Power supply arm protection scheme of high-speed railway based on wide-area current differential

When fault occurs on cross-coupling autotransformer(AT)power supply traction network,the up-line and down-line feeder circuit breakers in the traction substation trip at the same time without selectivity,which leads to an extended power failure.Based on equivalent circuit and Kirchhoff’s current law,the feeder current characteristic in the substation,AT station and sectioning post when T-R fault,F-R fault,and T-F fault occur are analyzed and their expressions are obtained.When the traction power supply system is equipped with wide-area protection measurement and control system,the feeder protection device in each station collects the feeder currents in other two stations through the wide-area protection channel and a wide-area current differential protection scheme based on the feeder current characteristic is proposed.When a short-circuit fault occurs in the power supply arm,all the feeder protection devices in each station receive the feeder currents with time stamp in other two stations.After data synchronous processing and logic judgment,the fault line of the power supply arm can be identified and isolated quickly.The simulation result based on MATLAB/Simulink shows that the power supply arm protection scheme based on wide-area current differential has good fault discrimination ability under different fault positions,transition resistances,and fault types.The verification of measured data shows that the novel protection scheme will not be affected by the special working conditions of the electrical multiple unit(EMU),and reliability,selectivity,and rapidity of relay protection are all improved.

Study on the Effect of Multi-Type Current Transformers Hybrid Operation on Differential Protection of the Bus Based on Dynamic Simulation

This paper analyzes characteristics of multi type current transformers hybrid operation for each branch of the bus and their effects on differential protection of the bus. By theoretically analyzing transmission characteristics of multi type current transformers and their influence factors, we study the dynamic model testing method of multi type current transformers for the bus, and design 3 kinds of testing schemes by making the equivalent model based on the field of P-level current transformer, TPY-level current transformer and electronic current transformer, and build the hybrid operation testing platform of multi type current transformers. Finally, we compare and analyze the transmission characteristics difference of multi type current transformers on the same branch and the characteristics difference of hybrid operation in two successive external faults, analyze the cause behind the differences, and put forward the corresponding improvement measures.

DP-ASSGD: Differential Privacy Protection Based on Stochastic Gradient Descent Optimization

Recently,differential privacy algorithms based on deep learning have become increasingly mature.Previous studies provide privacy mostly by adding differential privacy noise to the gradient,but it will reduce the accuracy,and it is difficult to balance privacy and accuracy.In this paper,the DP-ASSGD algo-rithm is proposed to counterpoise privacy and accuracy.The convergence speed is improved,the number of optimized iterations is decreased,and the privacy loss is significantly reduced.On the other hand,by using the postprocessing immunity characteristics of the differential privacy model,the Laplace smoothing mecha-nism is added to make the training process more stable and the generalization ability stronger.The experiment uses the MNIST dataset,with the same privacy budget,and compared with the existing differential privacy algorithms,the accu-racy is improved by 1.8%on average.When achieving the same accuracy,the DP-ASSGD algorithm consumes less privacy budget.

A d-axis based current differential protection scheme for an active distribution network

The emergence of distributed generators has changed the operational mode and fault characteristics of the distribu-tion network,in a way which can severely influence protection.This paper proposes a d-axis-based current differential protection scheme.The d-axis current characteristics of inverter-interfaced distributed generators and synchronous generators are analyzed.The differential protection criterion using sampling values of the d-axis current component is then constructed.Compared to conventional phase-based current differential protection,the proposed protection reduces the number of required communication channels,and is suitable for distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators with complex fault characteristics.Finally,a 10 kV active distribution network model is built in the PSCAD platform and protection prototypes are developed in RTDS.Superior sensitivity and fast speed are verified by simulation and RTDS-based tests.

Waveform feature monitoring scheme for transformer differential protection

We propose a new scheme for transformer differential protection. This scheme uses different characteristics of the differential currents waveforms (DCWs) under internal fault and magnetizing inrush current conditions. The scheme is based on choosing an appropriate feature of the waveform and monitoring it during the post-disturbance instants. For this purpose, the signal feature is quantified by a discrimination function (DF). Discrimination between internal faults and magnetizing inrush currents is carried out by tracking the signs of three decision-making functions (DMFs) computed from the DFs for three phases. We also present a new algorithm related to the general scheme. The algorithm is based on monitoring the second derivative sign of DCW. The results show that all types of internal faults, even those accompanied by the magnetizing inrush, can be correctly identified from the inrush conditions about half a cycle after the occurrence of a disturbance. Another advantage of the proposed method is that the fault detection algorithm does not depend on the selection of thresholds. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm does not require burdensome computations.

基于正弦同源-概率空间协同互补的涌流闭锁方案

为了取消正弦相似性原理中的最小二乘法等中间环节,获得直接固定标准正弦波形所需要的能量信息。借鉴时域概率分布的方法论,从优势互补的角度出发,设计了一种基于Wasserstein距离算法的变压器励磁涌流闭锁方案。该方案采用特征离散化的方式,提取目标对象和模板信号并转化为状态向量作为样本标签,以此来判别两者之间的能量分布差异,从而达到正弦场景同源识别的效果。理论分析与仿真结果表明,该方法实现简便,不需要频域计算。相比于现有正弦相似性原理,降低了保护流程的复杂程度,具有更强的实际应用价值和速动性能。通过PSCAD/MATLAB平台对现场合闸的录波数据进行测试分析,验证了所提方案对促进变压器保护性能的积极意义。

通信限制下多DG接入配网的新型电流差动保护

差动保护是解决分布式电源(distributed generation, DG)接入下配电网保护难题的有效手段,然而配网现有通信建设水平很大程度上制约了差动保护的构建。首先,融合电流相位与相量差动保护思想,同时将电流相位信息进行变换,实现通信信息降容。应用递推最小二乘法实现短路电流相位参数的快速估计,提出了短路电流相位修正策略,以应对CT饱和与直流分量对保护的干扰。最后,提出适用于含多DG配网的新型电流差动保护构建原则与保护判据。基于PSACD/EMTDC平台搭建仿真模型,验证了所提出的电流相位参数预测方法的精度与新型差动保护的性能。算例结果表明:所提电流相位参数预测方法速度快、精度高,具有良好的抗CT饱和能力;所提新型差动保护原理具有良好的性能。

含逆变型分布式电源和分支负荷的配电网自适应电流差动保护

电流差动保护具有良好的选择性和灵敏性。但是,逆变型分布式电源(inverter-interfaced distributed generator,IIDG)和分支负荷接入改变了配电网的故障特性,现有配电网的电流差动保护面临拒动或误动的风险。为解决以上问题,该文在计及P/Q控制的IIDG和分支负荷的故障等值建模基础上,从故障点、IIDG和分支负荷的相对位置出发,挖掘配电网线路两端正序电流差的幅值特征以及正序电流故障分量的相位特征。在此基础上,提出一种正序电流幅值与故障分量相角阈值配合的双比例制动系数自适应差动保护方案,并且利用幅相平面分析所提保护判据的可靠性和灵敏性。最后通过PSCAD/EMTDC验证了所提保护方案的有效性,仿真结果表明该方案适应不同故障类型、位置和过渡电阻,且不受IIDG以及分支负荷接入的影响。

A novel complex current ratio-based technique for transmission line protection

With respect to sensitivity,selectivity and speed of operation,the current differential scheme is a better way to protect transmission lines than overcurrent and distance-based schemes.However,the protection scheme can be severely influenced by the Line Charging Capacitive Current(LCCC)with increased voltage level and Current Transformer(CT)saturation under external close-in faults.This paper presents a new UHV/EHV current-based protection scheme using the ratio of phasor summation of the two-end currents to the local end current,instead of summation of the two-end currents,to discriminate the internal faults.The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed protection technique are tested on the 110 kV Western System Coordinating Council(WSCC)9-bus system using PSCAD/MATLAB.The simulation results confirm the reliable operation of the proposed scheme during internal/external faults and its independence from fault location,fault resistance,type of fault,and variations in source impedance.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is also verified with faults during power swing and in series compensated lines.

基于差动电流与分布电容电流比值的直流线路纵联保护方案

分布电容电流会对直流线路纵联保护性能造成影响。文中以三端混合高压直流输电线路为对象,讨论分析了差动电流与分布电容电流比值的故障特征。由于差动电流和分布电容电流都会随着过渡电阻的增大而减小,采用差动电流与分布电容电流的比值作为判据,可以削弱过渡电阻对判据的影响,提高保护的灵敏性。基于此,提出了一种基于差动电流与分布电容电流比值的纵联保护方法。基于PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真验证表明,所提保护判据整定简单且天然具有故障选极功能,能可靠识别区内外故障,耐过渡电阻能力强且具有较高的灵敏性和可靠性。

传统交流线路保护在换流器并网系统中的适应性分析

提出了一种继电保护适应性评估方法,基于对换流器并网系统电气量特性的分析,对工程中常配备的纵联差动保护、保护辅助元件和距离保护在换流器并网系统中的适应性进行了评估,并分析了换流器控制策略、故障场景、系统拓扑参数等因素对保护适应性的影响,给出了保护适应边界,针对部分存在适应性问题的保护,提出了性能优化方案。最后利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了保护适应性分析的正确性和优化方案的有效性,所得结论可以为我国新型电力系统中继电保护的适应性研究以及优化配置提供理论指导。

电流差动保护在海上风电低频送出线路中的适应性分析

低频输电技术在中远距离海上风电领域应用潜力巨大。电流差动保护是广泛应用的传统交流保护,面对电力电子型电源时其性能可能受到影响,故有必要研究其在海上风电低频输电系统中的适应性。文中基于故障复合序网推导了直驱风机和模块化多电平矩阵换流器的电源特性对故障电流的影响,理论分析了电流差动保护的适应性。为定量分析保护适应性,提出了基于改进节点方程的故障电气量计算方法,计算给定故障条件下的故障电流和保护判据取值,判断保护动作情况。研究表明,单相接地和两相短路时保护灵敏度降低,甚至可能拒动;两相接地和三相短路时,保护能正常动作。最后,建立PSCAD/EMTDC仿真模型验证了理论分析和计算方法的正确性。

基于长短时记忆神经网络的励磁涌流与故障电流识别方法

变压器空载合闸时产生励磁涌流导致差动保护误动作的问题至今仍未能被完全解决.针对该问题,提出一种利用长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络识别励磁涌流与故障电流的方法.首先,在PSCAD软件平台上搭建变压器空载合闸及内部故障仿真模型,通过仿真产生大量三相电流瞬时采样数据作为训练神经网络的样本集;然后,利用Keras平台搭建LSTM神经网络模型并完成训练;最后,利用新的仿真数据和现场故障录波数据对训练好的LSTM神经网络进行测试.结果表明LSTM神经网络可以快速准确地区分各种情况下的励磁涌流和故障电流,从而证实该方法的有效性.

混合级联特高压直流输电线路纵联差动保护适应性分析

为探究现有高压直流输电线路纵联差动保护对混合级联特高压直流输电系统的适应性,结合混合级联特高压直流输电系统的运行方式,理论分析和仿真分析3种特殊运行方式下直流系统不同位置故障的故障特性和保护适应性。理论分析发现纵联差动保护适应性较好。仿真分析发现直流线路分布电容和逆变侧模块化多电平型换流器(modular multilevelconverter,MMC)控制特性影响在直流线路故障时直流线路电流延时自减值长时间处于波动状态,导致纵联差动保护长时间处于闭锁状态,此时,系统长时间承受MMC超大故障电流冲击。直流线路区外故障时整流侧与逆变侧直流电流差值的绝对值数值较大且长时间处于波动变化状态,纵联差动保护存在误动的风险。

超长海底电缆电流差动保护新方案

海底电缆作为确保海上风电场并网的重要纽带,其分布电容远高于架空线路,产生的电容电流不可忽略。目前的电流差动保护判据由于没有考虑分布电容且受到负荷电流的影响,抗过渡电阻能力较差,在超长海底电缆输电线路上的适用性不高。针对现有保护判据存在的问题,提出一种改进的电流差动保护判据,该改进判据对线路中较大分布电容电流进行了补偿,解决了正常运行以及区外短路时保护误动的问题,并减小了负荷电流对差动保护动作特性的影响,从而提升了抗过渡电阻能力。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建220 kV长距离电缆线路模型,对所提的改进保护方案进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明,所提超长海底电缆电流差动保护新方案在确保区外故障可靠不动作的基础上,显著提高了区内故障的抗过渡电阻能力,是一种比较理想的高压电缆长线路电流差动保护方案。

无刷同步发电机稳态短路电流控制

过载运行能力和突然短路时稳定的短路电流输出能力是无刷同步发电机的重要性能要求。在发电机发生突然短路时,发电机控制器需要配合无刷同步发电机进行短路电流控制,在保证足够的短路电流输出能力的同时也要避免短路电流过大损坏电机。针对无刷同步发电机可能发生的5种短路类型进行了分析,提出梯形电压电流的控制目标曲线,利用无模型自适应控制算法进行短路电流控制,使发电机能在发生各种类型的突然短路故障时输出符合要求的短路电流。建立了发电机和控制器的仿真模型,进行无模型自适应控制方案的仿真验证,同时搭建了实验平台进行实验验证。经过验证无模型自适应算法可以将无刷同步发电机的短路电流很好地控制在目标值,验证了该控制算法在发电机短路电流控制方面的有效性。

基于正序电流故障分量的有源配电网线路差动保护

传统配电网在大量分布式电源接入后变为有源配电网,拓扑结构与故障特征发生改变,现有电流差动保护无法同时满足可靠性与灵敏性要求。为此分析了逆变型分布式电源故障输出特性,建立有源配电网正序电流故障分量网络,在此基础上提出一种基于正序电流故障分量的电流差动保护方案。该方案以线路两侧正序电流故障分量为特征量对常规电流差动保护进行改造,解决了在分布式电源接入后线路发生区内高过渡电阻故障引起的电流差动保护无法准确识别故障的问题。最后使用PSCAD/EMTDC对该方案在不同工况下的动作情况进行仿真,仿真结果表明该方案能够适应有源配电网保护需求。

计及拓扑结构变化的分布式自适应电流保护方法

针对配电网络重构、线路拓扑关系发生变化导致保护误动或拒动的问题,提出一种自适应电流保护方法,该方法由智能终端实时获取配电线路的拓扑关系,自适应调整保护定值,实现自适应保护和故障自愈功能。该方法可减少配置维护工作量,提高配电网的可靠性。为了实现互操作性,建立了基于IEC 61850标准的分布式自适应电流保护相关的逻辑节点,构建了分布式自适应电流保护应用的信息模型,以期能为现场应用提供一定的参考。

基于多源数据交互的高渗透率主动配电网保护策略

主动配电网中分布式电源渗透率逐步提高情况下,由于传统过电流保护的整定值预先设定,使得灵敏度降低,保护配合出现困难。为此,首先分析故障下不同类型分布式电源控制策略特点,并研究分布式电源出力、控制方式、并网点电压与故障电流之间的关系;然后,根据故障电流与电压的关系,在对主动配电网运行信息的多源数据融合方式进行研究后,提出在线自适应整定的电流保护策略;对分布式电源并网点增多且渗透率进一步提高下,改进后保护的灵敏度降低问题,利用采集的电压信息、节点导纳信息进行故障电流匹配计算以实现故障区段搜寻,为识别并切除线路故障提供依据;最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结合MATLAB编程验证方案的有效性。