Selection of elite lines of BpGH3.5-transgenic Betula platyphylla using growth adaptability analysis

White birch(Betula platyphylla)is precious material for pulpwood and widely distributed in 14 provinces of China.Previous study indicated that inhibited expression of a gene encoding an auxin amide synthase,BpGH3.5,in transgenic plants reduced the level of IAA–amino acid conjugation,resulting in more free IAA,thereby better growth of birch.Utilizing transgenic-B pGH3.5 lines to increase wood production in a wide range of environments is the goal for breeders.In three field trials here,we measured tree height,diameter at breast height,and volume of 16 BpGH3.5-transgenic 7-year-old white birch lines(including 12 antisense strand lines and 4 overexpression lines)and a wild-type white birch line from three sites that varied greatly in their environmental conditions.To select elite BpGH3.5-transgenic lines for each target environment,we used an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model to analyze genotype by environment interaction,growth adaptability and stability.The selection criteria for elite transgenic lines were set as the average volume plus 0.75 times the standard deviation for the tested lines at each test site.Results showed that the effect of line and site for height was highly significant(P<0.01),and the effect of line×site was significant(P<0.05);selected as the elite lines were FG12,FG13 and FG27 at the Maoershan Experimental Forest Farm,FG13 and FG32 at the Shidaohe Forest Farm,and FG3 and FG31 at the Ecological Experiment Forest Farm.These seven high-yield,stable lines can now be tested in production trials or adjacent trial areas with similar environmental conditions,while the high-yield,unstable lines should be tested in production trials in areas deemed suitable for their growth.These results provide guidance on which released transgenic elite lines will grow best in a wide range of conditions.

Study on the Growth Adaptability of Ligustrum L. Plants in Southeast Tibet

In this study,we choose the street green space in Bayi District,Mainling Town of Mainling County and Zhamu Town of Bomê County in Nyingchi City as investigation sites.In each investigation site,we select the undamaged plant communities of moderate density as objects of investigation and record,and establish the investigation database.Based on the habitat records and natural ecological conditions,we analyze the growth adaptability of Ligustrum L.plants in Southeast Tibet and the key influencing factors.It is found that the Ligustrum L.plants introduced in Southeast Tibet mainly include Ligustrum lucidum Ait.,Ligustrum quihoui Carr.and Ligustrum vicaryi.The growth adaptability of Ligustrum lucidum Ait.plants is divided into high level,middle level and low level.According to the investigation results,the frequency of Ligustrum lucidum Ait.plants with good growth status is greater than 65%.In general,the plants are fond of light,and have certain tolerance to cold.They can be cultivated in open field and show good growth adaptability in Southeast Tibet,so these plants can be further applied.

Key Techniques and Applications of Adaptive Growth Method for Stiffener Layout Design of Plates and Shells

The application of the adaptive growth method is limited because several key techniques during the design process need manual intervention of designers. Key techniques of the method including the ground structure construction and seed selection are studied, so as to make it possible to improve the effectiveness and applicability of the adaptive growth method in stiffener layout design optimization of plates and shells. Three schemes of ground structures, which are comprised by different shell elements and beam elements, are proposed. It is found that the main stiffener layouts resulted from different ground structures are almost the same, but the ground structure comprised by 8-nodes shell elements and both 3-nodes and 2-nodes beam elements can result in clearest stiffener layout, and has good adaptability and low computational cost. An automatic seed selection approach is proposed, which is based on such selection rules that the seeds should be positioned on where the structural strain energy is great for the minimum compliance problem, and satisfy the dispersancy requirement. The adaptive growth method with the suggested key techniques is integrated into an ANSYS-based program, which provides a design tool for the stiffener layout design optimization of plates and shells. Typical design examples, including plate and shell structures to achieve minimum compliance and maximum bulking stability are illustrated. In addition, as a practical mechanical structural design example, the stiffener layout of an inlet structure for a large-scale electrostatic precipitator is also demonstrated. The design results show that the adaptive growth method integrated with the suggested key techniques can effectively and flexibly deal with stiffener layout design problem for plates and shells with complex geometrical shape and loading conditions to achieve various design objectives, thus it provides a new solution method for engineering structural topology design optimization.

Convergence of shape optimization calculations of mechanical components using adaptive biological growth and iterative finite element methods

Shape optimization of mechanical components is one of the issues that have been considered in recent years. Different methods were presented such as adaptive biological for reducing costs and increasing accuracy. The effects of step factor, the number of control points and the definition way of control points coordinates in convergence rate were studied. A code was written using ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) which receives the studied parameters as input and obtains the optimum shape for the components. The results show that for achieving successful optimization, step factor should be in a specific range. It is found that the use of any coordinate system in defining control points coordinates and selection of any direction for stimulus vector of algorithm will also result in optimum shape. Furthermore, by increasing the number of control points, some non-uniformities are created in the studied boundary. Achieving acceptable accuracy seems impossible due to the creation of saw form at the studied boundary which is called "saw position".

Topology Optimization of Stiffener Layout Design for Box Type Load-Bearing Component under Thermo-Mechanical Coupling

The structure optimization design under thermo-mechanical coupling is a difficult problem in the topology optimization field.An adaptive growth algorithm has become a more effective approach for structural topology optimization.This paper proposed a topology optimization method by an adaptive growth algorithm for the stiffener layout design of box type load-bearing components under thermo-mechanical coupling.Based on the stiffness diffusion theory,both the load stiffness matrix and the heat conduction stiffness matrix of the stiffener are spread at the same time to make sure the stiffener grows freely and obtain an optimal stiffener layout design.Meanwhile,the objectives of optimization are the minimization of strain energy and thermal compliance of the whole structure,and thermo-mechanical coupling is considered.Numerical studies for square shells clearly show the effectiveness of the proposed method for stiffener layout optimization under thermo-mechanical coupling.Finally,the method is applied to optimize the stiffener layout of box type load-bearing component of themachining center.The optimization results show that both the structural deformation and temperature of the load-bearing component with the growth stiffener layout,which are optimized by the adaptive growth algorithm,are less than the stiffener layout of shape‘#’stiffener layout.It provides a new solution approach for stiffener layout optimization design of box type load-bearing components under thermo-mechanical coupling.

Geometry and size optimization of stiffener layout for three-dimensional box structures with maximization of natural frequencies

Based on the growth mechanism of natural biological branching systems and inspiration from the morphology of plant root tips,a bionic design method called Improved Adaptive Growth Method(IAGM)has been proposed in the authors’previous research and successfully applied to the reinforcement optimization of three-dimensional box structures with respect to natural frequencies.However,as a kind of ground structure methods,the final layout patterns of stiffeners obtained by using the IAGM are highly subjected to their ground structures,which restricts the optimization effect and freedom to further improve the dynamic performance of structures.To solve this problem,a novel post-processing geometry and size optimization approach is proposed in this article.This method takes the former layout optimization result as start,and iteratively finds the optimal layout angles,locations,and lengths of stiffeners with a few design variables by optimizing the positions of some specific node lines called active node lines.At the same time,thick-nesses of stiffeners are also optimized to further improve natural frequencies of three-dimensional box structures.Using this method,stiffeners can be successfully separated from their ground structures and further effectively improve natural frequencies of three-dimensional box structures with less material consumption.Typical numerical examples are illustrated to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the suggested method.