BACKGROUND： Myelination is a process whereby glial cells identify, adhere, wrap and enclose axons to form a spiral myelin sheath. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of action potential-simulated weak electric fie...BACKGROUND： Myelination is a process whereby glial cells identify, adhere, wrap and enclose axons to form a spiral myelin sheath. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of action potential-simulated weak electric fields on myelination in the central nervous system. DESIGN AND SETTING： This single-sample observation study was performed at the 324 Hospital of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS： Two 5 μm carbon fibers were provided by the Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. One Sprague Dawley rat, aged 1 day, was used. METHODS： Cerebral cortex was harvested from the rat to prepare a suspension [（1 2）× 10^5/mL] containing neurons and glial cells. To simulate the axon, carbon fibers were placed at the bottom of the neuron-glial cell coculture dish, and were electrified with a single phase square wave current, 1×10^-2, 1×10^-3, 1×10^-4, and 1×10^-5 seconds, 1 Hz, 40 mV, and 10 μA, 30 minutes each, once a day for 10 consecutive days to simulate weak negative electric fields during action potential conduction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Glial cell growth and wrapping of carbon fibers were observed by phase contrast microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： On culture day 7, cell groups were found to adhere to negative carbon fibers in the 1 × 10^-3 seconds square wave group. Cell membrane-like substances grew out of cell groups, wrapped the carbon fibers, and stretched to the ends of carbon fibers. Only some small and round cells close to negative carbon fibers were found on culture day 12. In the 1 × 10^-4 and 1 × 10^-3 seconds square wave groups, the negative carbon fibers were wrapped by oligodendrocytes or their progenitor cells. CONCLUSION： The local negative electric field which is generated by action potentials at 1×（10^-4-10^-3） seconds, 40 mV can directly initiate and participate in myelination in the central nervous system.展开更多
Recently we have studied the instant-form quantization (IFQ) and the light-front quantization (LFQ) of the conformally gauge-fixed Polyakov D1 brane action using the Hamiltonian and path integral formulations. The IFQ...Recently we have studied the instant-form quantization (IFQ) and the light-front quantization (LFQ) of the conformally gauge-fixed Polyakov D1 brane action using the Hamiltonian and path integral formulations. The IFQ is studied in the equal world-sheet time framework on the hyperplanes defined by the world-sheet time σ0=τ=constant and the LFQ in the equal light-cone world-sheet time framework, on the hyperplanes of the light-front defined by the light-cone world-sheet time σ+= (τ+σ) =constant. The light-front theory is seen to be a constrained system in the sense of Dirac in contrast to the instant-form theory. However, owing to the gauge anomalous nature of these theories, both of these theories are seen to lack the usual string gauge symmetries defined by the world-sheet reparametrization invariance (WSRI) and the Weyl invariance (WI). In the present work we show that these theories when considered in the presence of background gauge fields such as the NSNS 2-form gauge field Bαβ(σ,τ) or in the presence of U(1) gauge field Aα(σ,τ) and the constant scalar axion field C(σ,τ), then they are seen to possess the usual string gauge symmetries (WSRI and WI). In fact, these background gauge fields are seen to behave as the Wess-Zumino or Stueckelberg fields and the terms containing these fields are seen to behave as Wess-Zumino or Stueckelberg terms for these theories.展开更多
This paper determines the group structure of stabilizer of 2 x 2 matrix under similarity action over arbitrary field. Then, the cardinal number of any orbit is calculated over finite field.
Considering the finite actions of a field on the matter and the space which used to infiltrate their quantum reality at level particle, methods are developed to serve to base the concept of “intentional action” of a...Considering the finite actions of a field on the matter and the space which used to infiltrate their quantum reality at level particle, methods are developed to serve to base the concept of “intentional action” of a field and their ordered and supported effects (synergy) that must be realized for the “organized transformation” of the space and matter. Using path integrals, these transformations are decoded and their quantum principles are shown.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30170311Development Program of Chengdu Military Area Command of Chinese PLA during the Tenth-Five-Year Plan Period, No. 04A007
文摘BACKGROUND： Myelination is a process whereby glial cells identify, adhere, wrap and enclose axons to form a spiral myelin sheath. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of action potential-simulated weak electric fields on myelination in the central nervous system. DESIGN AND SETTING： This single-sample observation study was performed at the 324 Hospital of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS： Two 5 μm carbon fibers were provided by the Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. One Sprague Dawley rat, aged 1 day, was used. METHODS： Cerebral cortex was harvested from the rat to prepare a suspension [（1 2）× 10^5/mL] containing neurons and glial cells. To simulate the axon, carbon fibers were placed at the bottom of the neuron-glial cell coculture dish, and were electrified with a single phase square wave current, 1×10^-2, 1×10^-3, 1×10^-4, and 1×10^-5 seconds, 1 Hz, 40 mV, and 10 μA, 30 minutes each, once a day for 10 consecutive days to simulate weak negative electric fields during action potential conduction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Glial cell growth and wrapping of carbon fibers were observed by phase contrast microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： On culture day 7, cell groups were found to adhere to negative carbon fibers in the 1 × 10^-3 seconds square wave group. Cell membrane-like substances grew out of cell groups, wrapped the carbon fibers, and stretched to the ends of carbon fibers. Only some small and round cells close to negative carbon fibers were found on culture day 12. In the 1 × 10^-4 and 1 × 10^-3 seconds square wave groups, the negative carbon fibers were wrapped by oligodendrocytes or their progenitor cells. CONCLUSION： The local negative electric field which is generated by action potentials at 1×（10^-4-10^-3） seconds, 40 mV can directly initiate and participate in myelination in the central nervous system.
文摘Recently we have studied the instant-form quantization (IFQ) and the light-front quantization (LFQ) of the conformally gauge-fixed Polyakov D1 brane action using the Hamiltonian and path integral formulations. The IFQ is studied in the equal world-sheet time framework on the hyperplanes defined by the world-sheet time σ0=τ=constant and the LFQ in the equal light-cone world-sheet time framework, on the hyperplanes of the light-front defined by the light-cone world-sheet time σ+= (τ+σ) =constant. The light-front theory is seen to be a constrained system in the sense of Dirac in contrast to the instant-form theory. However, owing to the gauge anomalous nature of these theories, both of these theories are seen to lack the usual string gauge symmetries defined by the world-sheet reparametrization invariance (WSRI) and the Weyl invariance (WI). In the present work we show that these theories when considered in the presence of background gauge fields such as the NSNS 2-form gauge field Bαβ(σ,τ) or in the presence of U(1) gauge field Aα(σ,τ) and the constant scalar axion field C(σ,τ), then they are seen to possess the usual string gauge symmetries (WSRI and WI). In fact, these background gauge fields are seen to behave as the Wess-Zumino or Stueckelberg fields and the terms containing these fields are seen to behave as Wess-Zumino or Stueckelberg terms for these theories.
文摘This paper determines the group structure of stabilizer of 2 x 2 matrix under similarity action over arbitrary field. Then, the cardinal number of any orbit is calculated over finite field.
文摘Considering the finite actions of a field on the matter and the space which used to infiltrate their quantum reality at level particle, methods are developed to serve to base the concept of “intentional action” of a field and their ordered and supported effects (synergy) that must be realized for the “organized transformation” of the space and matter. Using path integrals, these transformations are decoded and their quantum principles are shown.
