Active intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)is a novel and promising technology that is able to overcome the multiplicative fading introduced by passive IRS.In this paper,we consider the application of active IRS to non...Active intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)is a novel and promising technology that is able to overcome the multiplicative fading introduced by passive IRS.In this paper,we consider the application of active IRS to nonorthogonalmultiple access(NOMA)networks,where the incident signals are amplified actively through integrating amplifier to reflecting elements.More specifically,the performance of active/passive IRS-NOMA networks is investigated over large and small-scale fading channels.Aiming to characterize the performance of active IRSNOMA networks,the exact and asymptotic expressions of outage probability for a couple of users,i.e.,near-end user n and far-end user m are derived by exploiting a 1-bit coding scheme.Based on approximated analyses,the diversity orders of user n and user m are obtained for active IRS-NOMA.In addition,the system throughput of active IRS-NOMA is discussed in the delay-sensitive transmission.The simulation results are carried out to verify that:i)The outage behaviors of active IRS-NOMAnetworks are superior to that of passive IRS-NOMAnetworks;ii)As the reflection amplitude factors increase,the active IRS-NOMAnetworks are capable of furnishing the enhanced outage performance;and iii)The active IRS-NOMA has a larger system throughput than passive IRS-NOMA and conventional communications.展开更多
This paper analyzes the concept of Narcissism which stands behind the theory and critique of particular psychological manifestations of personality. I argue that this concept is essentially a trope of reflection and t...This paper analyzes the concept of Narcissism which stands behind the theory and critique of particular psychological manifestations of personality. I argue that this concept is essentially a trope of reflection and that reflection is thought of itself as itself which involves a ＂turning around upon oneself.＂ But we do not see ourselves as we actually are, or in our entirety as a physical entity; self knowledge is limited by our nature. What we do not see or attend to is glossed over with the idealizations that are attached to our interest and these are informed by instinctual, or unconscious, intent. The relation between self and other is both contained by and expressed in interpersonal and societal interaction, but still there is an inner aspect that remains sovereign and intimate. Societal values inform our identity, but cannot touch the inner self （or intimate self）. We only ever experience ourselves no matter how similar or intimate we are to others. Although physically different from others we mostly aim to be known （identified） in accordance with our own sense of value and self estimation, yet we do not escape judgment from others. One may resist any evidence or opinions about themselves from others that are not in accord with this sense of self value whilst easily accepting ideas and values to be true or accurate facts about them that they only wish to be true. From these two sources of ideas of oneself, internal and externally derived, we form a sense of ourself in comparison to ideal others. This sense of identity informs our actions and choices. We may continually monitor the effect our self-belief has on others and adjust our self-attitude accordingly. Or we may fail to see that others do not share those beliefs we have about ourselves （e.g., a job interview）. Narcissism is a human tendency to either exaggerate or underrate one＇s power or beauty and this leads to false self beliefs. These ideas about oneself are ego-syntonic, within the boundary of the ego, and are thus not （immediately） experienced as being false. Thus, the question as to what is real and what is imagined is at stake in considering how we reflect upon a self which is essentially also a reflection of how others see them. The concept of Narcissism involves this inviolable choice to act for ourself or for others＇ sake in the pursuit of freedom and satisfaction in social interactions. Taken as an axiologicaUy neutral mode of analysis, Narcissism illuminates the problem of being self in the world of others and goes to the possibility of self determination and knowledge. Specifically, I aim to show that self reflection is the key element of the idea or thought of self, but that form of reflection alone is not enough to ensure error since it is based on a fundamental illusion of ego integrity. However, the attentive mindfulness or open ideation of a purer form of thought which I term ＂active reflection＂ allows the possibility of new perspectives hitherto unavailable to the self to form, ensuring that rectification can proceed from experience展开更多
Design of ultra-wideband antennas is challenging in the stringent requirements that are often conflicting to achieve a wide impedance bandwidth while maintaining high radiation efficiency, uniform gain and compact siz...Design of ultra-wideband antennas is challenging in the stringent requirements that are often conflicting to achieve a wide impedance bandwidth while maintaining high radiation efficiency, uniform gain and compact size. A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna system can enhance the overall antenna performance but at having to overcome new challenges such as reducing the mutual coupling and the correlation between the elements. A printed circular disc compact planar antenna is selected in this work due to its UWB performance and compact size for the MIMO antenna system. A parametric analysis is carried out to achieve an optimal design. The system developed consists of two elements with an overall size of 59 × 27 mm. The designed antenna system operates over the whole of the UWB bandwidth from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with radiation efficiency up to 85% and reflection coefficients less that ?10 dB. The envelope correlation is less than ?60 dB throughout the UWB band while the diversity gain approaches 10 throughout the entire UWB bandwidth and Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) between the antenna elements is less ?11 dB. Thus the proposed MIMO antenna outperforms similar antenna systems reported in the literature.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 61901043.
文摘Active intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)is a novel and promising technology that is able to overcome the multiplicative fading introduced by passive IRS.In this paper,we consider the application of active IRS to nonorthogonalmultiple access(NOMA)networks,where the incident signals are amplified actively through integrating amplifier to reflecting elements.More specifically,the performance of active/passive IRS-NOMA networks is investigated over large and small-scale fading channels.Aiming to characterize the performance of active IRSNOMA networks,the exact and asymptotic expressions of outage probability for a couple of users,i.e.,near-end user n and far-end user m are derived by exploiting a 1-bit coding scheme.Based on approximated analyses,the diversity orders of user n and user m are obtained for active IRS-NOMA.In addition,the system throughput of active IRS-NOMA is discussed in the delay-sensitive transmission.The simulation results are carried out to verify that:i)The outage behaviors of active IRS-NOMAnetworks are superior to that of passive IRS-NOMAnetworks;ii)As the reflection amplitude factors increase,the active IRS-NOMAnetworks are capable of furnishing the enhanced outage performance;and iii)The active IRS-NOMA has a larger system throughput than passive IRS-NOMA and conventional communications.
文摘This paper analyzes the concept of Narcissism which stands behind the theory and critique of particular psychological manifestations of personality. I argue that this concept is essentially a trope of reflection and that reflection is thought of itself as itself which involves a ＂turning around upon oneself.＂ But we do not see ourselves as we actually are, or in our entirety as a physical entity; self knowledge is limited by our nature. What we do not see or attend to is glossed over with the idealizations that are attached to our interest and these are informed by instinctual, or unconscious, intent. The relation between self and other is both contained by and expressed in interpersonal and societal interaction, but still there is an inner aspect that remains sovereign and intimate. Societal values inform our identity, but cannot touch the inner self （or intimate self）. We only ever experience ourselves no matter how similar or intimate we are to others. Although physically different from others we mostly aim to be known （identified） in accordance with our own sense of value and self estimation, yet we do not escape judgment from others. One may resist any evidence or opinions about themselves from others that are not in accord with this sense of self value whilst easily accepting ideas and values to be true or accurate facts about them that they only wish to be true. From these two sources of ideas of oneself, internal and externally derived, we form a sense of ourself in comparison to ideal others. This sense of identity informs our actions and choices. We may continually monitor the effect our self-belief has on others and adjust our self-attitude accordingly. Or we may fail to see that others do not share those beliefs we have about ourselves （e.g., a job interview）. Narcissism is a human tendency to either exaggerate or underrate one＇s power or beauty and this leads to false self beliefs. These ideas about oneself are ego-syntonic, within the boundary of the ego, and are thus not （immediately） experienced as being false. Thus, the question as to what is real and what is imagined is at stake in considering how we reflect upon a self which is essentially also a reflection of how others see them. The concept of Narcissism involves this inviolable choice to act for ourself or for others＇ sake in the pursuit of freedom and satisfaction in social interactions. Taken as an axiologicaUy neutral mode of analysis, Narcissism illuminates the problem of being self in the world of others and goes to the possibility of self determination and knowledge. Specifically, I aim to show that self reflection is the key element of the idea or thought of self, but that form of reflection alone is not enough to ensure error since it is based on a fundamental illusion of ego integrity. However, the attentive mindfulness or open ideation of a purer form of thought which I term ＂active reflection＂ allows the possibility of new perspectives hitherto unavailable to the self to form, ensuring that rectification can proceed from experience
文摘Design of ultra-wideband antennas is challenging in the stringent requirements that are often conflicting to achieve a wide impedance bandwidth while maintaining high radiation efficiency, uniform gain and compact size. A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna system can enhance the overall antenna performance but at having to overcome new challenges such as reducing the mutual coupling and the correlation between the elements. A printed circular disc compact planar antenna is selected in this work due to its UWB performance and compact size for the MIMO antenna system. A parametric analysis is carried out to achieve an optimal design. The system developed consists of two elements with an overall size of 59 × 27 mm. The designed antenna system operates over the whole of the UWB bandwidth from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with radiation efficiency up to 85% and reflection coefficients less that ?10 dB. The envelope correlation is less than ?60 dB throughout the UWB band while the diversity gain approaches 10 throughout the entire UWB bandwidth and Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) between the antenna elements is less ?11 dB. Thus the proposed MIMO antenna outperforms similar antenna systems reported in the literature.
