Preliminary studies on the chemical characterization and antioxidant properties of acidic polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme

In order to investigate the antioxidant properties of the polysaccharides from the brown alga Sargassum fusiforme, the crude polysaccharides from S. fusiforme (SFPS) were extracted in hot water, and the lipid peroxidation inhibition assay exhibited that SFPS possessed a potential antioxidant activity. Hence, two purely polymeric fractions, SFPS-1 and SFPS-2 were isolated by the column of DEAE (2-diethylaminoethanol)-Sepharose Fast Flow, with their molecular weights of 51.4 and 30.3 kDa determined by high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC). They were preliminarily characterized using chemical analysis in combination of infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and found to contain large amounts of uronic acids and β-glycosidical linkages. The antioxidant activities of these two SFPS fractions were evaluated using superoxide and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays. The results show that the antioxidant ability of SFPS-2 was higher than that of SFPS-1, probably correlating with the molecular weight and uronic acid content.

Differential Effects of Ursolic Acid and Oleanolic Acid on Mitochondrial ATP Generation in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Proliferation in Mouse Splenocytes: Yang versus Yin

In the present study, two cell-based systems for assessing Yang and Yin activities were for the first time used to investigate the effect of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA). The results indicated that while UA was only active in the Yang assay, OA produced activity in the Yin assay. The Yang/Yin activity of UA/OA may be attributed to their distinct molecular structures, which confer their differential ability to interact with mitochondrial membrane or cellular membrane lipids, with resultant membrane fluidization and potentiation of biological responses.

Effect of pH values on the extracellular polysaccharide secreted by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans during chalcopyrite bioleaching

The pH value plays an important role in the bioleaching of sulphide minerals. The effect of pH values on the extracellular poly-saccharide secreted by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was investigated in different phases of bacterial growth during chalcopyrite bioleach-ing. It is found that extracellular polysaccharide secretion from the cells attached to chalcopyrite is more efficiently than that of the free cells in the bioleaching solution. Three factors, pH values, the concentration of soluble metal ions, and the bacterial growth and metabolism, affect extracellular polysaccharide secretion in the free cells, and are related to the bacterial growth phase. Extracellular polysaccharide secretion from the attached cells is mainly dependent on the pH value of the bacterial culture.

Curative effect of BCG-polysaccharide nuceic acid on atopic dermatitis in mice

Objective:To explore the effect of bacilli Galmette-Gurin(BCG)-polysaccharide nuceic acid on atopic dermatitis in mice and its mechanism.Methods:Forty NC/Nga mice were selected and randomly divided into Group A(model group),Group B(dexamethasone treatment group),Group C(BCG polysaccharide nucleic acid treatment group) and Group D(control group) with 10 mice in each group.Atopic dermatitis model were constructed by applying 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene on the skin of the mice.Mice in Group D were treated with acetone solution(100 μ L) on the foot pad and abdomen after hair removal at the age of 7 weeks.then on ear skin at the age of 8-13 weeks.For mice in A,B and C groups,100 μL of acetone solution containing 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene was applied to the foot pad and the abdomen at the age of 7 weeks,then on ear skins at the age of8 to 13 weeks.At the age of 7-13 weeks,mice in Group A and Group D were treated with 100 μL saline(i.p.);mice were given dexamethasone(0.1 mL/kg,i.p.) every other day for 7 weeks in Group B;mice were treated with BCG polysaccharide nucleic acid(0.5 mg/kg,i.p.) every other day for7 weeks in Group C.The ear thickness was measured every week and the scratching frequency was recorded 1 times for 10 min a week.The mice were sacrificed after the last administration of drugs,IgE,IL-4,IL-10,IL-I2 and IFN- γ in the plasma were detected using ELISA,and RT-PCR method was employed to detect the concentrations of IL-4,IL-10,IL-12 and IFN- γ proteins.After IIK staining,the lesion degree of inflammation in ear tissue was observed microscopically.Results:The ear thickness and scratching frequency of Group A were significantly higher than those in group B,C and D(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference between Group B and C(P>0.05);the concentrations of IgE,IL-4 and IL-10 in the plasma and the expression of IL-4,IL-10 mRNA in the spleen tissues of Group A,B and C were all significantly higher than those of Group D(P<0.05);the concentrations of plasma IL-12 and IFN- γ,and spleen protein expression of IL-12 and IFN- γ in Group C mice were significantly higher than those of Group A(P<0.05).Histological observation showed obvious ear tissue exudation,erythema,swelling,desquamation of skin,and scabbing in Group A.Histopathology of the skin lesion also showed hyperkeratosis,focal-parakeratosis,stratum spinosum hypertrophy,mild sponge-like edema,a large number of lymphocytes along with plasma cell infiltration in dermis,angiectasis and hyperemia in Group A,while degree of ear skin lesion in Group B and D mice was significandy lighter than that of Group A.Conclusions:BCC polysaccharide nucleic acid can significandy reduce the serum IgE concentrations,increase the expression of IL-12,IFN- γ protein,correct the imbalance of Th1/Th2 in atopic dermatitis mice,and has obvious inhibitory effect on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice.

Functional Metabolomics Reveals that Astragalus Polysaccharides Improve Lipids Metabolism through Microbial Metabolite 2-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Obese Mice

Polysaccharides are widely present in herbs with multiple activities,especially immunity regulation and metabolic benefits for metabolic disorders.However,the underlying mechanisms are not well under-stood.Functional metabolomics is increasingly used to investigate systemic effects on the host by iden-tifying metabolites with particular functions.This study explores the mechanisms underlying the metabolic benefits of Astragalus polysaccharides(APS)by adopting a functional metabolomics strategy.The effects of APS were determined in eight-week high-fat diet(HFD)-fed obese mice.Then,gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC–TOFMS)-based untargeted metabolomics was performed for an analysis of serum and liver tissues,and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrom-etry(LC–MS/MS)-based targeted metabolomics was performed.The potential functions of the metabo-lites were tested with in vitro and in vivo models of metabolic disorders.Our results first confirmed the metabolic benefits of APS in obese mice.Then,metabolomics analysis revealed that APS supplemen-tation reversed the HFD-induced metabolic changes,and identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid(2-HB)as a potential functional metabolite for APS activity that was significantly decreased by a HFD and reversed by APS.Further study indicated that 2-HB inhibited oleic acid(OA)-induced triglyceride(TG)accumula-tion.It was also found to stimulate the expression of proteins in lipid degradation in hepatocytes and TG lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells.Moreover,it was found to reduce serum TG and regulate the proteins involved in lipid degradation in high-fat and high-sucrose(HFHS)-fed mice.In conclusion,our study demonstrates that the metabolic benefits of APS are at least partially due to 2-HB generation,which modulated lipid metabolism both in vitro and in vivo.Our results also highlight that functional metabolomics is practical for investigating the mechanism underlying the systemic benefits of plant polysaccharides.

Structural characterization and prebiotic potential of polysaccharides from Polygonatum sibiricum

Polygonatum sibiricum has been widely used due to its excellent biological activities.We prepared a novel polysaccharide from P.sibiricum(PSP)in this study.According a monosaccharide composition analysis,PSP was mainly composed of fructose and glucose with a molar percentage of 93.81:5.12.The main linkage types were identified asα-D-Glcp-1→and→2-β-D-Fruf-1→.The molecular weight of PSP showed no significant change after simulated salivary and gastrointestinal digestion.However,PSP could be broken down by intestinal bacteria.Our findings revealed that PSP administration increased the abundance of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium.Furthermore,the results showed that gut microbes could utilize PSP to produce short-chain fatty acids including acetic acid,propionic acid,and butyric acid.Also,the PSP fermentation broth displayed an excellent scavenging effect on free radicals,including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical,superoxide radical,and hydroxyl radical.In summary,this study will help to promote the application of PSP as prebiotics in functional food and the medical industry.

Soy polysaccharide maintains colonic homeostasis to protect from dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis by modulating gut microbiota and intestinal epithelial regeneration

Soy polysaccharide(SP)has been reported to possess the properties of modulating gut microbiome diversity.Here,we aimed to explore the protective effects of SP against dextran sulphate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis.Pre-treatment with SP at a dosage of 400 mg/kg·day alleviated colitis symptoms,preventing the weight loss and colon shorten.SP suppressed DSS-induced inflammatory response and enhanced M1 to M2 macrophage polarization.Further investigation showed that SP significantly promoted the regeneration of crypt and the expansion of goblet cell production.In addition,bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that SP modulated the composition of fecal microbiota,including selectively increasing Lactobacillus relative abundance.Notably,SP treatment enriched the production of Lactobacillus-derived lactic acid,which was sensed by its specific G-protein-coupled receptor 81(Gpr81)/Wnt3/β-catenin signaling,and promoted the regeneration of intestinal stem cells.Fecal microbiome transplantation demonstrated that intestinal flora partially contributed to the beneficial effects of SP on preventing against colitis.In conclusion,SP exhibited the protective effects against colitis,which could be partly associated with modulating the composition of gut microbiota and enrichment of lactic acid.This study suggests that SP has potential to be developed as nutritional intervention to prevent colitis.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide alleviates hepatoteatosis via modulating bile acid metabolism dependent on FXR-SHP/FGF

OBJECTIVE Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide(GLPP)is a group of extract from Ganoderma lucidum with a molecular mass of approximately 5×10^5,which ratio of polysaccharide to peptide is approximately 95%/5%.The purpose of this study was to determine whether GLPP has therapeutic effect on Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).METHODS Ob/ob mouse model and ApoC3 transgenic mouse model were used for exploring the effect of GLPP on NAFLD.Key metabolic pathways and enzymes were identified by metabolomics combining with KEGG and PIUmet analyses and key enzymes were detected by Western blotting.Hepatosteatosis models of HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes were used to further confirm the therapeutic effect of GLPP on NAFLD.RESULTS GLPP administrated for a month alleviated hepatosteatosis,dyslipidemia,liver dysfunction and liver insulin resistance.Pathways of glycerophos⁃pholipid metabolism,fatty acid metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis were involved in the therapeutic effect of GLPP on NAFLD.Detection of key enzymes revealed that GLPP reversed low expression of CYP7A1,CYP8B1,FXR,SHP and high expression of FGFR4 in ob/ob mice and ApoC3 mice.Besides,GLPP inhibited fatty acid synthesis by reducing the expression of SREBP1c,FAS and ACC via a FXR-SHP dependent mechanism.Additionally,GLPP reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets and the content of TG in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes induced by oleic acid and palmitic acid.CONCLUSION GLPP significantly improves NAFLD via regulating bile acid synthesis dependent on FXR-SHP/FGF pathway,which finally inhibits fatty acid synthesis,indicating that GLPP might be developed as a ther⁃apeutic drug for NAFLD.

Quantitative determination of polysaccharide in Curcuma wenyujin, a traditional Chinese medicine, by a phenol-sulfuric acid method

Curcuma wenyujin has been widely used as a traditional medicine in China. In this paper a strategy for the quantitative determination of the polysaccharide by a phenol-sulfuric acid method was described. Involved in three factors, 5% phenol volume, H2SO4 volume, and temperature of water bath, we adopted the L9（3）3 orthogonal array design to gain the optimal colorimetric method. 3.0 ml of polysaccharide solution, 1.0 ml, 5% phenol and 7.0 ml H2SO4 were mixed with constant stirring in a glass vessel, and then kept in a water bath at 40 ℃. After cooling to room temperature for 20 min, the absorbance values were recorded by the UV-2501 PC spectrometer at the wavelength range of 485 nm. The polysaccharide content in Curcuma wenyujin were 3.21%, 3.23%, 3.20%, 3.18~/0, 3.22% and 2.38%, respectively. All results showed that this method was adequate, valid and applicable, may be applied to the determination of other bacterial polysaccharide as well.

Polysaccharides as initiators of nucleic acid polymerization

Quantum-chemical calculations and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that polysaccharides are able to adsorb mononucleotides due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. The subsequent dehydration of polysaccharide-nucleotide complexes in the physiologically acceptable temperature range results in the creation of “correct” DNA polymers that are “recognized” by the specific DNA-polymerases. DNA fragments abiogenically formed on polysaccharides vary in size and are characterized by a relatively “simple”, most probably, tandem structure. This research developed our previous concept of template-based polysaccharide synthesis with the participation of DNA tandem repeats (glycotranscription concept) making it possible to assume the existence of reverse glycotranscription in biological systems. Future research in the direction that we outlined experimentally may lead to a revolutionary approach in modern molecular biology—glycogenomics.

Localization and Associative Strength of Acid Polysaccharides in Coccoliths of <i>Pleurochrysis haptonemofera</i>(Haptophyta) Predicted from Their Extractability from Partially Decalcified Coccoliths

The coccolithophorids have calcified scales called coccoliths on their surface that include abundant acid polysaccharides. To determine the localization and associative strength of acid polysaccharides Ph-PS-1, -2, and -3 incoccoliths of Pleurochrysis haptonemofera, we analyzed the acid polysaccharides extracted with urea from partially decalcified coccoliths. On treatment of coccoliths with8.0 Murea at pH8.0 inboiling water, Ph-PS-2 was not extracted, but parts of Ph-PS-1 and -3 were from the surface without the crystal morphology being affected. When coccoliths were partially decalcified at various pHs (pH 8.0 - 5.0), Ph-PS-1, -3, and -2 were extracted with urea in that order as the calcite crystals dissolved. Detection of the acid polysaccharides using fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled lectin (ConA) and anti-Ph-PS-2 antibodies demonstrated that Ph-PS-2 exists on the surfaces of both untreated and urea-treated coccoliths. Moreover, NaClO-treatment under moderate conditions extracted only Ph-PS-1, -3, and part of Ph-PS-2 from coccoliths, without separation of the crystal units, suggesting that at least some part of Ph-PS-2 acts as a glue connecting crystal units and/or a crystal unit and a base plate inside coccoliths. These results suggest that Ph-PS-2 exists not only on the surface but also inside of the coccoliths, most of it being strongly bound to coccoliths, while Ph-PS-1 and -3 are weakly associated close to the coccolith surface, in that order from the surface. This strongly supports a scheme in which PS-2 type acid polysaccharides play an important role in the crystal nucleation and PS-3 type functions during crystal growth.

Comparison between Sulfuric Acid-phenol and Sulfuric Acid-anthrone Methods Used for Determination of Polysaccharides in Shoots of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.

Sulfuric acid-phenol and sulfuric acid-anthrone methods were used to detect polysaccharide content in shoots of Aralia elata（ Miq.） Seem.,and the conversion factor to glucose was measured with refined polysaccharides. Comprehensive evaluation was carried out by linear relationship,precision,reproducibility,stability and recovery rate. The results showed that the linear relationship between glucose concentration and absorbance was good when glucose concentration was0-40 μg/ml,and the average recovery rate was equal to or higher than 97. 00% with good reproducibility（ RSD 〈 1. 60%,n = 5）. It revealed that the two methods were accurate and reliable,and suitable for the determination of polysaccharide content in the shoots of A. elata. Polysaccharide content detected by sulfuric acid-phenol and sulfuric acid-anthrone methods was 19. 31% and 20. 40% respectively.

An Anionic Polymer Incorporating Low Amounts of Hydrophobic Residues Is a Multifunctional Surfactant. Part 1: Emulsifying, Thickening,Moisture-Absorption and Moisture-Retention Abilities of a FattyAcid-Containing Anionic Polysaccharide

We have been studying the function and structure of fatty acid-containing extracellular polysaccharides (FACEPS) produced by bacteria belonging to the genus Rhodococcus. In this study, we examined the relationships between the structure and emulsifying, thickening, moisture-absorption, and moisture-retention capabilities of rhodococcal FACEPS using S-2 EPS produced by R. rhodochrous strain S-2. We prepared chemically deacylated S-2 EPS (DeAcyl S-2 EPS) and palmitoylated DeAcyl S-2 EPS (ReAcyl S-2 EPS), and compared them with native S-2 EPS. All of the properties were attenuated and recovered by deacylation and reacylation of S-2 EPS, respectively. These results suggest that the fatty acid moiety of rhodococcal FACEPS is involved in such functional properties. We also showed that palmitoylation improved the emulsifying, moisture-ab-sorption, and moisture-retention abilities of other acidic polysaccharides that are commercially available. These results suggest that the acidity of the polysaccharide backbone is at least partly responsible for the observed functionality of fatty acid-containing polysaccharides. To our knowledge, this is the first report on multifunctional property of an anionic polymer incorporating low amounts of hydrophobic residues. The present findings could be useful for the creation of new multifunctional surfactants from renewable raw materials for use in various industries, e.g., in cosmetics.

Bacteroides utilization for dietary polysaccharides and their beneficial effects on gut health

Polysaccharide was a class of macromolecular substance with various bioactive functions.Gut symbiotic microorganisms could utilize the polysaccharides from various sources,thus have important impact on human health.Bacteroides represented one of the dominant colonizers in the human gut.The utilization of polysaccharide by Bacteroides was important for supporting the function and stability of gut microbiota.After the degradation of polysaccharides by Bacteroides,gut microbes could ferment the monosaccharides and oligosaccharides degraded from polysaccharides into some metabolites,such as short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),amino acids,etc.Among the metabolites,the SCFAs could have beneficial effects on gut health.This review summarized the niches of Bacteroides among gut microbiota,and also described the gene clusters and membrane proteins involved in the utilization processes of polysaccharide by gut Bacteroides.SCFAs could act as energy substrates for intestinal epithelial cells,inhibit histone deacetylases and activate G protein-coupled receptors.In addition,the future perspectives in investigating new degradation pathways for polysaccharide,and using polysaccharides or their metabolites as therapeutic approaches for diseases mediated by the gut dysbiosis were also provided.

Effects of soy hull polysaccharide on dyslipidemia and pathoglycemia in rats induced by a high-fat-high-sucrose diet

The present work aimed at investigating the effects of soy hull polysaccharide(SHP)in alleviating adverse effects in rats fed a high-fat-high-sucrose diet.After SHP feeding for 4 weeks,the fasting blood glucose(FBG),serum triglyceride(TG),serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),short chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and 16S rDNA gene sequence were determined.Administration of SHP significantly decreased body fat content and TG levels,and increased water intake and HDL-C levels after 4 weeks of treatment.The antihyperglycemic effect of SHP at a dose of 400 mg/kg mb had the most significant effects among the three dosage groups.SHP notably restored the FBG in rats fed a high-fat-high-sucrose diet(P<0.05).Furthermore,SHP at 400 mg/kg mb increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased that of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria at the phylum level.The polysaccharide treated groups had significantly higher content of total SCFAs,and the main fermentation products were acetic,propionic,n-valeric and i-valeric acids.Thus,SHP restores blood lipid levels in rats fed a high-fat-high sucrose diet through regulation of the gut microbiota.

Synergistic protection of astragalus polysaccharides and matrine against ulcerative colitis and associated lung injury in rats

BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a main form of inflammatory bowel disease.Due to complicated etiology and a high rate of recurrence,it is quite essential to elucidate the underlying mechanism of and search for effective therapeutic methods for UC.AIM To investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharides(APS)combined with matrine on UC and associated lung injury.METHODS UC was induced in rats by colon mucosal tissue sensitization combined with trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid-ethanol.Then,the effects of the treatments of salazopyrine,APS,matrine,and APS combined with matrine on histopathological changes of lung and colon tissues,disease activity index(DAI),colon mucosal damage index(CMDI),serum endotoxin(ET)level,serum diamine oxidase(DAO)activity,the contents of tumor necrosis factor-αand interleukin-1β,and the activities of myeloperoxidase,superoxide dismutase,and malondialdehyde in lung tissues,as well as the protein expression of zonula occludens(ZO)-1,Occludin,and trefoil factor 3(TFF3)were detected in UC rats.RESULTS The treatments of salazopyrine,APS,matrine,and APS combined with matrine reduced DAI scores and improved histopathological changes of colon and lung tissues,as well as decreased CMDI scores,ET levels,and DAO activities in UC rats.Moreover,in lung tissues,inflammatory response and oxidative stress injury were relieved after the treatments of salazopyrine,APS,matrine,and APS combined with matrine in UC rats.Furthermore,the expression of ZO-1,Occludin,and TFF3 in lung and colon tissues was increased after different treatments in UC rats.Notably,APS combined with matrine exerted a better protective effect against UC and lung injury compared with other treatments.CONCLUSION APS combined with matrine exert a synergistic protective effect against UC and lung injury,which might be associated with regulating TFF3 expression.

Activation of SUR2B/Kir6.1-type K ATP channels protects glomerular endothelial,mesangial and tubular epithelial cells against oleic acid renal damage

Cumulative evidence suggests that renal vascular endothelial injury play an important role in initiating and extending tubular epithelial injury and contribute to the development of ischemic acute renal failure.Our previous studies have demonstrated that iptakalim's endothelium protection is related to activation of SUR2B/Kir6.1 subtype of ATP sensitive potassium channel(K ATP) in the endothelium.It has been reported that SUR2B/Kir6.1 channels are widely distributed in the tubular epithelium,glomerular mesangium,and the endothelium and the smooth muscle of blood vessels.Herein,we hypothesized that activating renal K ATP channels with iptakalim might have directly neroprotective effects.In this study,glomerular endothelial,mesangial and tubular epithelial cells which are the main cell types to form nephron were exposed to oleic acid(OA) at various concentrations for 24 h.0.25 μl/ml OA could cause cellular damage of glomerular endothelium and mesangium,while 1.25μl/ml OA could lead to the injury of three types of renal cells.It was observed that pretreatment with iptakalim at concentrations of 0.1,1,10 or 100 μmol/L prevented cellular damage of glomerular endothelium and tubular epithelium,whereas iptakalim from 1 to 100 μmol/L prevented the injury of mesangial cells.Our data showed iptakalim significantly increased survived cell rates in a concentration-dependent manner,significantly antagonized by glibenclamide,a K ATP blocker.Iptakalim played a protective role in the main cell types of kidney,which was consistent with natakalim,a highly selective SUR2B/Kir6.1 channel opener.Iptakalim exerted protective effects through activating SUR2B/Kir6.1 channels,suggesting a new strategy for renal injury by its endothelial and renal cell protection.

The role of polysaccharides in the molecular evolution of biopolymers

The empirical (biochemical, the PCR method) and computational (quantum-chemical, PM3) methods have shown the ability of polysaccharides to catalyze the polymerization of amino acids and nucleotides within the physiologically acceptable temperature range. The possibility of nucleotide aminoacylation in the presence of polysaccharides has been established. The suggestion has been made that abiogenic aminoacylation of nucleotides by polysaccharides served as the prototype of the original aminoacylpre-tRNA-synthetase activity and subsequently determined the formation of the modern mechanism of genetic information transfer via three biopolymer types—nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides.

Preparation and Characteristics of Film Dosage Form Natural Polysaccharides

We investigated preparation of film dosage form (FD) from natural polysaccharides using the casting method without organic solvents, heating or pH control. Ferulic acid (FA) and catechin were employed as model compounds incorporated in the FD, and the release profile of each compound from the form was investigated in the limited medium. Film formation was affected by the addition of the model compound to the polysaccharide solution. Rigid FD was obtained with 2% low-molecular-weight alginate (L-ALG;thickness, 65 μm), and it hardened after the addition of 0.5% polygalacturonic acid, although the thickness of the film did not change. The FDs immediately released the model compound, and the forms dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline. FD modification did not affect the FA release rate except in the early stage. FD would be a useful dosage form, especially for preventing or treating localized problems in the oral cavity.

Effect of polysaccharide fractions from Fortunella margarita on the fecal microbiota of mice and SCFA production in vitro

Fortunella margarita polysaccharides(FMPS)are composed of 4 polysaccharide fragments,namely mannogalactoglucan,galactoglucan,glucan and arabinoglucan.This study investigated the in vitro fermentation of FMPS fractions and their effect on the fecal microbiota of mice and short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production.The results showed that the structure of the fecal microbiota was changed after FMPS fermentation.At the phylum level,the polysaccharide fractions reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes compared with the inulin group.At the genus level,the polysaccharide fractions increased the abundance of Lactobacillus,and decreased the abundance of Granulicatella,Proteus and Rummeliibacillus.Polysaccharide fractions could promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria(Lactobacillus),and decreased harmful bacteria(Granulicatella,Proteus,Rummeliibacillus and Serratia).Furthermore,there was a significant distinction in the genus level flora processed by different polysaccharide fractions,especially mannogalactoglucan.Polysaccharide fractions showed potential prebiotic effects,with mannogalactoglucan,in particular,promoting proliferation of SCFA-producing bacteria.SCFAs were regulated by monosaccharide composition,molecular weight of the FMPS fractions,and the composition of the fecal bacteria.Polysaccharide fractions could modulate metabolic function of the fecal microbiota,altering the levels of SCFAs.These results suggested that FMPS are important functional components in gut health,especially mannogalactoglucan.