Mass scale screening of common arboviral infections by an affordable,cost effective RT-PCR method

Objective:To develop a rapid,cost effective RT-PCR method for the mass scale diagnosis of such diseases at the vireraia stage to find out the actual disease burden in that area.Methods:For this purpose,cases with the history of only short febrile illness were considered.Thus 157 samples with the history of dengue/chikungunya like illness and only 58 samples with a history of acute encephalitis syndrome(AES)were selected.Results:Out of 157 samples,42 and 74 were detected as dengue and chikungunya,respectively and out of 58 AES cases only 23 could be detected as Japanese encephalitis by this RT-PCR method.Conclusions:This cost effective RT-PCR method can detect the total positive cases that remain undetected by EL1SA method.Moreover,this method is capable to detect the viral RNA from patients'sera even after the appearance of IgM antibody at one fifth costs as compared with the other commercially available kits.

An ideal point method adopting grey relational entropy to estimate life cycle cost with effectiveness of torpedo

To making the decision of the developing blue prints,ideal point method was selected to estimate the life cycle cost with effectiveness of torpedo.At the same time,the concept of grey relational entropy of the grey system theory was adopted to compute the distance between each blue print and the ideal point(or negative ideal point).The blue print,nearest to the ideal point and farthest to the negative ideal point,is the best one.As an example,four blue prints of torpedo were estimated.The result indicates the practical value of this method.

A Review of Deepwater Pipeline Construction in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico-Contracts, Cost, and Installation Methods

The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi.

Analysis of Appraising Agricultural Intangible Asset Value by Cost Method

On the basis of describing the connotation of agricultural intangible asset and cost method,the technical ideas of appraising by cost method are introduced.The article analyzes the advantages(simple appraisal principle and easy to understand and grasp;overall consideration of various factors related to appraisal result value) and disadvantages(high appraisal cost;difficult to appraise and grasp various appraisal factors) of appraising by cost method.The article also summarizes the precondition of appraising by cost method:it is applicable to appraise the agricultural intangible asset which can be reproduced and afresh developed.Based on the cognition of agricultural intangible asset and the relevant rules of Ministry of Finance on appraisal of intangible asset by using cost method,the model of appraising agricultural intangible asset by cost method is constructed.That is:agricultural intangible asset value = replacement cost of agricultural intangible asset ×newness rate + opportunity cost of agricultural intangible asset.Determine and analyze parameters of the model,in order to offer references for appraisers to appraise agricultural intangible asset value more reasonably.

Natural Monopoly and Mixed Ownership Reform--Based on Natural Experiment and Cost Function Analysis Method

Despite a multitude of theoretical discussions on China's mixed ownership reform, very few studies have addressed realistic questions concerning the implementation of the reform. The Resolutions of the Third Plenum of the 18 th CPC Central Committee and other reform strategies have outlined the reform of sectors with natural monopoly, including urban public utility sectors. The question is how mixed ownership reform should be carried out in sectors of natural monopoly, or which public utilities sectors should enjoy priority of mixed ownership reform. To answer this question, this paper employs data of large public utility enterprises in China from 1998 to 2008, and estimates the natural monopoly attribute at the industry level and corporate total factor productivity(TFP) using cost function analysis method excluding the impact of product price factor. Based on the difference-indifferences-in-differences(DDD) method of natural experiment, an empirical test is carried out for the relationship among natural monopoly, mixed ownership reform and corporate productivity. Our results suggest that:(1) Statistically, mixed ownership reform cannot significantly increase corporate TFP in sectors with natural monopoly;(2) mixed ownership reform should not be carried out indiscriminately on a nationwide basis and for all public utilities sectors. Such an attempt of reform without distinguishing natural monopoly and the level of competitiveness is fraught with policy uncertainties;(3) relative to sectors with natural monopoly, corporate productivity in competitive sectors after mixed ownership reform will improve more significantly and enjoy greater "policy dividends" of institutional reform. Therefore, mixed ownership reform should be carried out first in competitive sectors.

Modem Cost Management in the Transport Company Through the Activity-Based Costing （ABC） Method

Road transport is a flexible mode of transport and its importance in era of globalization increases. Management of road transport companies is, in this turbulent environment, exposed to many technical, legislative, and economic problems. Especially, the growing economic pressure leads to an urgent requirement of the manager and control system improvement. Activity-based costing （ABC） method is a very powerful tool to improve products, services, processes, and market strategies. ABC allows company management to understand what causes costs and how to manage them. Company under this scheme may get a glimpse of how efficiently a company converts the source value. The main objective of our research was to assess the possibility of application of the ABC method in a transport undertaking. ABC method as a fundamentally different view on the cost in the transport business helps to find the reasons of cost and thereby influences their levels to make better use of resources.. New managerial accounting methods aim to show management what information is needed, how and where this information can be obtained, and how they can be useful for the management of the company＇s proper planning, decision-making, and control. Information provided by management accounting is often a key factor in the analysis of alternative ways of solving problems. This article focuses on the transport enterprise management and helps to decide on the use of this method in business practice.

Distribution Network Equipment Location and Capacity Planning Method Considering Energy Internet Attribute from the Perspective of Life Cycle Cost

For facing the challenges brought by large-scale renewable energy having access to the system and considering the key technologies of energy Internet,it is very necessary to put forward the location method of distribution network equipment and capacity from the perspective of life cycle cost.Compared with the traditional energy network,the equipment capacity problem of energy interconnected distribution network which involves in electricity network,thermal energy network and natural gas network is comprehensively considered in this paper.On this basis,firstly,the operation architecture of energy interconnected distribution network is designed.Secondly,taking the grid connection location and configuration capacity of key equipment in the system as the control variables and the operation cost of system comprehensive planning in the whole life cycle as the goal,the equipment location and capacity optimization model of energy interconnected distribution network is established.Finally,an IEEE 33 bus energy mutual distribution grid system is taken for example analysis,and the improved chaotic particle swarmoptimization algorithm is used to solve it.The simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper is suitable for the equipment location and capacity planning of energy interconnected distribution network,and it can effectively improve the social and economic benefits of system operation.

Application of Earned Value Method in Project Cost Management and Schedule Management

At present,with the rapid development of China's economy,the development of the construction industry has made a new breakthrough.Project management requires the construction industry to continuously play its role and value in improving the ability of project management.Earned value method,which is an important way in the field of project management,enables whole project management to rise to a new height.The specific principle of earned value method will be elaborated by fully introducing the specific role of earned value method in engineering projects to provide a reference and basis for practitioners to improve their management ability.

Comparative Analysis for Evaluating Wind Energy Resources Using Intelligent Optimization Algorithms and Numerical Methods

Statistical distributions are used to model wind speed,and the twoparameters Weibull distribution has proven its effectiveness at characterizing wind speed.Accurate estimation of Weibull parameters,the scale(c)and shape(k),is crucial in describing the actual wind speed data and evaluating the wind energy potential.Therefore,this study compares the most common conventional numerical(CN)estimation methods and the recent intelligent optimization algorithms(IOA)to show how precise estimation of c and k affects the wind energy resource assessments.In addition,this study conducts technical and economic feasibility studies for five sites in the northern part of Saudi Arabia,namely Aljouf,Rafha,Tabuk,Turaif,and Yanbo.Results exhibit that IOAs have better performance in attaining optimal Weibull parameters and provided an adequate description of the observed wind speed data.Also,with six wind turbine technologies rating between 1 and 3MW,the technical and economic assessment results reveal that the CN methods tend to overestimate the energy output and underestimate the cost of energy($/kWh)compared to the assessments by IOAs.The energy cost analyses show that Turaif is the windiest site,with an electricity cost of$0.016906/kWh.The highest wind energy output is obtained with the wind turbine having a rated power of 2.5 MW at all considered sites with electricity costs not exceeding$0.02739/kWh.Finally,the outcomes of this study exhibit the potential of wind energy in Saudi Arabia,and its environmental goals can be acquired by harvesting wind energy.

基于机器学习的成本法在专利价值评估中的应用研究--以“新能源汽车”为例

[目的/意义]构建基于机器学习的成本法专利价值评估方法,快速识别海量专利的实际成本,并预测其价值区间,在为专利价值评估提供新研究思路的同时,也为专利转移转化定价提供了参考借鉴。[方法/过程]通过Innography数据库与Incopat数据库下载“新能源汽车”领域多指标专利数据,提取专利成本影响因素与专利价值影响因素,并形成专利数据训练集与专利数据预测集;构建AutoGluon机器学习分类算法,将包含成本数据的Innography专利数据训练集导入模型进行训练,并将训练好的模型对Incopat专利数据预测集进行成本预测;最后使用成本法并结合本研究提出的专利价值指数对预测结果进行计算,估算其价格区间。[结果/结论]通过实证分析与结果验证可知,本研究构建的基于机器学习的成本法专利价值评估方法在预测专利价值区间中具备一定有效性,为促进专利价值评估研究深化及专利转移转化定价实践发展提供了参考。

基于合成控制法的DRG改革对住院费用的影响——以北京市三级公立医院为例

目的:分析DRG改革对北京市三级公立医院例均住院总费用及其增速、内部结构的短期效应与长期影响。方法:基于2009—2018年北京市三级公立医院住院费用的年度报表数据,采用合成控制法分析2011年的DRG改革对例均住院总费用及各项费用占比的影响。结果:与未试点的医院相比,短期内试点医院的例均住院总费用有所降低,药占比下降显著,耗材费用占比增速下降明显,手术、治疗、护理费用占比有所下降,检查、化验费用占比略有上升。长期看,试点医院例均住院总费用与增速超过非试点医院,药占比、手术、治疗、护理费用占比低于非试点医院,耗材费用占比大幅提高,检查、化验费用占比呈现较强的个体差异性。结论:DRG改革短期内对控制费用增长具有积极作用,长期效果有待改善,费用结构有待优化;未来应从发挥“双中心”的多元作用、与三级公立医院绩效考核结合、提高体现医生技术劳动价值的收入等方面完善DRG改革。

贸易自由化与中国出口农产品质量:基于双边贸易成本的研究

出口农产品质量直接关系农产品出口的长远发展。基于双边贸易成本的视角,利用中国与127个贸易伙伴847种农产品的数据,运用回归反推法测算了中国出口农产品的质量水平,并从理论和实证两个方面分析了贸易自由化对中国出口农产品质量的影响。研究发现,样本期间,中国出口农产品质量呈波动上升趋势,且贸易自由化总体上可显著促进中国出口农产品质量的提高,但对出口到不同收入组国家农产品质量的影响存在显著差异。具体而言,贸易自由化对中国出口到埃塞俄比亚等低收入组国家农产品质量的促进作用最为显著,对出口到孟加拉等中等偏低收入组和日本高收入组国家农产品质量的促进作用次之,对出口到印度尼西亚等中等偏高收入组国家的农产品质量反而具有阻碍作用。

基于组合赋权法与TOPSIS法的砌体结构加固方案优选

砌体加固方案优选方法对实际工程遴选方案具有重要意义。为此建立了组合赋权法与TOPSIS法相结合的砌体结构加固方案优选方法,引入加固效费比模型,以效费比值为定量指标,以施工工期、施工技术、效果、整体效应4个因素作为定性指标,建立砌体结构抗震加固优选方案指标体系。以某教学楼为例,运用G1-COWA组合赋权法与TOPSIS法,求出该结构最佳加固方案为板墙加固方案。结果表明:所提出的优选方法具有一定的实用性和有效性,也适用于一般砌体加固改造工程;优选方法能根据既有结构的基本信息,科学便捷地决策出最佳方案,为砌体结构的加固设计实施提供更科学的技术支撑。

工程造价超预算的原因分析和控制方法研究

在工程项目实施过程中,工程造价控制成为项目管理中的关键环节。本文从工程造价预算控制有益于项目顺利结算、有利于项目合理投入、有助于减少变更数量三个方面阐述了其意义。提出了造成超预算是因为施工组织设计脱离实际、工程施工进度失去控制、项目成本管理缺乏力度三个主要原因,提出了相应的控制方法,应严审施工组织设计以减少施工变更、严控工程施工进度以降低延期消耗、强化预算控制意识以提升投入效能。

铁路数据资产流通价值下数据资产定价

随着大数据技术的发展,数据作为生产要素在经济中起到关键作用,企业逐渐开始利用大数据通过各种方式赋能,以求能给企业带来更大利益。交通是经济建设的“先行官”,铁路是交通体系的重要一环,其积累的大量数据资源具有极高的应用价值。铁路信息数据化的底层逻辑是通过对数据的开发和对数据进行二次分析,将数据跨行业、跨系统传递利用,从而推动数据价值的增值。本文结合铁路数据动态性复杂、保密性强等特点,挖掘铁路数据资产定价的影响因素,通过对传统定价方法进行改进,结合AHP分析法构建出更切合实际的铁路数据资产价值评估模型。

城市物流枢纽经济规划技术方法与实践

枢纽经济已成为国家及省市关注的发展重点,但目前其顶层设计和规划编制体系尚未建立。基于国家、省、市已出台的有关政策文件,从货运物流的角度论证物流、枢纽和经济的关联性,从物流成本的角度指出物流枢纽经济衔接不畅是造成物流成本偏高的关键因素,其根源之一即交通规划、物流规划和产业规划3类规划缺乏融合,未能形成合力。以现有研究为基础,提出物流枢纽经济规划编制总体框架,明确量化分析、集聚发展、多式联运、产业耦合和政策配套5大技术要点,并结合湖北襄阳的规划实践探索具体方法,助力枢纽经济发展壮大。

中国社会物流成本占GDP比重下降成因实证研究——基于因素分析法

为探究2004—2022年中国社会物流成本占GDP比重趋于下降的成因,在物流成本分类基础上对社会物流成本占GDP比重作了指标分解,并采用差额分析法测算物流需求系数、货物单位价值、平均运输距离、物流费率的变动对社会物流成本占GDP比重变化的影响。研究发现,2022年中国社会物流成本占GDP比重相比2004年有所降低,主要源于运输成本占GDP比重的下降和货物单位价值的提高,而物流需求系数、平均运输距离、物流费率的变动均使社会物流成本占GDP比重上升;在运输费率、保管费率、管理费率中,只有运输费率的变动起到了降低社会物流成本占GDP比重的作用;物流需求系数以2013年为拐点先升后降,其影响社会物流成本占GDP比重变化的方向发生了阶段性转折。降低社会物流成本占GDP比重绝不能通过去工业化或过度追求经济服务化的方式实现,而必须在保持制造业比重基本稳定的前提下稳步推进。同时,还须妥善处理好物流服务质量与成本的关系,从两者最佳组合上谋求物流效益的提高,防止物流降成本以牺牲服务质量为代价。展望未来,中国社会物流成本占GDP比重仍有继续下降的空间与潜力,可从结构优化、制度改革、科技赋能、资源整合、供应链协同等方面入手,采取合理有效措施进一步降低社会物流成本占GDP比重。

一种交替极永磁游标电机设计与分析

提出了一种使用低成本铁氧体磁体的交替极永磁游标电机(CPPMVM).介绍了该电机拓扑结构,提出了基于特定磁导函数的等效磁场模型来推导主磁密、调制磁密和反电动势.通过解析法和有限元法分析该电机电磁性能、气隙磁密和谐波分布.结果表明:与常规表贴式永磁游标电机(SPMVM)相比,所提出的交替极永磁游标电机机械结构简单、成本低、谐波调制作用有效、转矩密度高、抗退磁能力强.

装配式钢结构住宅成本管理研究

为科学有效地管理和控制装配式钢结构住宅的成本,从成本发生的源头入手,识别并筛选出25个影响因素,构建了基于解释结构模型的装配式钢结构住宅成本影响指标体系,清晰直观地分析各因素之间的相互影响关系。同时,引入理想点法计算各因素的组合权重,以此得出了主要的影响因素。研究结果显示,钢构件及“三板”构件采购的经济性等6个影响因素对装配式钢结构住宅成本的影响较大,故被确定为成本管理的关键要素。为实现对成本的有效管控,根据分析结果,从控制钢构件及“三板”构件的成本等4个方面提出了改进建议。