Theoretical and experimental research on a new system of semi-active structural control with variable stiffness and damping

In this paper,a new system of semi active structural control with active variable stiffness and damping (AVSD) is suggested.This new system amplifies the structural displacement to dissipate more energy,and in turn,effectively reduces the structural response in the case of relatively small story drifts,which occur during earthquakes.A predictive instantaneous optimal control algorithm is established for a SDOF structure equipped with an AVSD system Comparative shaking table tests of a 1/4 scale single story structural model with a full scale control device have been conducted.From the experimental and analytical results,it is shown that when compared to structures without control or with the active variable stiffness control alone, the suggested system exhibits higher efficiency in controlling the structural response,requires less energy input,operates with higher reliability,and can be manufactured at a lower cost and used in a wider range of engineering applications.

Force Control Compensation Method with Variable Load Stiffness and Damping of the Hydraulic Drive Unit Force Control System

Each joint of hydraulic drive quadruped robot is driven by the hydraulic drive unit（HDU）, and the contacting between the robot foot end and the ground is complex and variable, which increases the difficulty of force control inevitably. In the recent years, although many scholars researched some control methods such as disturbance rejection control, parameter self-adaptive control, impedance control and so on, to improve the force control performance of HDU, the robustness of the force control still needs improving. Therefore, how to simulate the complex and variable load characteristics of the environment structure and how to ensure HDU having excellent force control performance with the complex and variable load characteristics are key issues to be solved in this paper. The force control system mathematic model of HDU is established by the mechanism modeling method, and the theoretical models of a novel force control compensation method and a load characteristics simulation method under different environment structures are derived, considering the dynamic characteristics of the load stiffness and the load damping under different environment structures. Then, simulation effects of the variable load stiffness and load damping under the step and sinusoidal load force are analyzed experimentally on the HDU force control performance test platform, which provides the foundation for the force control compensation experiment research. In addition, the optimized PID control parameters are designed to make the HDU have better force control performance with suitable load stiffness and load damping, under which the force control compensation method is introduced, and the robustness of the force control system with several constant load characteristics and the variable load characteristics respectively are comparatively analyzed by experiment. The research results indicate that if the load characteristics are known, the force control compensation method presented in this paper has positive compensation effects on the load characteristics variation, i.e., this method decreases the effects of the load characteristics variation on the force control performance and enhances the force control system robustness with the constant PID parameters, thereby, the online PID parameters tuning control method which is complex needs not be adopted. All the above research provides theoretical and experimental foundation for the force control method of the quadruped robot joints with high robustness.

Variable stiffness control algorithm for high-rising buildings of closely spaced frequencies based on wavelet transforms

To establish the algorithm of SAT-TMD system with the wavelet transform(WT),the modal mass participation ratio is proposed to distinguish if the high-rising structure has the characteristic of closely distributed frequencies.A time varying analytical model of high-rising structure such as TV-tower with the SAT-TMD is developed.The proposed new idea is to use WT to identify the dominant frequency of structural response in a segment time,and track its variation as a function of time to retune the SAT-TMD.The effectiveness of SAT-TMD is investigated and it is more robust to change in building stiffness and damping than that of the TMD with a fixed frequency corresponding to a fixed mode frequency of the building.It is proved that SAT-TMD is particularly effective in reducing the response even when the building stiffness is changed by ±15%;whereas the TMD loses its effectiveness under such building stiffness variations.

Seismic response of controlled structures with active multiple tuned mass dampers

Active multiple tuned mass dampers （referred to as AMTMD）, which consist of several active tuned mass dampers （ATMDs） with identical stiffness and damping coefficients but varying mass and control force, have recently been proposed to suppress undesirable oscillations of structures under ground acceleration. It has been shown that the AMTMD can remarkably improve the performance of multiple tuned mass dampers （MTMDs） and is also more effective in reducing structure oscillation than single ATMDs. Notwithstanding this, good performance of AMTMD （including a single ATMD illustrated from frequency-domain analysis） may not necessarily translate into a good seismic reduction behavior in the time-domain. To investigate these phenomena, a three-story steel structure model controlled by AMTMD with three ATMDs was implemented in SIMULINK and subjected to several historical earthquakes. Likewise, the structure under consideration was assumed to have uncertainty of stiffness, such as 4-15% of its initial stiffness, in the numerical simulations. The optimum design parameters of the AMTMD were obtained in the frequency-domain by implementing the minimization of the minimum values of the maximum dynamic magnification factors （DMF） of general structures with AMTMD. For comparison purposes, response analysis of the same structure with a single ATMD was also performed. The numerical analysis and comparison show that the AMTMD generally renders better effectiveness when compared with a single ATMD for structures subjected to historical earthquakes. In particular, the AMTMD can improve the effectiveness of a single ATMD for a structure with an uncertainty of stiffness of 4-15% of its initial stiffness.

A buffering method for quadruped robots based on active impedance control

Compared with wheeled or tracked robots,legged robots exhibit advantages on agile locomotion and higher survival chance for deadly impacts. A buffering strategy is proposed for quadruped robots with non-extreme initial attitudes from the end of air-righting to the steady standing on the ground.This approach consists of landing phase,buffering phase and recovering phase. The variable stiffness control,proportional-derivative( PD) force control and foot trajectory planning are applied to the joints of quadruped robots until the end of the recovering phase. The PD parameters are tuned according to the desired performance of each phase. The above approach is verified on a virtual platform.

Test and numerical simulation of a new type of hybrid control technique

In this paper, a new hybrid control technique, based on a combination of base-isolation and semi-active variable stiffness/damping in a superstructure, is presented. To illustrate the efficiency of the proposed control system, model tests on a mini-electromagnetic shaking table and a numerical simulation were performed. The test and numerical calculation results indicate that this new hybrid control mode with additional damping and smaller additional stiffness can achieve a better control efficiency.

形状记忆合金弹簧隔振系统主动控制实验设计

为探索振动系统在结构和参数变化时的实验现象和实验特征,基于被动隔振实验台,设计了具有弹簧温度和激振频率自动采集功能的形状记忆合金弹簧变阻尼主动控制系统,对形状记忆合金弹簧的刚度和阻尼随温度变化的振动特性进行分析。结果表明,在不同激振频率下,形状记忆合金弹簧阻尼比随着温度的升高而增大,刚度随着温度的升高而降低。通过弹簧温度自动调节对隔振系统进行控制,从而实现形状记忆合金弹簧的变频动态减振。该研究结果可用于形状记忆合金弹簧在特定载荷下的减振特性标定。

基于变刚度的自动制孔末端执行器半主动振动控制方法研究

自动制孔机器人末端执行器在制孔过程中会产生轴向振动,甚至会引起机体颤振,导致制孔精度降低,因此提出一种变刚度半主动振动控制方法。首先在分析各参数对振动控制器绝对位移传递率影响的基础上,优化了无扰动情况下的被动系统参数,并对其振动控制效果进行了仿真;然后运用绝对位移传递率图像特征分析法,获得激励频率与位移传递率的关系,通过调节吸振器刚度,使振动控制器的位移传递率随激励频率变化保持在最佳状态;最后运用MATLAB仿真验证了该方法的可行性。

斜盘式恒压变量柱塞泵动态特性研究

该文针对变量泵压力控制元件对变量泵的压力输出特性进行研究,通过模拟仿真研究压力控制阀上阻尼孔尺寸和弹簧刚度的影响规律。研究结果表明阻尼孔尺寸增加,减小变量泵输出压力的稳定时间,同时增大变量泵的泄漏量,压力输出偏差也会增大;调压弹簧刚度增加导致变量泵压力响应速度降低,同时泵的输出压力偏差会有所增大。

电磁轴承支承的船舶推进轴系纵向振动变刚度控制方法研究

船舶推进轴系纵向非定常激励激发壳体结构振动和辐射噪声,严重影响航行隐蔽性。针对这一问题,结合电磁轴承支承特性主动可控优势,首先提出了一种采用电磁轴承支承的推进轴系结构,然后推导了含推力电磁轴承结构及控制参数的轴系纵向振动频率方程,最后提出了一种基于纵向激励频率的变刚度控制方法。仿真结果表明,在推力电磁轴承可变等效刚度范围内,增大控制器比例系数,可有效提高轴系一阶纵向固有频率,对高阶纵向固有频率影响不大;轴系在不同转速下工作时可以选用不同比例系数,实时调节轴系纵向振动传递特性,有效减小纵向激励向壳体传递。

基于变论域模糊控制的时变结构震动控制方法研究

针对传统工程震动控制领域控制对象均为确定结构,未考虑实际结构在地震的过程中及地震前可能会发生的刚度退化、质量降低问题,该文章以时变三层框架结构作为被控对象,在传统模糊控制算法的基础上引入变论域法,建立了基于变论域模糊控制的时变结构震动控制方法。通过在传统主模糊控制器增设伸缩因子模糊控制器,将被控对象的误差及误差变化率作为输入,伸缩因子作为输出,根据被控对象的误差及误差变化率自适应调整主模糊控制器的模糊论域。SIMULINK软件仿真结果表明,所提出的控制方法能实现模糊控制论域自适应调整,针对时变结构位移、速度、加速度的控制效果均优于传统模糊控制和ON-OFF控制算法,具有一定工程应用前景。

磁流变动力系统变刚度变阻尼扭转吸振研究

磁流变变刚度变阻尼扭转动力吸振器(MR-VSDTVB)为实现动力传动系统扭转振动的有效半主动控制提供了思路.为此,建立了可变刚度和阻尼的汽车动力系统扭转振动动力学模型,加速工况下研究磁流变吸振器不同刚度和阻尼对系统输出响应的影响规律;进而,基于AMEsim和MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真,分析动力系统在加速工况下半主动控制对系统扭转振动的抑制效果,验证磁流变变刚度变阻尼扭转动力吸振器对动力传动系统扭转振动抑制的有效性.

大型风电机组主动减振电气控制方法综述

为了延缓风力机振动、延长机组寿命和提高运行稳定性,设计电气控制系统实现大型变速变桨风电机组的主动减振具有重要的现实意义。在风力机振动模态分析的基础上,围绕风轮叶片、塔架和传动链这3种主要零部件的主动减振控制方法展开综述,并详细分析独立变桨距控制和阻尼控制在风力机减振控制中的应用。研究结果表明:独立变桨距控制可有效缓解风轮不平衡载荷、改善叶片振动问题;阻尼控制通过变桨距控制和转矩控制提供附加电气阻尼信号,可增大塔架和传动链的等效阻尼,从而达到减小振动的目的。由于风力机振动模态之间的耦合关系,设计减振控制方法时需考虑风电机组整体的优化协调问题,结合独立变桨距控制和阻尼控制,兼顾叶片、塔架和传动链的协调减振,是值得进一步研究的问题。

结构主动变刚度控制中的若干问题

探讨了主动变刚度 (AVS)控制算法中地震信息预测和控制性能指标选择等问题 ,并通过算例研究了主动变刚度控制的效能和相关的影响因素 ,如结构阻尼、时滞以及主动变刚度控制元件布置等 .结果表明 :主动变刚度控制是一种易于工程应用的结构减震方法 ,通过合理措施 ,可达到经济。

可变刚度和阻尼的半主动馈能悬架隔振性能

首先,以单自由度1/4车辆模型为研究对象,对其地面激励和外力激励幅频特性进行分析。然后,基于天棚控制方法设计了开关阻尼控制算法,定义了9种控制模式。最后,以正弦激励和随机激励作为输入,采用Matlab/Simulink进行性能仿真对比分析,结果表明:两个阻尼器都是on-off状态对应的工作模式,可以使悬架系统表现出良好的隔振性能。

刚度和阻尼系数对LQG控制主动悬架控制的影响分析

分别基于半车4自由度线性与非线性车辆模型,设计了主动悬架LQG控制器,并通过理论推导和数值仿真解析了刚度和阻尼系数对悬架控制的影响。线性模型理论推导表明,LQG控制主动悬架系统的Ricatti方程的解与刚度和阻尼系数无关,进而得出了该主动悬架的时域响应与刚度和阻尼系数无关的结论。线性模型数值仿真表明,由刚度和阻尼系数产生的被动力与主动控制力组成的整体控制力相互独立且不受刚度和阻尼系数的影响;主动控制力的全局阻尼特性随着其并联阻尼的增加而明显由正特性转变为负特性。针对通用的非线性车辆模型,通过控制系统线性化、线性化后控制系统LQG控制器设计及控制反线性化这3个环节完成非线性主动悬架的LQG控制设计。设计过程表明,非线性刚度和阻尼系数的力作用在控制系统线性化和控制反线性化中被抵消,使得悬架的整体控制力不受此两系数的影响,说明以上线性主动悬架的研究结论也适用于具有非线性刚度和阻尼特性的主动悬架。

冲击载荷下磁流变变刚度变阻尼缓冲系统减振控制

针对传统缓冲着陆装置阻尼刚度不可调节的局限性,提出采用基于磁流变技术的自适应变阻尼变刚度缓冲装置。首先从理论上研究了采用磁流变阻尼器实现刚度阻尼等效控制的原理,分析了刚度阻尼调节范围;进而设计了基于能量守恒原理和天棚阻尼控制技术的飞行器缓冲着陆的自适应控制器,最后通过数值分析考察缓冲器和控制策略的有效性。分析结果表明,与被动缓冲装置相比,基于磁流变技术的缓冲装置不仅能降低着陆冲击过程的峰值载荷,而且需要的行程也较小,表明设计的缓冲装置和控制策略是有效的。

基于MRE的变刚度变阻尼减振器设计研究

针对磁流变弹性体材料的变刚度及变阻尼特性,将其成功应用于半主动控制减振器研究中。设计专用磁场发生夹具,制备了具有良好磁流变效应的磁流变弹性体材料,并对其力学性能参数进行测试;根据磁流变弹性体材料在挤压工作模式和剪切工作模式的特性,设计了刚度、阻尼均可变化的减振器,并利用有限元软件对该设计方案进行电磁场仿真分析;试制减振器原理样机,在INSTRON万能拉压试验机上,测试其在不同磁感应强度下的变刚度变阻尼特性。试验结果表明:在模拟半主动控制策略下其动刚度变化最大可达55.4%,阻尼变化可达214.3%,证明了该设计方案的可行性。

主动变刚度/阻尼控制算法研究

建立了主动变刚度／阻尼（ＡＶＳＤ）控制系统的理论模型；基于瞬时最优控制算法推导了ＡＶＳＤ系统的开关控制律，并从控制结构的层间位移出发提出了一种直接根据结构动力反应符号确定的开关控制律。对这两种控制律进行了计算机仿真分析，研究了控制装置的参数对控制效果的影响规律，并比较了这两种控制律的控制效果。

基于半主动悬架侧倾力矩分配的侧向稳定性控制

鉴于利用阻尼可调半主动悬架进行侧倾力矩分配控制缺乏完善的理论依据,根据调节阻尼以实现变刚度变阻尼悬架的思路,将磁流变减振器(MRD)半主动悬架视为变刚度变阻尼的悬架系统,无需对结构进行修改。建立了整车转向和悬架综合非线性模型,采用二次非线性轮胎模型以构建转向和悬架的关联,以中性转向为控制目标设计了侧倾力矩分配系数ε的非线性控制器,同时设计了3个模糊控制器以控制车身姿态,并将ε和车身姿态控制相结合,通过解耦运算得到控制4个车轮处磁流变减振器的控制力。仿真结果证实了所提控制策略的有效性。进行侧倾力矩分配控制的MRD半主动悬架不仅实现了良好的操纵稳定性,同时也保持了较好的平顺性。