Routing Protocol Based on Grover’s Searching Algorithm for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), routing protocols directly affect various indices of network Quality of Service (QoS), so they play an important role in network performance. To address the drawbacks associated with traditional routing protocols in MANETs, such as poor anti-fading performance and slow convergence rate, for basic Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), we propose a new routing model based on Grover's searching algorithm. With this new routing model, each node maintains a node vector function, and all the nodes can obtain a node probability vector using Grover's algorithm, and then select an optimal routing according to node probability. Simulation results show that compared with DSR, this new routing protocol can effectively extend the network lifetime, as well as reduce the network delay and the number of routing hops. It can also significantly improve the anti-jamming capability of the network.

Diagnostic yield of third eye retroscope on adenoma detection during colonoscopy:A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM： To determine the diagnostic yield of the “third eye retroscope”, on adenoma detection rate during screening colonoscopy.METHODS： The “third eye retroscope” when used with standard colonoscopy provides an additional retro-grade view to visualize lesions on the proximal aspects of folds and fexures. We searched MEDLINE （PubMed and Ovid）, SCOPUS （including MEDLINE and EMBASE databases）, Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, Google Scholar, and CINAHL Plus databases to identify studies that evaluated diagnostic yield of “third eye retroscope” during screening colonoscopy. DerSimonian Laird random effects model was used to generate the overall effect for each outcome. We evaluated statistical heterogeneity among the studies by using the Cochran Q statistic and quantifed by I2 statistics.RESULTS： Four distinct studies with a total of 920 pa-tients, mean age 59.83 （95%CI： 56.77-62.83） years, were included in the review. The additional adenoma detection rate （AADR） defined as the number of ad-ditional adenomas identified due to “third eye retro-scope” device in comparison to standard colonoscopy alone was 19.9% （95%CI： 7.3-43.9）. AADR for right and left colon were 13.9% （95%CI： 9.4-20） and 10.7 （95%CI： 1.9-42）, respectively. AADR for polyps ≥ 6 mm and ≥ 10 mm were 24.6% （95%CI： 16.6-34.9） and 24.2% （95%CI： 12.9-40.8）, respectively. The ad-ditional polyp detection rate defined as the number of additional polyps identifed due to “third eye retro-scope” device in comparison to standard colonoscopyalone was 19.8% （95%CI： 7.9-41.8）. There were no complications reported with use of “third eye retro-scope” device.CONCLUSION： The “third eye retroscope” device when used with standard colonoscopy is safe and de-tects 19.9% additional adenomas, compared to stan-dard colonoscopy alone.

Additive Rate Model With Auxiliary Covariates

In this paper, we consider an inference method for recurrent event data in which the primary exposure covariate is assessed only in a validation set, while as an auxiliary covariate for the main exposure is available for the full cohort. Additive rate model is considered. The existing estimating equations in the absence of primary exposure are corrected by taking use of the validation data and auxiliary information, which yield consistent and asymptotically normal estimators of the regression parameters. The estimated baseline mean process is shown to converge weakly to a zero-mean Gaussian process. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate finite sample performance.

A Semiparametric Additive Rates Model for Clustered Recurrent Event Data

Recurrent event data often arises in biomedical studies, and individuals within a cluster might not be independent. We propose a semiparametric additive rates model for clustered recurrent event data, wherein the covariates are assumed to add to the unspecified baseline rate. For the inference on the model parameters, estimating equation approaches are developed, and both large and finite sample properties of the proposed estimators are established.

A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Soil Microbial Community

In order to investigate the general tendency of soil microbial community responses to fertilizers, a meta-analysis approach was used to synthesise observations on the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer addition(N: nitrogen;P: phosphorus;NP: nitrogen and phosphorus;PK: phosphorus and potassium;NPK: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium;OF: organic fertilizer;OF+NPK: organic fertilizer plus NPK) on soil microbial communities. Among the various studies, PK, NPK, OF and OF+NPK addition increased total phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA) by 52.0%, 19.5%, 334.3% and 58.3%, respectively;while NP, OF and OF+NPK addition increased fungi by 5.6%, 21.0% and 8.2%, respectively. NP, NPK and OF addition increased bacteria by 6.4%, 9.8% and 13.3%, respectively;while NP and NPK addition increased actinomycetes by 7.0% and 14.8%, respectively. Addition of ammonium nitrate rather than urea decreased gram-negative bacteria(G–). N addition increased total PLFA、bacteria and actinomycetes in croplands, but decreased fungi and bacteria in forests, and the F/B ratio in grasslands. NPK addition increased total PLFA in forests but not in croplands. The N addition rate was positively correlated with the effects of N addition on gram-positive bacteria(G+) and G–. Therefore, different fertilizers appear to have different effects on the soil microbial community. Organic fertilizers can have a greater positive effect on the soil microbial community than inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilizers on the soil microbial community varied with ecosystem types. The effect of N addition on the soil microbial community was related to both the forms of nitrogen that were added and the nitrogen addition rate.