AIM:To investigate the relationship between plasma acylated ghrelin levels and the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia.METHODS:Twenty-two female patients with functional dyspepsia and twelve healthy volunteers wer...AIM:To investigate the relationship between plasma acylated ghrelin levels and the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia.METHODS:Twenty-two female patients with functional dyspepsia and twelve healthy volunteers were recruited for the study.The functional dyspepsia patients were each diagnosed based on the Rome Ⅲ criteria.Eligible patients completed a questionnaire concerning the severity of 10 symptoms.Plasma acylated ghrelin levels before and after a meal were determined in the study participants using a commercial human acylated enzyme immunoassay kit;electrogastrograms were performed for 50 min before and after a standardized 10-min meal containing 265 kcal.RESULTS:There were no significant differences in plasma acylated ghrelin levels between healthy volunteers and patients with functional dyspepsia.However,in patients with functional dyspepsia,there was a negative correlation between fasting plasma acylated ghrelin levels and the sum score of epigastric pain(r =-0.427,P = 0.047) and a positive correlation between the postprandial/fasting plasma acylated ghrelin ratio and the sum score of early satiety(r = 0.428,P =0.047).Additionally,there was a negative correlation between fasting acylated ghrelin plasma levels and fasting normogastria(%)(r =-0.522,P = 0.013).Interestingly,two functional dyspepsia patients showed paradoxically elevated plasma acylated ghrelin levels after the meal.CONCLUSION:Abnormal plasma acylated ghrelin levels before or after a meal may be related to several of the dyspeptic symptoms seen in patients with functional dyspepsia.展开更多
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is currently considered as the most common liver disease in Western countries,and is rapidly becoming a serious threat to public health worldwide.However,the underlying mechanis...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is currently considered as the most common liver disease in Western countries,and is rapidly becoming a serious threat to public health worldwide.However,the underlying mechanisms leading to the development of NAFLD are still not fully understood.The ghrelin-ghrelin O-acyltransferase(GOAT) system has recently been found to play a crucial role in both the development of steatosis and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Ghrelin,the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor,is a 28-amino acid peptide possessing a unique acylation on the serine in position 3 catalyzed by GOAT.The ghrelin-GOAT system is involved in insulin resistance,lipid metabolism dysfunction,and inflammation,all of which play important roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.A better understanding of ghrelin-GOAT system biology led to the identification of its potential roles in NAFLD.Molecular targets modulating ghrelin-GOAT levels and the biologic effects are being studied,which provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of NAFLD.This review probes into the possible relationship between the ghrelin-GOAT system and NAFLD,and considers the potential mechanisms by which the ghrelin-GOAT system brings about insulin resistance and other aspects concerning NAFLD.展开更多
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide mainly derived from the oxyntic gland of the stomach. Both acylated(AG) and unacylated(UAG) forms of ghrelin are found in the circulation. Initially, AG was considered as the only bi...Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide mainly derived from the oxyntic gland of the stomach. Both acylated(AG) and unacylated(UAG) forms of ghrelin are found in the circulation. Initially, AG was considered as the only bioactive form of ghrelin. However, recent advances indicate that both AG and UAG exert distinct and common effects in organisms. Soon after its discovery, ghrelin was shown to promote appetite and adiposity in animal and human models. In response to these anabolic effects, an impressive number of elements have suggested the influence of ghrelin on the regulation of metabolic functions and the development of obesityrelated disorders. However, due to the complexity ofits biochemical nature and the physiological processes it governs, some of the effects of ghrelin are still debated in the literature. Evidence suggests that ghrelin influences glucose homeostasis through the modulation of insulin secretion and insulin receptor signaling. On the other hand, insulin was also shown to influence circulating levels of ghrelin. Here, we review the relationship between ghrelin and insulin and we describe the impact of this interaction on the modulation of glucose homeostasis.展开更多
AIM：To investigate the levels of ghrelin（Gh）,acylated ghrelin（AGh） and AGh/Gh ratio in the humor aqueous（HA） of cases with pseudoexfoliation syndrome（PXS）,pseudoexfoliation glaucoma（PXG）,primary open angle ...AIM：To investigate the levels of ghrelin（Gh）,acylated ghrelin（AGh） and AGh/Gh ratio in the humor aqueous（HA） of cases with pseudoexfoliation syndrome（PXS）,pseudoexfoliation glaucoma（PXG）,primary open angle glaucoma（POAG） and to compare these with control subjects.METHODS：A prospective examination was made of the total Gh,and AGh levels in HA of 67 patients undergoing cataract surgery.Patients were divided into 4 groups.HA samples were aspirated at the beginning of the surgery,stored at -70℃.Gh and AGh quantification was performed with ELISA kits and the AGh/total-Gh ratios were calculated.ANOVA,Kruskal-Wallis,Chi-square and post-hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS：Total Gh levels in HA were 189.2±45.6 pg/mL in the control group,199.2±32.9 pg/mL in PXS,180.6±20.9 pg/mL in PXG and 176.8±21.4 pg/mL in POAG groups（P〉0.05）.AGh levels in HA were 23.09±5.01 pg/mL in the control group,24.13±5.22 pg/mL in PXS,22.29±1.55 pg/m L in PXG and 19.69±2.93 pg/mL in POAG groups（P〉0.05）.The ratio of AGh/Gh was 10.3%±2.34% in the control group,13.03%±2.58% in PXS,12.3%±1.54% in PXG and 11.79%±1.41% in POAG groups（P=0.044）.The difference between the PXS and control groups was significant（P=0.03）.CONCLUSION：In spite of statistically insignificant results,the HA total Gh levels were lower than those of the control subjects but not parallel with the AGh levels in glaucoma patients.The relative increase in the AGh/Gh ratio in glaucoma cases supports the view that proportional increases of AGh might play a role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.展开更多
AIM To investigate the relationship between plasma ghrelin level, Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection status and the severity of atrophy in hemodialysis patients.METHODS One hundred eights patients who received h...AIM To investigate the relationship between plasma ghrelin level, Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection status and the severity of atrophy in hemodialysis patients.METHODS One hundred eights patients who received hemodialysis and 13 non-hemodialysis H. pylori-negative controlsunderwent gastroduodenoscopy to evaluate the severity of gastric atrophy. Serum levels of pepsinogen(PG) were measured as serum markers of gastric atrophy. H. pylori infection was evaluated by anti-H. pylori IgG antibody, rapid urease test and culture test. We classified H. pylori infection status as non-infection, present infection and past infection. In addition, plasma acyl-ghrelin and desacyl-ghrelin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Infection rate of H. pylori was 45.4%(49/108). Acylghrelin level in the non-infection group(39.4 ± 23.0 fmol/ml) was significantly higher than in the past(23.4 ± 19.9 fmol/ml, P = 0.005) and present infection groups(19.5 ± 14.0 fmol/ml, P < 0.001). Furthermore, desacyl-ghrelin level in the non-infection group(353.2 ± 190.2 fmol/ml) was significantly higher than those in the past(234.9 ± 137.5 fmol/ml, P = 0.008) and present infection groups(211.8 ± 124.2 fmol/ml, P < 0.001). Acyl-ghrelin was positively correlated with the PG Ⅰ level and PG Ⅰ/Ⅱ ratio(|R| = 0.484, P < 0.001 and |R| = 0.403, P < 0.001, respectively). Both ghrelins were significantly decreased in accordance with the progress of endoscopic atrophy(both P < 0.001) and acyl-ghrelin was significantly lower in patients with mild, moderate and severe atrophy(24.5 ± 23.1 fmol/ml, 20.2 ± 14.9 fmol/ml and 18.3 ± 11.8 fmol/ml) than in those with non-atrophy(39.4 ± 22.2 fmol/ml, P = 0.039, P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively).CONCLUSION In hemodialysis patients, plasma ghrelin level was associated with the endoscopic and serological severity of atrophy related to H. pylori infection.展开更多
AIM To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich water(HRW) treatment on prevention of ethanol(Et OH)-induced early fatty liver in mice.METHODS In vitro reduction of hydrogen peroxide by HRW was determined with a chemi...AIM To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich water(HRW) treatment on prevention of ethanol(Et OH)-induced early fatty liver in mice.METHODS In vitro reduction of hydrogen peroxide by HRW was determined with a chemiluminescence system. Female mice were randomly divided into five groups: control,Et OH,Et OH + silymarin,Et OH + HRW and Et OH + silymarin + HRW. Each group was fed a Lieber-De Carli liquid diet containing Et OH or isocaloric maltose dextrin(control diet). Silymarin was used as a positive control to compare HRW efficacy against chronic Et OH-induced hepatotoxicity. HRW was freshly prepared and given at a dosage of 1.2 m L/mouse trice daily. Blood and liver tissue were collected after chronic-binge liquid-diet feeding for 12 wk.RESULTS The in vitro study showed that HRW directly scavenged hydrogen peroxide. The in vivo study showed that HRW increased expression of acyl ghrelin,which was correlated with food intake. HRW treatment significantly reduced Et OH-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,triglycerol and total cholesterol levels,hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) and interleukin(IL)-6. HRW attenuated malondialdehyde level,restored glutathione depletion and increased superoxide dismutase,glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in the liver. Moreover,HRW reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels but increased IL-10 and IL-22 levels.CONCLUSION HRW protects against chronic Et OH-induced liver injury,possibly by inducing acyl ghrelin to suppress the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and induce IL-10 and IL-22,thus activating antioxidant enzymes against oxidative stress.展开更多
文摘AIM:To investigate the relationship between plasma acylated ghrelin levels and the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia.METHODS:Twenty-two female patients with functional dyspepsia and twelve healthy volunteers were recruited for the study.The functional dyspepsia patients were each diagnosed based on the Rome Ⅲ criteria.Eligible patients completed a questionnaire concerning the severity of 10 symptoms.Plasma acylated ghrelin levels before and after a meal were determined in the study participants using a commercial human acylated enzyme immunoassay kit;electrogastrograms were performed for 50 min before and after a standardized 10-min meal containing 265 kcal.RESULTS:There were no significant differences in plasma acylated ghrelin levels between healthy volunteers and patients with functional dyspepsia.However,in patients with functional dyspepsia,there was a negative correlation between fasting plasma acylated ghrelin levels and the sum score of epigastric pain(r =-0.427,P = 0.047) and a positive correlation between the postprandial/fasting plasma acylated ghrelin ratio and the sum score of early satiety(r = 0.428,P =0.047).Additionally,there was a negative correlation between fasting acylated ghrelin plasma levels and fasting normogastria(%)(r =-0.522,P = 0.013).Interestingly,two functional dyspepsia patients showed paradoxically elevated plasma acylated ghrelin levels after the meal.CONCLUSION:Abnormal plasma acylated ghrelin levels before or after a meal may be related to several of the dyspeptic symptoms seen in patients with functional dyspepsia.
基金Supported by a research grant for Key Clinical Discipline Construction of Shanghai Municipality,China,No.ZK2012B20
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is currently considered as the most common liver disease in Western countries,and is rapidly becoming a serious threat to public health worldwide.However,the underlying mechanisms leading to the development of NAFLD are still not fully understood.The ghrelin-ghrelin O-acyltransferase(GOAT) system has recently been found to play a crucial role in both the development of steatosis and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Ghrelin,the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor,is a 28-amino acid peptide possessing a unique acylation on the serine in position 3 catalyzed by GOAT.The ghrelin-GOAT system is involved in insulin resistance,lipid metabolism dysfunction,and inflammation,all of which play important roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.A better understanding of ghrelin-GOAT system biology led to the identification of its potential roles in NAFLD.Molecular targets modulating ghrelin-GOAT levels and the biologic effects are being studied,which provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of NAFLD.This review probes into the possible relationship between the ghrelin-GOAT system and NAFLD,and considers the potential mechanisms by which the ghrelin-GOAT system brings about insulin resistance and other aspects concerning NAFLD.
基金Supported by Fonds de Recherche du Québec en Santé(toLaplante M and St-Pierre DH)Operating grants from NaturalSciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Diabète QuébecLaplante M also holds operating grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research,Canadian Liver Foundation and the Fondation de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologieet de Pneumologie de Québec
文摘Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide mainly derived from the oxyntic gland of the stomach. Both acylated(AG) and unacylated(UAG) forms of ghrelin are found in the circulation. Initially, AG was considered as the only bioactive form of ghrelin. However, recent advances indicate that both AG and UAG exert distinct and common effects in organisms. Soon after its discovery, ghrelin was shown to promote appetite and adiposity in animal and human models. In response to these anabolic effects, an impressive number of elements have suggested the influence of ghrelin on the regulation of metabolic functions and the development of obesityrelated disorders. However, due to the complexity ofits biochemical nature and the physiological processes it governs, some of the effects of ghrelin are still debated in the literature. Evidence suggests that ghrelin influences glucose homeostasis through the modulation of insulin secretion and insulin receptor signaling. On the other hand, insulin was also shown to influence circulating levels of ghrelin. Here, we review the relationship between ghrelin and insulin and we describe the impact of this interaction on the modulation of glucose homeostasis.
基金Supported by the Ankara Ophthalmology Society,a branch of the Turkish Society of Ophthalmology
文摘AIM：To investigate the levels of ghrelin（Gh）,acylated ghrelin（AGh） and AGh/Gh ratio in the humor aqueous（HA） of cases with pseudoexfoliation syndrome（PXS）,pseudoexfoliation glaucoma（PXG）,primary open angle glaucoma（POAG） and to compare these with control subjects.METHODS：A prospective examination was made of the total Gh,and AGh levels in HA of 67 patients undergoing cataract surgery.Patients were divided into 4 groups.HA samples were aspirated at the beginning of the surgery,stored at -70℃.Gh and AGh quantification was performed with ELISA kits and the AGh/total-Gh ratios were calculated.ANOVA,Kruskal-Wallis,Chi-square and post-hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS：Total Gh levels in HA were 189.2±45.6 pg/mL in the control group,199.2±32.9 pg/mL in PXS,180.6±20.9 pg/mL in PXG and 176.8±21.4 pg/mL in POAG groups（P〉0.05）.AGh levels in HA were 23.09±5.01 pg/mL in the control group,24.13±5.22 pg/mL in PXS,22.29±1.55 pg/m L in PXG and 19.69±2.93 pg/mL in POAG groups（P〉0.05）.The ratio of AGh/Gh was 10.3%±2.34% in the control group,13.03%±2.58% in PXS,12.3%±1.54% in PXG and 11.79%±1.41% in POAG groups（P=0.044）.The difference between the PXS and control groups was significant（P=0.03）.CONCLUSION：In spite of statistically insignificant results,the HA total Gh levels were lower than those of the control subjects but not parallel with the AGh levels in glaucoma patients.The relative increase in the AGh/Gh ratio in glaucoma cases supports the view that proportional increases of AGh might play a role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
基金Supported by the Japanese Association of Dialysis Physicians,No.2014-2
文摘AIM To investigate the relationship between plasma ghrelin level, Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection status and the severity of atrophy in hemodialysis patients.METHODS One hundred eights patients who received hemodialysis and 13 non-hemodialysis H. pylori-negative controlsunderwent gastroduodenoscopy to evaluate the severity of gastric atrophy. Serum levels of pepsinogen(PG) were measured as serum markers of gastric atrophy. H. pylori infection was evaluated by anti-H. pylori IgG antibody, rapid urease test and culture test. We classified H. pylori infection status as non-infection, present infection and past infection. In addition, plasma acyl-ghrelin and desacyl-ghrelin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Infection rate of H. pylori was 45.4%(49/108). Acylghrelin level in the non-infection group(39.4 ± 23.0 fmol/ml) was significantly higher than in the past(23.4 ± 19.9 fmol/ml, P = 0.005) and present infection groups(19.5 ± 14.0 fmol/ml, P < 0.001). Furthermore, desacyl-ghrelin level in the non-infection group(353.2 ± 190.2 fmol/ml) was significantly higher than those in the past(234.9 ± 137.5 fmol/ml, P = 0.008) and present infection groups(211.8 ± 124.2 fmol/ml, P < 0.001). Acyl-ghrelin was positively correlated with the PG Ⅰ level and PG Ⅰ/Ⅱ ratio(|R| = 0.484, P < 0.001 and |R| = 0.403, P < 0.001, respectively). Both ghrelins were significantly decreased in accordance with the progress of endoscopic atrophy(both P < 0.001) and acyl-ghrelin was significantly lower in patients with mild, moderate and severe atrophy(24.5 ± 23.1 fmol/ml, 20.2 ± 14.9 fmol/ml and 18.3 ± 11.8 fmol/ml) than in those with non-atrophy(39.4 ± 22.2 fmol/ml, P = 0.039, P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively).CONCLUSION In hemodialysis patients, plasma ghrelin level was associated with the endoscopic and serological severity of atrophy related to H. pylori infection.
基金Supported by a grant from the Chung Shan Medical University,No.CSMU0150011
文摘AIM To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich water(HRW) treatment on prevention of ethanol(Et OH)-induced early fatty liver in mice.METHODS In vitro reduction of hydrogen peroxide by HRW was determined with a chemiluminescence system. Female mice were randomly divided into five groups: control,Et OH,Et OH + silymarin,Et OH + HRW and Et OH + silymarin + HRW. Each group was fed a Lieber-De Carli liquid diet containing Et OH or isocaloric maltose dextrin(control diet). Silymarin was used as a positive control to compare HRW efficacy against chronic Et OH-induced hepatotoxicity. HRW was freshly prepared and given at a dosage of 1.2 m L/mouse trice daily. Blood and liver tissue were collected after chronic-binge liquid-diet feeding for 12 wk.RESULTS The in vitro study showed that HRW directly scavenged hydrogen peroxide. The in vivo study showed that HRW increased expression of acyl ghrelin,which was correlated with food intake. HRW treatment significantly reduced Et OH-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,triglycerol and total cholesterol levels,hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) and interleukin(IL)-6. HRW attenuated malondialdehyde level,restored glutathione depletion and increased superoxide dismutase,glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in the liver. Moreover,HRW reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels but increased IL-10 and IL-22 levels.CONCLUSION HRW protects against chronic Et OH-induced liver injury,possibly by inducing acyl ghrelin to suppress the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and induce IL-10 and IL-22,thus activating antioxidant enzymes against oxidative stress.
