Correlation of cognitive function with acetylcholinesterase activity and P300 event-related potential of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND： At present, central cholinergic neuron system is regarded the most major structural basis of cognitive function. Changes in structure of cholinergic neuron system of brain and receptor expression after brain injury can cause cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE＂ To comparatively observe the intelligence quotient （IQ）, latent period and wave amplitude of P300 event-related potential and the difference of activity of acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） in blood and cerebrospinal fluid between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and with non-diabetes mellitus, and analyze the correlation of IQ of cognitive impairment patients with diabetes mellitus with AChE activity, latent period and wave amplitude of P300 event-related potential in cerebrospinal fluid. DESIGN： Correlation analysis of contrast observation SETTING： Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College PARTICIPANTS： Totally 32 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received the treatment in the Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College between April 2004 and April 2005 were recruited, serving as diabetes mellitus group. They, including 19 male and 13 female, aged 49 to 73 years, with disease course of 4 to 11 years, all met the diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus revised by World Health Organization in 1999. Another 30 patients with non-diabetes mellitus who homeochronously underwent lumbar anesthesia in the Department of Surgery and Department of Gynecology were recruited, serving as non-diabetes mellitus group. The 30 patients included 18 male and 12 female, and their age ranged from 46 to 71 years. Informed consents of detected items were obtained from the involved patients. METHODS： ① Evaluation,on IQ： The IQ of involved subjects was evaluated with Chinese Version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revised by Gong Yao-xian （WAIS-RC）. WAIS-RC included 6 verbal subscales and 5 performance subscales. The test scores of the 11 subscales integrated into the scores of the whole scale, and the scores on the WAIS-RC included verbal IQ （VlQ）, performance IQ （PIQ） and full scale IQ （FIQ）. FIQ ≤79 scores indicated low IQ and FIQ≤69 indicated intelligence impairment. ② Detection of P300 wave： P300 wave was detected with evoked potential instrument （MYTOPRO, Italian）, and data of latent period and amplitude of P300 event-related potential were automatically shown by computer. ③ Detection of AChE activity in blood and cerebrospinal fluid： Activity of AChE of blood and cerebrospinal fluid was measured with biochemical methods by using CORNING-560 autoanalyzer.④Correlation analysis： Correlation of FIQ with AChE of cerebrospinal fluid and P300 wave of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was analyzed, t test was used in intergroup comparison and linear correlation analysis for relevant treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① Comparison of IQ, latent period and wave amplitude of P300 wave as well as the activity of AChE between two groups. ② Analysis on the correlation of FIQ of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with AChE of cerebrospinal fluid and P300 wave. RESULTS： Thirty-two patients with diabetes mellitus and 30 non-diabetes mellitus participated in the result analysis. ①Comparison of IQ, latent period and wave amplitude of P300 wave as well as the activity of AChE between two groups： The scores of VIP, PIQ and FIQ of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were （97.4±10.4）. （92.6±8.4） and （95.2±9.7） scores, respectively; and those of patients with non-diabetes mellitus were （104.7±9.6）, （102.5±8.5）and（102.7±8.9） scores, respectively, and P 〈 0.05-0.01 was set in intergroup comparison. The latent period of P300 wave at points Fz , Cz and Pz of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was （370.8±41.8）.（371.5±39.1）and （375.1±43.1） ms, respectively, and that of patients with non-diabetes mellitus was （ 332.1 ±28.3 ）, （335.7 ±29.4）and （339.7 ±27.3） ms, respectively, and P 〈 0.01 was set in intergroup comparison; Wave amplitude of P300 of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was （8.6±4.1）,（8.6±4.0） and （7.7±4.0） μV, respectively and that of patients with non-diabetes mellitus was （11.9±4.1）,（11.5±4.4） and （10.9±5.0） μV, respectively , and P 〈 0.05-0.01 was set in intergroup comparison; The level of AChE in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was （235.61 ±50.34）and （17.89±4.46） μkat/L, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of patients with non-diabetes mellitus [（205.03±44.15）and （14.63±0.48） μkat /L, respectively], and P 〈 0.05-0.01 was set in the intergroup comparison. ② Correlation of FIQ value of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with AChE of cerebrospinal fluid and P300 wave： The value of FIQ was significantly negatively correlated with the AChE activity of cerebrospinal fluid （r=-0.588 1, P 〈 0.01 ）, significantly negatively correlated with the latent period at points Fz. C and Pz of P300 wave （r= -0.700 5, -0.689 4, -0.688 5, P 〈 0.01 ）, and significantly positively correlated with the amplitude at points Fz . Cz and Pz of P300 wave（r= 0.607 4,0.616 1,0.592 0,P 〈 0.01 ）. CONCLUSION： ① Cognitive impairment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus might be related to the increase of activity of AChE in cerebrospinal fluid. ②Combined application of examination of P300 wave and evaluation of IQ is more useful in deciding the state of cognitive function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Application and comparison of coaxial correlation diagram and hydrological model for reconstructing flood series under human disturbance

Intense human activities have greatly changed the flood generation conditions in most areas of the world, and have destroyed the consistency in the annual flood peak and volume series. For design flood estimation, coaxial correlation diagram and conceptual hydrological model are two frequently used tools to adjust and reconstruct the flood series under human disturbance. This study took a typical mountain catchment of the Haihe River Basin as an example to investigate the effects of human activities on flood regime and to compare and assess the two adjustment methods. The main purpose is to construct a conceptual hydrological model which can incorporate the effects of human activities. The results show that the coaxial correlation diagram is simple and widely-used, but can only adjust the time series of total flood volumes. Therefore, it is only applicable under certain conditions(e.g. There is a strong link between the flood peaks and volumes and the link is not significantly affected by human activities). The conceptual model is a powerful tool to adjust the time series of both flood peak flows and flood volumes over different durations provided that it is closely related to the catchment hydrological characteristics, specifically accounting for the effects of human activities, and incorporating expert knowledge when estimating or calibrating parameters. It is suggested that the two methods should be used together to cross check each other.

Research on the correlation between North China earthquake and global regional strong earthquakes

Active belts of global strong earthquakes were divided into 17 seismic zones based on the principles of global plate tectonics.The seismicity index number A(b) was used to denote the yearly seismicity level.Using the stepwise regression method,an empirical formula was derived to predict the North China seismic risk in the next year by the aid of strong earthquakes in the world.

Correlation of HLA-G expression with CMV active infection following kidney transplantation

Objective To determine the correlation of human leukocyte antigen - G ( HLA - G) expression with CMV active infection after kidney transplantation. Methods A total of 215 first - time kidney transplantation recipients in one transplantation center were divided into CMV ( + ) group and CMV ( - ) group according to

Adsorption of arsenate on lanthanum-impregnated activated alumina:In situ ATR-FTIR and two-dimensional correlation analysis study

Lanthanum modified materials have been widely used for the removal of hazardous anions.In this study,in situ ATR-FTIR and two-dimensional correlation analysis were employed to investigate the adsorption mechanism of arsenate（As（V）） on lanthanum-impregnated activated alumina（LAA）.Our results showed that electrostatic interaction attracted As（V） anions to the LAA surface,and then As（V） could form monodentate configuration on the LAA surface at pH 5-9.The result of 2D-COS showed that two coexistent adsorbed As（V） species,H2AsO4^- and HAsO4^2-,were adsorbed on the LAA surface without specific sequence at different pH conditions,indicating a negligible role of the incorporated protons of As（V） on the adsorption affinity to LAA surface.The results of this study reveal insights into LAA surface complexes on the molecular scale and provide theoretical support to new metal oxides design for efficient arsenic removal.