Centennial Analysis of Human Activity Intensity and Associated Historical Events in Heilongjiang River Sino-Russo Watershed

Human activities in a transborder watershed are complex under the influence of domestic policies,international relations,and global events.Understanding the forces driving human activity change is important for the development of transborder watershed.In this study,we used global historical land cover data,the hemeroby index model,and synthesized major historical events to analyze how human activity intensity changed in the Heilongjiang River(Amur River in Russia)watershed(HLRW).The results showed that there was a strong spatial heterogeneity in the variation of human activity intensity in the HLRW over the past century(1900-2016).On the Chinese side,the human activity intensity change shifted from the plain areas for agricultural reclamation to the mountainous areas for timber extraction.On the Russian side,human activity intensity changes mostly concentrated along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline.Localized variation of human activity intensity tended to respond to regional events while regionalized variation tends to reflect national policy change or broad international events.The similarities and differences between China and Russia in policies and positions in international events resulted in synchronous and asynchronous changes in human activity intensity.Meanwhile,policy shifts were often confined by the natural features of the watershed.These results reveal the historical origins and fundamental connotations of watershed development and contribute to formulating regional management policies that coordinate population,eco-nomic,social,and environmental activities.

Mortality in relation to changes in physical activity in middle-aged to older Chinese:An 8-year follow-up of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study

Background:Physical activity(PA)is generally encouraged.Studies from developed countries in the West have shown that maintenance of adequate PA or increasing PA are associated with lower mortality risk.It is unclear whether these associations apply to an older Chinese population.Hence,we examined the changes in PA prospectively among a middle-aged and older Chinese population over an average of 4 years and explored their subsequent mortality risks.Methods:Metabolic equivalent scores of PA among participants in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study were calculated.Participants were divided into 3 groups related to PA level,and changes in PA were classified into 9 categories.Information on vital status and causes of death from March 2008 to December 2012(the first repeated examination)until December 31,2017,was obtained via record linkage with the Death Registry.Results:Of 18,104 participants aged 61.21±6.85 years(mean±SD),1461 deaths occurred within 141,417 person-years.Compared to participants who maintained moderate PA,those who decreased PA from moderate or high levels to a low level had increased risks for all-cause mortality(hazard ratio(HR)=1.47,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.11-1.96).Participants who maintained a high level of PA(HR=0.83,95%CI:0.70-0.98)or increased PA from low to high levels(HR=0.71,95%CI:0.52-0.97)showed lower all-cause mortality risks.Those who maintained low PA levels showed a higher all-cause mortality risk,whereas those who increased their PA levels showed a non-significantly lower risk.Similar results were found for cardiovascular disease risk.Conclusion:Even at an older age,maintaining a high PA level or increasing PA from low to high levels results in lower mortality risks,suggesting that substantial health benefits might be achieved by maintaining or increasing engagement in adequate levels of PA.The increased risk of maintaining a low PA level or decreasing PA to a low level warrants the attention of public health officials and clinicians.

Changes in cortical activation patterns accompanying somatosensory recovery in a stroke patient: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

The somatosensory system plays a crucial role in executing precise movements by providing sensory feedback （Farrer et al., 2003; Rabin and Gordon, 2004）. Somatosensory dys- function is a common problem following stroke. In partic- ular, somatosensory impairments, such as impairment in touch, proprioception, light touch, and vibration have been frequently observed （Carey et al., 1993; Sullivan and Hed- man, 2008; Tyson et al., 2008）. Patients with somatosensory dysfunction show negative effects on motor control, and it sometimes becomes difficult to perform daily activities independently.

Effects of mechanical activation on the structural changes and microstructural characteristics of the components of ferruginous quartzite beneficiation tailings

The effects of mechanical activation in a planetary mill on the structural changes and microstructural characteristics of the components of ferruginous quartzite beneficiation railings generated by wet magnetic separation process were studied using X-ray and laser diffraction methods. The results revealed the relationship between variations in the mean particle size of activated powders and the milling time. The crystallite size, microstrain, lattice parameters and unit cell volumes were determined for different milling times in powder samples of quartz, hematite, dolomite, and magnetite from the beneficiation tailings. The main trends in the variation of the crystallite size of quartz, hematite, dolomite, and magnetite as a function mean particle size of powder samples were revealed. Changes in the particle shape as a function of the activation time was also investigated.

Trends in gravity changes from 2009 to 2013 derived from ground-based gravimetry and GRACE data in North China

North China is a key region for studying geophysical progress. In this study, ground-based and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） gravity data from 2009 to 2013 are used to calculate the gravity change rate（GCR） using the polynomial fitting method. In general, the study area was divided into the Shanxi rift, Jing-Jin-Ji（Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Province）, and Bohai Bay Basin（BBB） regions. Results of the distribution of the GCR determined from ground-based gravimetry show that the GCR appears to be ＂negativepositive-negative＂ from west to east, which indicates that different geophysical mechanisms are involved in the tectonic activities of these regions. However, GRACE solutions are conducted over a larger spatial scale and are able to show a difference between southern and northern areas and a mass redistribution of land water storage.

Reconstructing Environmental Changes of a Coastal Lagoon with Coral Reefs in Southeastern Hainan Island

Coastal lagoons with small catchment basins are highly sensitive to natural processes and anthropogenic activities. To figure out the environmental changes of a coastal lagoon and its contribution to carbon burial, two sediment cores were collected in Xincun Lagoon, southeastern Hainan Island and (210) ~Pb activities, grain size parameters, total organic carbon(TOC), total nitrogen(TN), total inorganic carbon(TIC) and stable carbon isotopes(δ^(13)C) were measured. The results show that in 1770–1815, the decreasing water exchange capacity with outer open water, probably caused by the shifting and narrowing of the tidal inlet, not only diminished the currents and fined the sediments in the lagoon, but also reduced the organic matter of marine sources. From 1815 to 1950, the sedimentary environment of Xincun Lagoon was frequently influenced by storm events. These extreme events resulted in the high fluctuation of sediment grain size and sorting, as well as the great variation in contributions of terrestrial(higher plants, soils) and marine sources(phytoplankton, algae, seagrass). The extremely high content of TIC, compared to TOC before 1950 could be attributed to the large-scale coverage of coral reefs. However, with the boost of seawater aquaculture activities after 1970, the health growth of coral species was severely threatened, and corresponding production and inorganic carbon burial flux reduced. The apparent enhanced inorganic carbon burial rate after 1990 might result from the concomitant carbonate debris produced by seawater aquaculture. This result is important for local government long-term coastal management and environmental planning.

Protein Kinase Activity Changes in the Aging Brain

The aging process in mammals is correlated with changes in psychomotor performance, cognitive function, and ability to adapt to stress (Montgomery et al., 1982; Lorens et al., 1990). These changes may be related to alterations in neuronal tissue that occur during the aging process. The normal aging process may be conceived of as the neuronal cell’s increasing inability to maintain normal cellular function which ultimately results in a number of morphological and biochemical changes. Morphologically, there is a loss of neuronal cells with increasing age (Brizzee and

From Climate to Global Change:Following the Footprint of Prof.Duzheng YE's Research

To commemorate 100 years since the birth of Professor Duzheng YE, this paper reviews the contribution of Ye and his research team to the development from climate to global change science in the past 30 or so years, including：（1） the role of climate change in global change;（2） the critical time scales and predictability of global change;（3） the sensitive regions of global change—transitional zones of climate and ecosystems; and（4） orderly human activities and adaptation to global change, with a focus on the development of a proactive strategy for adaptation to such change.

Copper-Induced Changes in the Urea Uptake and Urease Activity in the Cyanobacteria Anabaena doliolum and Anacystis nidulans:Interaction With Sulphur Containing Amino Acids

Copper-induced changes in the urea uptake and urease activity have been investigated in the cyanobacteria Anabaena doliolum and Anacystis nidulans. Copper, at and above 5 μmol/L concentration, inhibited urea uptake and urease activity systems in both the cyanobacteria in a concentration dependent manner. However, the urea uptake and urease activity systems in A. nidulans appeared slightly more tolerant to copper than that of A.doliolum. The inhibitory effect of copper on urea uptake and urease activity was mitigated by sulphur containing amino acids (cystine and cysteine), however, methionine could not do so, indicating the involvement of sulfhydryl (-SH) groups in the assimilation of urea in cyanobacteria

The location of 5′-nucleotidase in seedling cells in Yunnan rice varieties and the change of enzyme activity after chilling injury

The seedlings of three rice varieties (Damagu,Ligeng 2, and Xiuzinuo) were cultivated at 25 ±1℃. After chilling injury (at 2~C), blacksediments of lead phosphate appeared on plas-

Analyses of spring mean circulations for major andminor dust storm years in China-Mongolia area

To better understand the dust storm (hereafter DS) inducing circulation in the China-Mongolia (CM) DS activity area,the spring mean circulation features and differences on lower levels in three subregions of the CM DS area for the majorandminor-DS years have,as a whole (not partly),been analyzed,utilizing the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalyzed gridded data,the observed DS frequency data in the CM area,and the composite analysis method.The main conclusions are as follows:(1) Judging from the differences in the DS-inducing systems,dust origins,paths of invading cold air,and main DS-strike areas,the whole CM DS area is roughly divided into the three subre-gions:the East-,Middleand West-CM subregions (in this paper,referred to as E-,M-,and W-CM).(2) In major DSs during spring over the E-CM,the middleand lower-level troughs or cyclones over the Japan Sea and northeastern China (NEC) domi-nate.The invading cold air along the northeastern (NE) or north by east (NE) path often causes the DS in the E-CM region.But nearly the opposite is true inminor DS during spring in E-CM.(3) In the major DS during spring over the M-CM region,the Mongolian troughs or cyclones are the main DS-inducing systems.The strong invading cold air along the northwestern (NW)or north by west (Nw) path causes the DSs in the M-CM region.(4) In the major DSs during spring over the W-CM region,the South Xinjiang heat lows prevail,the intruding cold air has a western path,and creates the DSs in South Xinjiang.(5) In the past 50 years,the DSs over the M-CM region have had the most severe impact on the preceding three subregions of the CM DS area.Overall,DS activities over all of three regions of the CM area decreased in the past (particularly,over Mand W-CM regions since the mid-1980s.But there existed a short and sudden increasing in E-CM in the years 2000-2002.(6) It is circulation changes and desertification evolutions that cause the yearly and decadal changes of DS in CM area,especially the former.With the backdrop of global warming in the future,perhaps the decreased DS activities over Mand W-CM will persist for some time again,and special attention should be paid to ones over E-CM or to the individual DS events over Mand W-CM.

The Kangding earthquake swarm of November, 2014

There was an earthquake swarm of two major events of MS6.3 and MS5.8 on the Xianshuihe fault in November, 2014. The two major earthquakes are both strike-slip events with aftershock zone along NW direction.We have analyzed the characteristics of this earthquake sequence. The b value and the h value show the significant variations in different periods before and after the MS5.8earthquake. Based on the data of historical earthquakes, we also illustrated the moderate-strong seismic activity on the Xianshuihe fault. The Kangding earthquake swarm manifests the seismic activity on Xianshuihe fault may be in the late seismic active period. The occurrence of the Kangding earthquake may be an adjustment of the strong earthquakes on the Xianshuihe fault. The Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the historical earthquakes were also given in this article. The results indicate that the earthquake swarm was encouraged by the historical earthquakes since1893, especially by the MS7.5 Kangding earthquake in1955. The Coulomb failure stress changes also shows the subsequent MS5.8 earthquake was triggered by the MS6.3earthquake.

Application and comparison of coaxial correlation diagram and hydrological model for reconstructing flood series under human disturbance

Intense human activities have greatly changed the flood generation conditions in most areas of the world, and have destroyed the consistency in the annual flood peak and volume series. For design flood estimation, coaxial correlation diagram and conceptual hydrological model are two frequently used tools to adjust and reconstruct the flood series under human disturbance. This study took a typical mountain catchment of the Haihe River Basin as an example to investigate the effects of human activities on flood regime and to compare and assess the two adjustment methods. The main purpose is to construct a conceptual hydrological model which can incorporate the effects of human activities. The results show that the coaxial correlation diagram is simple and widely-used, but can only adjust the time series of total flood volumes. Therefore, it is only applicable under certain conditions(e.g. There is a strong link between the flood peaks and volumes and the link is not significantly affected by human activities). The conceptual model is a powerful tool to adjust the time series of both flood peak flows and flood volumes over different durations provided that it is closely related to the catchment hydrological characteristics, specifically accounting for the effects of human activities, and incorporating expert knowledge when estimating or calibrating parameters. It is suggested that the two methods should be used together to cross check each other.

Empirical assessment of the role of the Sun in climate change using balanced multi-proxy solar records

The role of the Sun in climate change is hotly debated.Some studies suggest its impact is significant,while others suggest it is minimal.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)supports the latter view and suggests that nearly 100%of the observed surface warming from 1850–1900 to 2020 is due to anthropogenic emissions.However,the IPCC’s conclusions are based solely on computer simulations made with global climate models(GCMs)forced with a total solar irradiance(TSI)record showing a low multi-decadal and secular variability.The same models also assume that the Sun affects the climate system only through radiative forcing–such as TSI–even though the climate could also be affected by other solar processes.In this paper I propose three“balanced”multi-proxy models of total solar activity(TSA)that consider all main solar proxies proposed in scientific literature.Their optimal signature on global and sea surface temperature records is assessed together with those produced by the anthropogenic and volcanic radiative forcing functions adopted by the CMIP6 GCMs.This is done by using a basic energy balance model calibrated with a differential multi-linear regression methodology,which allows the climate system to respond to the solar input differently than to radiative forcings alone,and to evaluate the climate’s characteristic time-response as well.The proposed methodology reproduces the results of the CMIP6 GCMs when their original forcing functions are applied under similar physical conditions,indicating that,in such a scenario,the likely range of the equilibrium climate sensitivity(ECS)could be 1.4℃to 2.8℃,with a mean of 2.1℃(using the HadCRUT5 temperature record),which is compatible with the low-ECS CMIP6 GCM group.However,if the proposed solar records are used as TSA proxies and the climatic sensitivity to them is allowed to differ from the climatic sensitivity to radiative forcings,a much greater solar impact on climate change is found,along with a significantly reduced radiative effect.In this case,the ECS is found to be 0.9–1.8℃,with a mean of around 1.3℃.Lower ECS ranges(up to 20%)are found using HadSST4,HadCRUT4,and HadSST3.The result also suggests that at least about 80%of the solar influence on the climate may not be induced by TSI forcing alone,but rather by other Sun-climate processes(e.g.,by a solar magnetic modulation of cosmic ray and other particle fluxes,and/or others),which must be thoroughly investigated and physically understood before trustworthy GCMs can be created.This result explains why empirical studies often found that the solar contribution to climate changes throughout the Holocene has been significant,whereas GCM-based studies,which only adopt radiative forcings,suggest that the Sun plays a relatively modest role.

Progress and Perspectives of Ecosystem Services: A Review

According to the latest research of ecosystem service（ ES）,the background and connotation of ecosystem services were briefly summarized,the relationship among human activity,climate change,and biodiversity and ecosystem service function（ ESF） was synthetically analyzed,the research trends of ecosystem services function assessment（ ESFA） were discussed from multi-scale,and the perspectives was given based on the past studies. The ecological long-term location monitoring method based on the ESFA should be studied,evaluation index of ESFA should be further improved,and the ESF research on the arid region should be reinforced.

Variations of the Earth＇s rotation rate and cyclic processes in geodynamics

The authors analyzed the relationship between variations of the Earth＇s rotation rate and the geodynamic processes within the Earth＇s body, including seismic activity, The rotation rate of a planet determines its uniaxial compression along the axis of rotation and the areas of various surface elements of the body. The Earth＇s ellipticity variations, caused naturally by the rotation rate variations, are manifested in vertical components of precise GPS measurements. Comparative analysis of these variations is considered in view of modern theoretical ideas concerning the Earth＇s figure. The results justify further research that is of interest for improvement of space svstems and technologiesi.

Human activity over natural inputs determines the bacterial community in an ice core from the Muztag ata glacier

Ice core provides a valuable vertical timeline of past climates and anthropogenic activities.Environmental proxies have been widely used in these studies,but there are few biological indicators available.To address this gap,we investigated the bacterial community from a 74 m ice core of Muztag ata glacier on the Tibetan Plateau to link biological indicators with past climate and anthropogenic activities.By analyzing the portion of the ice core with environmental proxies available(corresponding to 1907 to 1991),we observed an increase in bacterial richness throughout the ice core,which was associated with higher NH_(4)^(+),an indicator of agricultural development.The bacterial community was jointly determined by human activity,natural input,and air temperature,with a strong human influence after the 1950s.Furthermore,the relative abundance of animal gut-associated bacteria,including Aerococcaceae,Nocardiaceae,Muribaculaceae,and Lachnospiraceae,was associated with livestock number changes in the Central Asian region.Together with other bacterial lineages,they jointly explained 59.8%of the livestock number changes.This study provides quantitative evidence of the associations between bacterial indicators and past climate and human activities,highlighting the potential of using bacterial proxies for ice core studies.