, the effects of acetic acid and phosphate on copper corrosion were examined using oxygen-free copper in immersion tests. The results suggested that different concentrations of phosphate in acetic acid solutions and the presence or absence of acetic acid and phosphate affected the corrosion of copper, resulting in different corrosion forms and corrosion progress.

Efficient and selective upcycling of waste polylactic acid into acetate using nickel selenide

The conversion of waste polylactic acid(PLA)plastics into high-value-added chemicals through electrochemical methods is a promising and sustainable approach.However,developing efficient and highly selective catalysts for lactic acid oxidation reaction(LAOR)and understanding the reaction process are challenging.Here,we report the electrooxidation of waste PLA to acetate at a high current density of 100 mA cm-2 with high Faraday efficiency(~95%)and excellent stability(>100 h)over a nickel selenide nanosheet catalyst.In addition,a total Faraday efficiency of up to 190%was achieved for carboxylic acids,including acetic acid and formic acid,by coupling with the cathodic CO_(2) reduction reaction.In situ experimental results and theoretical simulations revealed that the catalytic activity center of LAOR was dynamically formed NiOOH species,and the surface-adsorbed SeO_(x) species accelerated the formation of Ni~(3+)species,thus promoting catalytic activity.The mechanism of lactic acid electrooxidation was further elucidated.Lactic acid was dehydrogenated to produce pyruvate first and then formed CH_3CO due to preferential C-C bond cleavage,resulting in the presence of acetate.This work demonstrated a sustainable method for recycling waste PLA and CO_(2) into high-value-added products.

Effect of Saline Water on Soil Acidity, Alkalinity and Nutrients Leaching in Sandy Loamy Soil in Rwamagana Bella Flower Farm, Rwanda

The necessity to saline and sodic waters is sometimes used for irrigating agricultural activities under certain circumstances, but it is important to note that the use of these waters comes with specific considerations and limitations. One way to decrease undesirable effects of sodic waters on the physical and chemical properties of soils is to apply organic and chemical amendments within the soil. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of saline water on soil acidity, alkalinity and nutrients leaching in sandy loamy soil at Bella flower farm, in Rwamagana District, Rwanda. The water used was from the Muhazi Lake which is classified as Class I (Saline water quality). Column leaching experiments using treated soils were then conducted under saturated conditions. The soil under experimental was first analyzed for its textural classification, soil properties and is classified as sandy loamy soil. The t-test was taken at 1%, 5% and 10% levels of statistical significance compared to control soil. The results indicated that the application of saline water to soils caused an increase in some soil nutrients like increase of Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sulphur (S), CN ratio and Sodium (Na+) and decreased soil texture, physical and chemical properties and remained soil nutrients. Consequently, the intensive addition of saline water leachates to soil in PVC pipes led to decreased of soil EC through leaching and a raiser Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP). The rate of saline water application affected the increase accumulation of SAR and Na% in the top soil layers. The study indicated that saline water is an inefficient amendment for sandy soil with saline water irrigation. The study recommends further studies with similar topic with saline water irrigation, as it accentuated the alkalinity levels.

Chemical components and protective effects of Atractylodes japonica Koidz.ex Kitam against acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats

BACKGROUND Atractylodes japonica Koidz.ex Kitam.(A.japonica,Chinese name:Guan-Cangzhu,Japanese name:Byaku-jutsu),a perennial herb,which is mainly distributed in northeast area of China,it’s often used to treat digestive system diseases such as gastric ulcer(GU).However,the mechanism of its potential protective effects against GU remains unclear.AIM To investigate the protective effects of A.japonica on acetic acid-induced GU rats.METHODS The chemical constituents of A.japonica were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)analysis.The rat model of GU was simulated by acetic acid method.The pathological changes of gastric tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin stain,the levels of epidermal growth factor(EGF),EGF receptor(EGFR),nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-10,Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATPase(NKA)in serum and gastric tissues were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the mRNA expressions of EGFR,NF-κBp65,IkappaBalpha(IκBα)and Zonula Occludens-1(ZO-1)in gastric tissues were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,and the efficacy was observed.Then,plasma metabolomic analysis was performed by UPLC-MS/MS to screen the specific potential biomarkers,metabolic pathways and to explore the possible mechani-sms.RESULTS 48 chemical constituents were identified.Many of them have strong pharmacological activity,the results also revealed that A.japonica significantly improved the pathological damage of gastric tissues,increased the expression levels of IL-10,IκBαrelated to anti-inflammatory factors,decreased the expression levels of IL-1β,NF-κB,NF-κBp65,related to proinflammatory factors,restored the levels of factors about EGF,EGFR,ZO-1 associated with ulcer healing and the levels of factors about NKA associated with energy metabolism.Metabolomic analysis identified 10 potential differential metabolites and enriched 7 related metabolic pathways.CONCLUSION These findings contribute to the understanding of the potential mechanism of A.japonica to improve acetic acidinduced GU,and will be of great importance for the development and clinical application of natural drugs related to A.japonica.

Behaviour of Tributylamine as Entrainer for the Separation of Water and Acetic Acid with Reactive Extractive Distillation

A new separation method, reactive extractive distillation, was put forward for separating water and acetic acid. The separation mechanism was analyzed through infrared spectra technique. Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data at 101.33 kPa for the binary or ternary systems consisting of water, acetic acid and tributylamine were measured. The activity coefficients were correlated by using Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC Equations.The VLE experiment showed that tributylamine could enhance the relative volatility of water to acetic acid. An extractive distillation experiment was carried out and proved that tributylamine was a good extractive solvent.

Occurrence of Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water in Certain Cities of China

Objective Since haloacetic acids (HAAs), which are nonvolatile and of high carcinogenic risk, are common species of chlorinated disinfection by-products(DBPs) in drinking water, and little has been known in China, it is necessary to make a survey about the kinds and levels of HAAs in drinking water of the nation. Method HAAs were analyzed using gas chromatography with electron capture detector(GC/ECD) and relatively complex pretreatment process of sample was applied. Five main cities in different areas of China were chosen in the survey. Results Studies showed that the main species of HAAs in drinking water in China were DCAA and TCAA, ranging from 0.4 礸/L to 12.85 礸/L and from 0.56 礸/L to 10.98 礸/L, respectively. MBAA and DBAA were also detected in one city, ranging from 2.20 礸/L to 4.95 礸/L and 1.10 礸/L to 2.81 礸/L, respectively. Therefore, the contents of HAAs varied, usually no more than 25 礸/L. Based on the acquired data to date, it is known that the concentrations of HAAs in drinking water in China were surely under the limits of Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water Quality (China, 2001). Conclusion A wider survey of HAAs in drinking water should be conducted throughout the nation to get adequate data and information, the ultimate aim of which is to control HAAs pollution and keep the balance between microbiological safety insurance and chemical risk control, minimize the formation of DBPs and ensure the safety of water supply at the same time.

Solubilities of Isophthalic Acid in Acetic Acid ＋ Water Solvent Mixtures

The solubilities of isophthalic acid （1） in binary acetic acid （2） ＋ water （3） solvent mixtures were determined in a pressurized vessel. The temperature range was from 373.2 to 473.2K and the range of the mole fraction of acetic acid in the solvent mixtures was from x2 = 0 to 1. A new method to measure the solubility was developed, which solved the problem of sampling at high temperature. The experimental results indicated that within the temperature range studied, the solubilities of isophthalic acid in all mixtures showed an increasing trend with increasing tem- perature. The expe^mental solubilities were co .rrelated by the Buchowski equation, and the calculate results showed good agreement with the experimental solubilities. Furthermore, the mixed solvent systems were found to exhibit a maximum solubility effect on the solubility, which may be attributed to the intermolecular association between the solute and the solvent mixture： The maximum solubility effect was well modeled by the modified Wilson equation.

Researches on Formation of Haloacetic Acids in Chlorination of Drinking Water by a Novel Technique

Haloacetic acids(HAAs) are formed during the chlorination of drinking water,which are harmful to people′s health due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. In the present study,a detection method combining methyl tert -butyl ether(MtBE) extraction with acid catalysis and gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector(GC/ECD) was developed for determining HAAs. The detection limit of this method(MDL) and relative standard deviation(RSD) were below 0.37 μg/L and 6.2%,respectively. The laboratory chlorination experiments were conducted with the purpose of investigating the influences of reaction time,temperature,UV_ 254 ,bromide and ammonia-nitrogen on the formation of HAAs. The results show that the formation amount of HAAs increases with increasing reaction time and temperature,respectively;and there exists a linear relationship between the formation of HAAs and UV_ 254 . The formation amount of HAAs decreases first and then increases as the bromide ion concentration increases,and adding NH +_4 is a possible way to control the formation of HAAs.

Behaviour of Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

To guarantee the safety of drinking water quality after chlorination, the formation, distribution and factors influencing the concentrations of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in a water distribution system (WDS) were investigated both on a full-scale WDS (FWDS) and pilot-scale WDS (PWDS) within a city in northern China. The results of both investigations showed that trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) were the dominating types of HAAs. In the FWDS, variations in the HAA content showed negative correlations with total residual chlorine, pH and non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) and positive correlations with temperature and UV254. In the PWDS, the concentration of HAAs after rechlorination followed the rule of ‘first rise and then fall’; therefore, locating an appropriate rechlorination point and lowering the single chlorine dosage could be used as effective measures to control the HAA content in WDSs. © 2016, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Experimental Measurements and Correlations Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for Water ＋ Acetic Acid ＋ Sec-butyl Acetate at 101.3 kPa

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) data for acetic acid + sec-butyl acetate and water+acetic acid + sec-butyl acetate systems were determined at 101.3 kPa using a modified Rose type.The nonideality of the vapor phase caused by the association of the acetic acid was corrected by the chemical theory and Hayden-O'Connell method.Thermodynamic consistency was tested for the binary VLE data.The experimental data were correlated successfully with the Non-Random Two Liquids(NRTL) model.The Root Mean Square Deviation(RMSD) of the ternary system was 0.0038.The saturation vapor pressure of sec-butyl acetate at 329 to 385 K was measured by means of two connected equilibrium cells.The vapor pressures of water and sec-butyl acetate were correlated with the Antoine equation.The binary interaction parameters and the ternary VLE data were obtained from this work.

Viscosities of Pure Water, Acetic Acid ＋ Water, and p-Xylene ＋ Acetic Acid ＋ Water at Different Temperature and Pressure

The viscosities of pure water,the acetic acid+water binary system,and the p-xylene+acetic acid+ water ternary system at different concentrations were determined with a rolling-ball viscometer at temperatures from 313.15 to 473.15 K and pressures from 0.10 to 3.20 MPa.The viscosity data were fitted by a correlation equation for the estimation of the mixture viscosities.The average absolute deviations(AAD)of the correlation for binary and ternary systems are 2.48%and 1.77%,respectively.

TREATMENT AND RESOURSE REUSE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FROM PRODUCTION PROCESS OF PHENYL ACETIC ACID

The effluent from phenyl acetic acid (PhCH2COOH) production process can betreated with NDA-999 macroporous polymeric adsorbent with about 100% removalefficiency of PhCH2COOK benzyl alcohol (PhCH2OH)and benzaldehyde (PhCHO) aswell as the decrease in Total Organic Carbon (TOC)from 4691mg/l to <300mg/L. 3. 7kgPhCH2COOH and 120kg NaCl will be recovered from per m3 wastewater and theadsorbent can be reused after being regenerated by NaOH aqueous solution andmethanol. Good economic, social and environmental results can be achieved with thismethod.

Preparation of iminodiacetic acid salts from iminodiacetonitrile with additives assisted in subcritical water

Here, the employment of subcritical water as an environmentally benign media has shown a certain potential for the hydrolysis ofiminodiaeetonitrile （IDAN）. Additives （such as NH3.H2O, （NH4）2CO3, K2CO3） were selected to investigate the reactivity ofiminodiacetonitrile in the solutions of these species in the subcritical region for the possibility of preparing iminodiacetic acid （IDA） salts. A series of reactions were performed in a high temperature and pressure batch reactor with temperature ranging from 200 to 260 ℃, time ranging from 4 to 10 min, pressure ranging from 5 to 25 MPa and varying concentration of additives to consider the influence of these parameters on the yield of IDA salts. Reactivity of IDAN was not illustrated with the conversion but with respect to the yield of resultant IDA salts. The results demonstrate that hydrolysis reactivity of IDAN under the examined conditions has shown a remarkable sensitivity to the pH of the system at initial point of the reaction stage, and temperature effect is also obvious. Based on the results, possible reaction pathway and mechanism were proposed.