Jet formation and penetration performance of a double-layer charge liner with chemically-deposited tungsten as the inner liner

This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)that has tungsten as its inner liner.The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests.Double-layer charge liners were fabricated by using CVD to deposit tungsten layers on the inner surfaces of pure T2 copper liners.The microstructures of the tungsten layers were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The feasibility analysis was carried out by pulsed X-rays,slug-retrieval test and static penetration tests.The shaped charge jet forming and penetration law of inner tungsten-coated double-layer liner were studied by numerical simulation method.The results showed that the double-layer liners could form well-shaped jets.The errors between the X-ray test results and the numerical results were within 11.07%.A slug-retrieval test was found that the retrieved slug was similar to a numerically simulated slug.Compared with the traditional pure copper shaped charge jet,the penetration depth of the double-layer shaped charge liner increased by 11.4% and>10.8% respectively.In summary,the test results are good,and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the test,which verified the feasibility of using the CVD method to fabricate double-layer charge liners with a high-density and high-strength refractory metal as the inner liner.

Simulation Study of Solid Rocket Motor C/C Throat Liner Ablation Based on Two Regions

Based on the ablation micro-morphological characteristics, thermo-chemical ablation mechanism, and mechanical stripping mechanism, a dual-region solid rocket motor C/C throat liner ablation model and physical model are established. The ablation program was written and the experimental data of 70 lb BATES engine platform was used for model validation. The relative errors between the simulation calculation results and the experimental results were −6.83% - 10.20%. The ablation program was applied to study the effects of combustion chamber temperature, pressure, oxidation component concentration, throat particle concentration and particle scouring angle on the nozzle throat liner, which provides a reference for the design of the nozzle throat liner and the estimation of solid rocket motor ablation.

GO/HTPB composite liner for anti-migration of small molecules

Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene/toluene diisocyanate(HTPB/TDI)system is widely used in composite solid propellants.The migrations of plasticizers and water molecules from solid propellants and surrounding environment to the inhibitor have always been the important issues.This study focuses on the preparation,characterization and anti-migration behavior of graphene oxide(GO)/HTPB nanocomposite liner.The GO/HTPB(GH)composite liners affect the migration of small molecules through a tighter cross-linked structure and weakening function of small molecule adsorption.The anti-migration performance of the liner at different temperatures was analyzed,and the influence of the added amount of GO on the anti-migration performance and adhesion performance was also systematically studied.The overall performance of the liner is optimized when the amount of GO filler is 0.3 wt%.After adding 0.3 wt%GO,the concentration of dioctyl sebacate(DOS)migrated into the liner is decreased by 23.28%,and the concentration of water molecules is decreased by 51.89%,indicating that the introduction of GO can significantly improve the anti-migration performance of the liner.In addition,the bond strength is greatly increased from 0.25 MPa to 0.95 MPa,which meets the application requirements of the current propellant system.This research provides an important way for the preparation of structure-function synergistic anti-migration composite liners.

The Efect of Rich Synthetic Copper-rich Solution on Antiseepage Dense Pre-hydration Geosynthetic Clay Liner

Dense pre-hydrated geosynthetic clay liners(DPH GCLs)were manufactured as innovative materials accompanied by the advantage of lower hydraulic conductivity(k).The k of DPH GCLs permeated with de-ionized water(DIW)was 9.8×10^(−12) m/s.The effect of Cu^(2+)synthetic solution on DPH GCLs was discussed.Furthermore,the effect mechanism was studied on the basis of test technologies.A significant adverse impact on hydraulic performance of DPH GCLs is found when the concentration of Cu^(2+)is greater than 1 g/L.SEM,XRD,XRF,FTIR,and XPS analyses show that the effect of Cu^(2+)on DPH GCLs includes two steps.Firstly,Cu^(2+)interacts with hydrophobic organic matter(HOM),and the adhesion of bentonite is destroyed,and some holes appear.The Cu^(2+)contacts with bentonite directly,and Cu^(2+)interacts with bentonite through ion exchange.Passivated phenomenon occurs on the surface of the bentonite,and swelling ability of bentonite is reduced,which causes permeable DPH GCLs.

Structural design of the fluted shaped charge liner using multi-section optimization method

Spin effect of the small diameter shaped charge results in the centrifugal stress during the jet stretching process. Consequently, the jet scatters, which deceases the jet penetration capability. In the present study, a multi-section method was proposed to design the spin-compensation liner. The spincompensation rate(SCR) of the liner was defined as the specific angular velocity that a fluted liner can offset. Based on the plain stress theory, SPH numerical method was applied to study the converging process of the 2D fluted structure. The spin-compensation mechanism of the fluted structure was illustrated. Then, nine cross sections were chosen along the liner axis equidistantly. On each of the section, a 2D fluted structure was designed to offset a given initial angular velocity. After, the optimized fluted structures were integrated into a 3D fluted liner. Jet appearances of the normal liner and the fluted liners under different initial angular velocities were compared, which verifies the practicality of the multi-sectional method. The multi-section optimization method provides a new efficient method of designing the shaped charge liner for a specific usage.

Viscoelastic Burger’s model for tunnels supported with tangentially yielding liner

This study proposed an analytical model for the tunnel supported with a tangentially yielding liner in viscoelastic ground.The efficiency of the developed analytical model was verified by comparing the calculated results with associated numerical simulation results.Using the analytical model,a comprehensive parameter sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the effects of the rate of tunnel face advancement,concrete liner thickness,installation time of liner,and strength and thickness of yielding elements on the tunnel responses.The results highlight the significant benefit of the tangentially yielding liner to relieve overstress in the tunnel liner and improve the stability of the tunnel.The yield efficiency of the tangentially yielding liner depends highly on the yielding strength and deformable capacity of the yielding elements and less on the installation time.

Parameter Study on a Composite Sound-Absorbing Structure Liner in Elevator Shafts

With the growing global environmental awareness,the development of renewable and green materials has gained increased worldwide interest to substitute conventional materials and are favorable for sustainable economic development.This paper proposed a novel eco-friendly sound absorbing structure(NSAS)liner for noise reduction in elevator shafts.The base layer integrated with the shaft walls is a damping gypsum mortarboard,and a rock wool board and a perforated cement mortarboard are used to compose the NSAS.Based on the acoustic impedance theory of porous materials and perforated panels,the sound absorption theory of the NSAS was proposed;the parameter effects of the rock wool board(flow resistivity,porosity,structure factor)and perforated panel(perforated rates,thickness,density,perforated diameter)on NSAS absorption were discussed theoretically for absorption improvement,and experiments were also conducted.Numerical results showed that the perforation rate,the thickness of the perforated plate,and the porosity,flow resistance,and volume density of the rock wool board played a key issue in the absorption performances of the NSAS.Experiments verified the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model.Wideband sound absorption performance of the NSAS at frequencies between 500–1600 Hz was achieved in both numerical analysis and experiments,and the sound absorption coefficient was improved to 0.72 around 1000 Hz after parameter adjustments.The NSAS proposed in this paper can also be made of other renewable materials with preferable structure strength and still has the potential to broaden the absorption bandwidth.It can provide a reference for controlling the elevator shaft noise.

压气储能地下储气库衬砌裂缝分布特征及演化规律研究

地下储气库衬砌的主要作用是将内压传递给围岩,且同时作为柔性密封层的附着基层。高内压作用下衬砌开裂可导致密封层出现反射型裂缝,进而引起高压气体的泄漏。为深入认识地下储气库衬砌的开裂特征,开发了基于FLAC3D平台的衬砌裂缝分析程序,研究了衬砌配筋方式、配筋率、钢筋保护层厚度、围岩类别和温压循环荷载作用等因素对衬砌开裂演化特征的影响。研究成果表明:对衬砌采取合理的配筋方式和改善围岩质量的措施可有效控制衬砌裂缝的宽度;采用分区配筋的方式可有效控制圆形断面隧洞式储气库衬砌中的最大裂缝宽度,同时降低衬砌的配筋量。空气压力和温度同步变化引起的热力耦合效应还有助于减小衬砌中出现的裂缝宽度。

基于改进EEMD-MB1DCNN的船用柴油机缸套-活塞环故障诊断

针对船用中高速柴油机缸套-活塞环振动信号非线性非平稳性以及同类型不同损伤程度故障发生时振动信号时频域特征相似、故障难以识别等问题,利用振动信号辨识故障,提出一种基于改进集成经验模态分解方法和多模块一维卷积神经网络端到端缸套-活塞环故障诊断方法,通过设计固有模态分量IMF信息质量筛选准则对EEMD分解出的IMFs进行重新排序,获得包含更多凸显故障特征成分的重构信号,输入到上述神经网络模型,通过振动信号分析并与现有方法比较,评估所设计IMF信息质量筛选准则与所搭建模型的性能,试验结果显示该方法能准确、有效地识别缸套-活塞环故障类型。在判断该易损件同类型不同磨损程度故障诊断中有较高的准确率,能对故障状况进行有效的特征提取与故障分类。

药型罩形状对活性聚能侵彻体成型的影响

结合理论与数值模拟,对3种不同形状药型罩活性聚能侵彻体的成型行为开展了研究.数值模拟结果表明,在聚能效应下,球缺罩和大锥角圆锥罩形成尾部带有碎片云的类杆状活性聚能侵彻体,而小锥角圆锥罩则形成活性射流.相比于活性射流,类杆状活性聚能侵彻体速度较低,但凝聚性较好.进一步结合活性材料反应动力学方程,对活性聚能侵彻体成型激活反应行为进行分析.分析结果表明:活性射流激活区位于杵体外壁、射流头部和轴线附近;随炸高增加,激活区内活性材料反应不断加剧,特别是射流头部和轴线附近材料的反应,将导致活性射流膨胀发散,不利于侵彻;而类杆状活性聚能侵彻体激活区域主要集中在尾部碎片区和杆尾中心部位,化学反应对其影响相对较小.

锥形束CT评价人工耳蜗植入的电极深度和位置

目的分析人工耳蜗植入后电极植入深度、位置与耳蜗大小、盘旋方式的关系,探讨植入后电极深度的影响因素和电极移位的原因。方法选取植入CI24RE(CA)弯电极30例和SONATA ti100 Standard直电极人工耳蜗装置41例,利用锥形束CT测量术后电极植入长度、植入深度角、电极在耳蜗内的位置,分析上述指标与术前CT评估的耳蜗大小、倾斜角度的关系。结果①术后电极植入深度角和长度均存在较大的个体差异。直电极组平均植入深度角为702±53度,平均植入长度为30.02±1.29 mm;弯电极组平均植入深度角为441±45度,平均植入长度为18.4±1.0 mm,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。②电极植入深度角与耳蜗底回的长径和宽径均呈负相关:直电极组r=-0.768(P<0.001)、r=-0.678(P<0.001),弯电极组r=-0.467(P=0.008)、r=-0.471(P=0.008)。电极植入长度与植入深度角呈正相关:直电极组r=0.578(P<0.001),弯电极组r=0.748(P<0.001)。③术后电极移位6例,均为弯电极且位于耳蜗180度位置。弯电极组中电极移位者与未移位者耳蜗底回倾斜角以及第一回和第二回之间的夹角差异有统计学意义(10.28度vs 8.75度,P=0.006;15.23度vs 14.00度,P=0.033)。结论人工耳蜗植入术后电极植入长度和深度角存在较大的个体差异,与耳蜗大小密切相关;耳蜗盘旋方式不同是引起电极移位的原因之一。

纤维缠绕塑料内胆表面处理装置的设计与分析

为提高目前塑料内胆的表面处理质量以及处理时间,节约时间和人工成本,本文针对纤维缠绕塑料内胆的表面处理设计了一套自动化的处理装置。它主要可以实现塑料内胆的自动夹持夹紧定位以及塑料内胆表面处理等功能。文中主要介绍了所设计的夹持传动装置以及等离子表面处理装置等相关结构,并在SolidWorks软件中对此套装置进行了总体设计与装配,在Workbench中对部分零部件进行了强度校核,分析Workbench中的相关结果。结果显示,该装置达到了相关力学要求且能够平稳传动,满足设计要求。

内燃机缸套穴蚀预测与抑制研究综述

内燃机缸套的剧烈振动会引起冷却液空化并造成穴蚀。缸套穴蚀问题一直是影响内燃机寿命和可靠性的难题之一,随着内燃机高热效率和轻量化设计要求的不断提高,缸套穴蚀问题受到越来越多的关注。实现缸套穴蚀的早期预测与抑制对清洁高效内燃机提高运行可靠性、降低开发和维护成本具有重要意义。介绍了缸套穴蚀的产生机理,总结了缸套振动的求解方法,综述了柴油机缸套穴蚀的预测与抑制研究现状。在此基础上,分别从试验和模型2个方面总结了缸套穴蚀风险的评估方法及各类方法的局限性。介绍了现有的缸套穴蚀抑制技术。论述了目前缸套穴蚀研究中存在的主要问题与挑战,并展望了未来的研究方向。

偏心药型罩在D型装药中的设计及成型性能研究

为改进整体式多爆炸成型弹丸(Multiple Explosively Formed Projectile,MEFP)战斗部中位于边缘位置处的药型罩口部闭合较差的问题,设计一种沿周向壁厚不同的偏心药型罩。将该药型罩应用于D型装药结构战斗部中,通过理论分析以及数值仿真方法,针对药型罩较厚一侧朝向和偏心距大小对药型罩成型的影响规律进行研究,开展爆炸成型弹丸(Explosively Formed Projectile,EFP)软回收试验。研究结果表明:偏心药型罩较厚侧朝向及偏心距大小对EFP各方向速度基本无影响,对EFP成型效果影响较大;药型罩较厚侧朝向战斗部中心时成型效果最佳;偏心距的大小能够调整药型罩周围微元向中心压合的速度差,改善药型罩口部包合情况;试验中回收到的EFP成型结果与仿真结果吻合度较高;偏心药型罩通过调整药型罩壁厚与爆轰波强度的匹配关系能够改善非对称爆轰下EFP的成型,有效解决D型装药结构MEFP战斗部位于边缘位置处药型罩成型较差的问题,为整体式MEFP战斗部边缘位置处药型罩结构设计提供参考。

织物衬垫磨损对自润滑关节轴承动力学的影响

自润滑关节轴承在服役过程中,衬垫的磨损导致自润滑关节轴承内外圈之间产生间隙,自润滑运动副间隙的存在加速了内外圈之间的碰撞以及衬垫的进一步磨损,对自润滑关节轴承的动力学特性产生较大的影响。此外,衬垫的磨损还会导致各构件非线性特性的恶化,降低自润滑关节轴承的稳定性。为研究织物衬垫磨损对自润滑关节轴承动力学响应的影响,文中建立了带间隙的自润滑关节轴承运动副矢量模型。首先,通过修正Lankarani-Nikravesh(L-N)法向接触力模型和改进的库仑摩擦力模型,对内外圈间隙处的碰撞力进行建模;然后,基于牛顿第二定律建立了含间隙的刚柔耦合动力学方程;最后,分析讨论不同织物衬垫磨损量和不同摩擦因数条件下含间隙的自润滑关节轴承传动系统的动力学特性,并利用相图和Poincare映射图分析了自润滑关节轴承的非线性特性。结果表明:随着织物衬垫磨损量的增加,自润滑关节轴承内圈和外圈的动力学行为表现出非线性特性;衬垫磨损量一定时,随着衬垫摩擦因数的增加,系统稳定性得到提高,抑制了混沌现象的发生。

聚能装药水下破坏双层靶板数值模拟研究

针对水下爆破舰船以及构筑物装药的高效要求,采用锆基非晶合金作为聚能装药药型罩材料,并采用有限元数值计算方法,对比分析了锆基非晶合金和传统紫铜材料作为药型罩对水下双层靶板毁伤性能分析。结果表明,锆基非晶合金材料药型罩聚能装药较之紫铜材料药型罩在金属射流速度上性能提升14.9%,破板后效(穿靶后射流剩余速度)提升37.3%,可为爆破钢结构构筑物提供参考。

填埋场复合衬垫界面动力剪切特性研究

填埋是我国生活垃圾的主要处置方式。复合衬垫系统作为污染物与外部环境之间的屏障,是现代生活垃圾填埋场的重要组成部分。复合衬垫界面的动力剪切强度较低,在地震作用下填埋场极易沿衬垫界面发生滑移,并进一步造成填埋场整体结构的失稳破坏。针对国内外现有填埋场中常见的糙面HDPE土工膜-压实黏土复合衬垫界面,利用大型界面动力直剪仪,开展了考虑剪切位移振幅因素影响的动力剪切试验,得到了糙面土工膜-压实黏土衬垫界面的应力-位移曲线及动剪切强度演化过程,并进一步分析了动剪切模量和动阻尼比的振幅相关性。通过与已有涉及其他类型衬垫界面的对比,分析了糙面土工膜-压实黏土作为填埋场复合衬垫的抗震有利因素。

制造氢气瓶内胆的电加热滚塑工艺参数的优化研究

在static bed模型的基础上为在PID控制模式下制造氢气瓶内胆的电加热滚塑工艺建立了一个传热模型,并通过FLUENT软件来仿真计算模具表面温度和模内温度以及加热时间和加热电能。这些仿真值与实测值都吻合得较好,从而验证了本文传热模型的准确性。然后应用该传热模型计算了在16种情形下停止加热时的模内温度以及加热时间和加热电能,并通过灰色关联度方法分析了PID模式的触发温度和初始加热功率的百分比对加热时间和加热电能的影响程度。结果表明,停止加热时的模内温度随初始加热功率的百分比变化较小,但随PID模式触发温度的升高而降低。加热时间和加热电能都是随着PID模式的触发温度的升高而减少。最优化的工艺参数是PID模式的触发温度取250℃且初始加热功率的百分比取90%。另外,PID模式的触发温度对加热时间和加热电能的影响程度都要大于初始加热功率的百分比对它们的影响程度。

合金灰口铸铁气缸套组织形貌与耐磨性研究

针对5种成分和组织的灰口铸铁气缸套,包括2种贝氏体铸铁气缸套和3种珠光体铸铁气缸套,全面分析了其成分、相组成及硬度等材料特性,将喷钼活塞环与5种合金灰口铸铁气缸套对磨,通过比较各配对副的摩擦磨损性能,获得了喷钼活塞环与5种合金灰口铸铁气缸套的匹配规律。研究结果表明:5种气缸套材料均为由硬质相、基体和石墨构成的复合耐磨结构,各组分的性能、分布及其配比,是决定耐磨性的关键因素。珠光体基体气缸套的磨损量相对稳定,气缸套与活塞环的相对磨损量正常;铸态贝氏体气缸套磨损较轻,配对活塞环的磨损量比珠光体气缸套大;贝氏体气缸套和活塞环的磨损均量很小。

纸质卷烟包装材料上机适用性研究进展

纸质卷烟包装材料是卷烟产品的重要组成部分,其在卷烟机上的适用性直接关系到卷烟产品的质量、生产效率及物料成本。本文分析了卷烟纸、接装纸、内衬纸、商标纸和框架纸5类主要纸质卷烟包装材料在卷烟产品生产过程中常见的问题,对纸质卷烟包装材料的上机适用性研究进行了总结,为卷烟企业和卷烟包装材料生产企业改善材料的上机适用性提供参考。