Indirect Carbon Reduction Path from the Perspective of Urban Climate Adaptation Planning

Since the 21^(st)century,the problem of global warming has been prominent,and the problem of climate change has attracted worldwide attention.All countries have issued urban climate adaptation planning policy documents to address the current climate problem.At the same time,the proposal of the“double carbon”vision allows us to focus on the carbon emission reduction of cities and buildings.In addition to the implementation of the direct carbon reduction approach in the whole life cycle of construction,the functional role of indirect carbon reduction cannot be underestimated.By analyzing the domestic and foreign urban climate adaptation planning policy documents,summarizing the indirect carbon reduction approaches,and analyzing the feasibility of the indirect carbon reduction and emission reduction methods from the perspective of urban climate adaptation planning,the indirect carbon reduction adaptation strategy is proposed,which provides a reference for the implementation of urban climate adaptation planning and the target completion of reaching the carbon neutralization and peak on time.

Designing Adaptive Multiple Dependent State Sampling Plan for Accelerated Life Tests

A novel adaptive multiple dependent state sampling plan(AMDSSP)was designed to inspect products from a continuous manufacturing process under the accelerated life test(ALT)using both double sampling plan(DSP)and multiple dependent state sampling plan(MDSSP)concepts.Under accelerated conditions,the lifetime of a product follows the Weibull distribution with a known shape parameter,while the scale parameter can be determined using the acceleration factor(AF).The Arrhenius model is used to estimate AF when the damaging process is temperature-sensitive.An economic design of the proposed sampling plan was also considered for the ALT.A genetic algorithm with nonlinear optimization was used to estimate optimal plan parameters to minimize the average sample number(ASN)and total cost of inspection(TC)under both producer’s and consumer’s risks.Numerical results are presented to support the AMDSSP for the ALT,while performance comparisons between the AMDSSP,the MDSSP and a single sampling plan(SSP)for the ALT are discussed.Results indicated that the AMDSSP was more flexible and efficient for ASN and TC than the MDSSP and SSP plans under accelerated conditions.The AMDSSP also had a higher operating characteristic(OC)curve than both the existing sampling plans.Two real datasets of electronic devices for the ALT at high temperatures demonstrated the practicality and usefulness of the proposed sampling plan.

A Novel Multiple Dependent State Sampling Plan Based on Time Truncated Life Tests Using Mean Lifetime

The design of a new adaptive version of the multiple dependent state(AMDS)sampling plan is presented based on the time truncated life test under the Weibull distribution.We achieved the proposed sampling plan by applying the concept of the double sampling plan and existing multiple dependent state sampling plans.A warning sign for acceptance number was proposed to increase the probability of current lot acceptance.The optimal plan parameters were determined simultaneously with nonlinear optimization problems under the producer’s risk and consumer’s risk.A simulation study was presented to support the proposed sampling plan.A comparison between the proposed and existing sampling plans,namely multiple dependent state(MDS)sampling plans and a modified multiple dependent state(MMDS)sampling plan,was considered under the average sampling number and operating characteristic curve values.In addition,the use of two real datasets demonstrated the practicality and usefulness of the proposed sampling plan.The results indicated that the proposed plan is more flexible and efficient in terms of the average sample number compared to the existing MDS and MMDS sampling plans.

Dosimetric consequences of tumor volume changes after kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography for non-operative lung cancer during adaptive intensity-modulated radiotherapy or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate tumor volume changes with kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography （kV-CBCT） and their dosimetric consequences for non-operative lung cancer during intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT） or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. Methods Eighteen patients with non-operative lung cancer who received IMRT consisting of 1.8-2.2 Gy/fraction and five fractions per week or stereotactic radiotherapy with 5-8 Gy/fraction and three fractions a week were studied, kV-CBCT was performed once per week during IMRT and at every fraction during stereotactic radiotherapy. The gross tumor volume （GTV） was contoured on the kV-CBCT images, and adaptive treatment plans were created using merged kV-CBCT and primary planning computed tomogra- phy image sets. Tumor volume changes and dosimetric parameters, including the minimum dose to 95% （D95） or 1% （D1） of the planning target volume （PTV）, mean lung dose （MLD）, and volume of lung tissue that received more than 5 （Vs）, 10 （Vl0）, 20 （V20）, and 30 （V30） Gy were retrospectively analyzed. Results The average maximum change in GTV observed during IMRT or fractionated stereotactic radio- therapy was -25.85% （range, -13.09% --56.76%）. The D95 and Dr of PTV for the adaptive treatment plans in all patients were not significantly different from those for the initial or former adaptive treatment plans. In patients with tumor volume changes of 〉20% in the third or fourth week of treatment during IMRT, adap- tive treatment plans offered clinically meaningful decreases in MLD and V5, V10, V20, and V30; however, in patients with tumor volume changes of 〈 20% in the third or fourth week of treatment as well as in patients with stereotactic radiotherapy, there were no significant or clinically meaningful decreases in the dosimetric parameters. Conclusion Adaptive treatment planning for decreasing tumor volume during IMRT may be beneficial for patients who experience tumor volume changes of 〉20% in the third or fourth week of treatment.

People,Planning and Adaptability

This article is based on a survey of the New Residential Area in Tangshan.The purposes of the survey were tounderstand the characteristics of the residents’ activities,probe into the state of adaptability between people andplanning where conflict lies,and search for the ways to improve planning in residential area.

Emerging radiotherapy technologies and trends in nasopharyngeal cancer

AbTechnology has always driven advances in radiotherapy treatment.In this review,we describe the main technological advances in radiotherapy over the past decades for the treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer(NPC)and highlight some of the pressing issues and challenges that remain.We aim to identify emerging trends in radiation medicine.These include advances in personalized medicine and advanced imaging modalities,standardization of planning and delineation,assessment of treatment response and adaptive re-planning,impact of particle therapy,and role of artificial intelligence or automation in clinical care.In conclusion,we expect significant improvement in the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy treatment for NPC over the next decade.

TML:a language to specify aerial robotic missions for the framework Aerostack

Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to describe the specification language TML for adaptive mission plans that the authors designed and implemented for the open-source framework Aerostack for aerial robotics.Design/methodology/approach–The TML language combines a task-based hierarchical approach together with a more flexible representation,rule-based reactive planning,to facilitate adaptability.This approach includes additional notions that abstract programming details.The authors built an interpreter integrated in the software framework Aerostack.The interpreter was validated with flight experiments for multi-robot missions in dynamic environments.Findings–The experiments proved that the TML language is easy to use and expressive enough to formulate adaptive missions in dynamic environments.The experiments also showed that the TML interpreter is efficient to execute multi-robot aerial missions and reusable for different platforms.The TML interpreter is able to verify the mission plan before its execution,which increases robustness and safety,avoiding the execution of certain plans that are not feasible.Originality/value–One of the main contributions of this work is the availability of a reliable solution to specify aerial mission plans,integrated in an active open-source project with periodic releases.To the best knowledge of the authors,there are not solutions similar to this in other active open-source projects.As additional contributions,TML uses an original combination of representations for adaptive mission plans(i.e.task trees with original abstract notions and rule-based reactive planning)together with the demonstration of its adequacy for aerial robotics.