An experimental study on the effects of friction modifiers on wheel-rail dynamic interactions with various angles of attack

By modifying friction to the desired level,the application of friction modifiers(FMs)has been considered as a promising emerging tool in the railway engineering for increasing braking/traction force in poor adhesion conditions and mitigating wheel/rail interface deterioration,energy consumption,vibration and noise.Understanding the effectiveness of FMs in wheel–rail dynamic interactions is crucial to their proper applications in practice,which has,however,not been well explained.This study experimentally investigates the effects of two types of top-of-rail FM,i.e.FM-A and FM-B,and their application dosages on wheel–rail dynamic interactions with a range of angles of attack(AoAs)using an innovative well-controlled V-track test rig.The tested FMs have been used to provide intermediate friction for wear and noise reduction.The effectiveness of the FMs is assessed in terms of the wheel–rail adhesion characteristics and friction rolling induced axle box acceleration(ABA).This study provides the following new insights into the study of FM:the applications of the tested FMs can both reduce the wheel–rail adhesion level and change the negative friction characteristic to positive;stick–slip can be generated in the V-Track and eliminated by FM-A but intensified by FM-B,depending on the dosage of the FMs applied;the negative friction characteristic is not a must for stick–slip;the increase in ABA with AoA is insignificant until stick–slip occurs and the ABA can thus be influenced by the applications of FM.

Analysis of torque transmitting behavior and wheel slip prevention control during regenerative braking for high speed EMU trains

The wheel-rail adhesion control for regenerative braking systems of high speed electric multiple unit trains is crucial to maintaining the stability,improving the adhesion utilization,and achieving deep energy recovery.There remain technical challenges mainly because of the nonlinear,uncertain,and varying features of wheel-rail contact conditions.This research analyzes the torque transmitting behavior during regenerative braking,and proposes a novel methodology to detect the wheel-rail adhesion stability.Then,applications to the wheel slip prevention during braking are investigated,and the optimal slip ratio control scheme is proposed,which is based on a novel optimal reference generation of the slip ratio and a robust sliding mode control.The proposed methodology achieves the optimal braking performancewithoutthewheel-railcontactinformation.Numerical simulation results for uncertain slippery rails verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Experimental study of the wheel/rail impact caused by wheel flat within 400 km/h using full-scale roller rig

Purpose–In service,the periodic clashes of wheel flat against the rail result in large wheel/rail impact force and high-frequency vibration,leading to severe damage on the wheelset,rail and track structure.This study aims to analyze characteristics and dynamic impact law of wheel and rail caused by wheel flat of high-speed trains.Design/methodology/approach–A full-scale high-speed wheel/rail interface test rig was used for the test of the dynamic impact of wheel/rail caused by wheel flat of high-speed train.With wheel flats of different lengths,widths and depths manually set around the rolling circle of the wheel tread,and wheel/rail dynamic impact tests to the flats in the speed range of 0–400 km/h on the rig were conducted.Findings–As the speed goes up,the flat induced the maximum of the wheel/rail dynamic impact force increases rapidly before it reaches its limit at the speed of around 35 km/h.It then goes down gradually as the speed continues to grow.The impact of flat wheel on rail leads to 100–500 Hz middle-frequency vibration,and around 2,000 Hz and 6,000 Hz high-frequency vibration.In case of any wheel flat found during operation,the train speed shall be controlled according to the status of the flat and avoid the running speed of 20 km/h–80 km/h as much as possible.Originality/value–The research can provide a new method to obtain the dynamic impact of wheel/rail caused by wheel flat by a full-scale high-speed wheel/rail interface test rig.The relations among the flat size,the running speed and the dynamic impact are hopefully of reference to the building of speed limits for HSR wheel flat of different degrees.

车轮打滑对2万吨重载列车纵向冲动影响分析

针对低黏着接触条件下车轮滑行所引起的列车纵向冲动问题,文章建立了“1+1”编组2万吨重载列车-轨道垂纵耦合动力学模型,对比分析电制动工况下不同轮轨接触状态对2万吨列车纵向冲动的影响,分别计算了车轮发生滑行位置和电制动力载荷大小对纵向冲动的影响规律。结果表明,在电制动运行工况下,当列车施加100%电制动力时,列车在湿润、油污和冰雪接触条件下均检测到了车轮滑行,在25%~75%电制动工况下列车仅在冰雪接触条件下检测到了车轮滑行;车轮滑行导致了车钩力的波动,特别是中部机车发生车轮滑行时会引起其前、中、后部车钩力较大幅度波动,并增大中部机车前部车辆压钩力,严重影响列车的平稳运行;随着制动力的降低,低黏着接触状态下的车轮滑行对最大车钩力的影响明显减小。

考虑滚动噪声的地铁波磨打磨限值评估方法

钢轨打磨能有效抑制波磨的发展,目前的打磨限值制定标准主要以车辆运行平稳性和行车安全性为依据,对影响环境线路的轮轨滚动噪声重视不足。为了获取服役条件下轮轨滚动噪声约束的地铁波磨打磨限值,根据对某地铁线路噪声段波磨情况的调查,建立了地铁波磨打磨限值综合评估模型。模型中将连续谐波模拟钢轨波磨作为系统输入,根据车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论以及轮轨接触关系确定轮轨动作用力和轮轨表面粗糙度之间的关系,分析获取了车辆-轨道耦合系统的振动响应和轮轨滚动噪声,指出了轮轨动作用力、轮重减载率和轮轨滚动噪声声压级3个指标对地铁线路钢轨波磨打磨限值的影响,进而形成了融合轮轨滚动噪声的地铁波磨打磨限值评估方法。结果表明:考虑轮轨滚动噪声影响的钢轨波磨打磨限值评估,不仅满足车辆运行平稳性和行车安全性的要求,而且保证地铁沿线噪声处于合理范围;基于轮轨滚动噪声对钢轨波磨最为敏感的特性,综合评估地铁波磨打磨限值,提高了载重变化时的车辆运行平稳性。

升力翼高速列车曲线通过时的轮轨黏着性能研究

建立考虑轮轨关系、升力翼及流场耦合特性等因素的车辆系统动力学模型,分析升力翼高速列车曲线通过时的运动姿态和轮轨接触特性响应,研究列车在曲线轨道运行的轮轨黏着性能,探讨轨道不平顺、曲线半径、运行速度及轮轨接触条件对轮轨黏着性能的影响。研究结果表明:气动升力通过改变列车运行动态响应和轮轨接触特性导致内、外侧轮轨垂向力和纵向蠕滑力重新分配,促使内侧轮更易失去黏着;气动升力和运行速度的增大均会劣化轮轨黏着性能,但曲线半径的增大将显著提升轮轨黏着水平;轨道不平顺削弱了轮轨黏着性能,干态、湿态、油态条件下的轮轨黏着性能依次恶化。列车牵引运行时,干态、湿态、油态条件下的轮轨均能满足牵引力安全限值要求,但制动运行时,湿态和油态条件下的轮轨均不能满足制动力安全限值要求。研究结果可为超高速列车的安全运行与节能设计提供技术支持。

重载铁路小半径曲线段钢轨焊缝不平顺安全管理限值

基于一重载铁路曲线段的线路条件与钢轨焊缝不平顺现场测试数据,通过建立30 t轴重重载货车-轨道耦合动力学模型,分析了重载铁路钢轨焊缝不平顺参数与曲线参数对重载轮轨系统动力响应的影响规律。结合轮轨动力性能安全评价指标,分析了不同类型重载线路钢轨焊缝短波不平顺的安全限值。结果表明:在小半径曲线段,钢轨焊缝不平顺对重载行车安全性威胁更大;轮重减载率和轮轨垂向力响应指标受钢轨焊缝不平顺的影响较大,可作为钢轨焊缝不平顺动力影响研究的敏感指标;曲线段钢轨焊缝不平顺短波波深限值随行车速度增加而减小,随曲线半径减小而略有减小;30 t轴重重载货车以100 km/h运行于半径400 m的曲线线路时,凸形焊缝不平顺的短波波深安全限值为0.2 mm,凹形焊缝不平顺的短波波深安全限值为0.1 mm。

A numerical study on tread wear and fatigue damage of railway wheels subjected to anti-slip control

Tread wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage propagated on railway wheels are the two extremely important focal points as they can tremendously deteriorate wheel/rail interactions and hunting stability and destroy wheel surface materials, and subsequently, cut down the lifetime of the wheels. The on-board anti-slip controllers are of essence aiming to hold back the striking slipping of the powered wheelsets under low-adhesion wheel/rail conditions. This paper intends to investigate the impact of anti-slip control on wheel tread wear and fatigue damage under diverse wheel/rail friction conditions. To this end, a prediction model for wheel wear and fatigue damage evolution on account of a comprehensive vehicle–track interaction model is extended, where the wheel/rail non-Hertzian contact algorithm is used. Furthermore, the effect of frictional wear on the fatigue damage at wheel surface is considered. The simulation results indicate that the wheel/rail contact is full-slip under the low-adhesion conditions with braking effort. The wear amount under the low-adhesion conditions is observably higher than that under the dry condition. It is further suggested that the wheel tread is prone to suffering more serious wear and fatigue damage issues with a higher anti-slip control threshold compared to that with a lower one.

Cu,Fe和SiO_(2)粉末对轮轨间摩擦性能影响试验

为寻找可替代硬质氧化物颗粒且能增加摩擦系数,并能减少对轮轨表面损伤的增黏材料,利用销盘摩擦试验机,在试验压力为0.5 MPa、转速为100,200,350,500 r·min^(-1)条件下,采用向轮轨摩擦表面添加粉末并观测摩擦表面形貌的方法,比较测试Cu,Fe与SiO_(2)粉末对摩擦系数、磨损量及表面硬度影响的差异性。结果表明:Cu,Fe粉末增加轮轨间摩擦系数的作用大于硬质SiO_(2)粉末,在摩擦表面添加Cu粉后摩擦系数增加0.2~0.3,添加Fe粉后增加0.1~0.2,添加SiO_(2)粉后在转速低于200 r·min^(-1)条件下增幅低于0.1,但在转速高于200 r·min^(-1)条件下并没有增加;低转速条件下SiO_(2)和Fe粉末使磨损量增加40%以上,而在转速大于200 r·min^(-1)时Cu粉末使磨损量降低50%,原因在于高硬度粒子加剧了对摩擦表面的犁削程度,导致磨损量成倍增加,而Cu粉末在剪切力的作用下易发生大塑性变形,从而黏附在摩擦表面,起到增大摩擦力和减小磨损量的作用;低速条件下Fe粉末和SiO_(2)粉末硬度高,与摩擦表面形成咬合作用,导致摩擦系数增加,而在转速提高时Fe和SiO_(2)粉末被粉碎细化,微细颗粒具有滚动效应,弱化了摩擦表面间的剪切力,难以起到增加摩擦系数的作用。

Numerical study of wheel–rail adhesion performance of new-concept high-speed trains with aerodynamic wings

Wheel–rail adhesion is a complex tribological problem of wheel–rail rolling contact and is closely related to the operational safety of high-speed trains.A new design concept of high-speed trains was recently proposed with an expectation of a reduction of equivalent weight and total energy consumption by installing aerodynamic wings(aero-wings)on the roof,but it was accompanied by the disadvantage of deteriorating wheel–rail adhesion performance.In this study,a comprehensive multibody dynamics(MBD)model of the high-speed train with predesigned aero-wings is established using the commercial software SIMPACK,in which the real aerodynamic characteristics of the train are taken into account.The available adhesion and adhesion margin are employed to evaluate the wheel–rail adhesion performance.The influences of aero-wing lift,train speed,and contact conditions on the wheel–rail adhesion level are discussed.The results show that the load transfer caused by the action of aerodynamic load and braking torque was the main reason for the inconsistent adhesion condition of four wheelsets.The influences of aero-wing lift and train speed on the wheel–rail adhesion performance are coupled;the available adhesion of both motor car and trailer is negatively correlated with aero-wing lift and train speed under all contact conditions,while the variation law of adhesion margin with train speed shows differences under different contact conditions.When the wheel–rail interface was polluted by a‘third-body medium’such as water and oil,the wheel–rail adhesion performance was dramatically reduced and the wheelset tended to reach adhesion saturation and slide.However,track irregularity had little effect on the adhesion performance and could be ignored to save calculation time.These results are of positive significance for reducing the wheel idling or sliding phenomenon and to ensure the safe operation of high-speed trains with aero-wings.

防冻液浓度对轮轨黏着系数及制动距离的影响分析

本文从防冻液浓度对轮轨黏着系数的影响、天气条件对防冻液浓度的影响两个方面进行了模拟试验分析。通过试验分析,确认防冻液在自然天气条件下会发生浓度的变化,且随着防冻液浓度的增加,黏着系数呈现明显的下降趋势,二者成反比关系,黏着系数的变化进而影响轨道车辆的制动距离。

基于轮轨切向力的防空转/滑行效率计算方法研究

地铁车辆在完成防空转/滑行试验后,通常通过计算防空转/滑行效率来评价车辆防空转/滑行的性能,目前地铁车辆关于防空转/滑行效率缺少统一的计算方法。为解决该问题,文章系统介绍了轮轨黏着机理及特性,对比分析了既有车辆黏着控制策略和防空转/滑行效率计算方法,建立了车辆牵引和制动工况力学模型并提出了一种基于轮轨切向力的防空转/滑行效率计算方法。与现有防空转/滑行效率计算方法相比,该方法同时适用于防空转试验和防滑行试验效率计算,排除了车辆运行阻力对计算结果的影响,在不同试验工况下的计算结果一致性较好。

Experimental prototyping of the adhesion braking control system design concept for a mechatronic bogie

The dynamic parameters of a roller rig vary as the adhesion level changes.The change in dynamics parameters needs to be analysed to estimate the adhesion level.One of these parameters is noise emanating from wheel–rail interaction.Most previous wheel–rail noise analysis has been conducted to mitigate those noises.However,in this paper,the noise is analysed to estimate the adhesion condition at the wheel–rail contact interface in combination with the other methodologies applied for this purpose.The adhesion level changes with changes in operational and environmental factors.To accurately estimate the adhesion level,the influence of those factors is included in this study.The testing and verification of the methodology required an accurate test prototype of the roller rig.In general,such testing and verification involve complex experimental works required by the intricate nature of the adhesion process and the integration of the different subsystems(i.e.controller,traction,braking).To this end,a new reduced-scale roller rig is developed to study the adhesion between wheel and rail roller contact.The various stages involved in the development of such a complex mechatronics system are described in this paper.Furthermore,the proposed brake control system was validated using the test rig under various adhesion conditions.The results indicate that the proposed brake controller has achieved a shorter stopping distance as compared to the conventional brake controller,and the brake control algorithm was able to maintain the operational condition even at the abrupt changes in adhesion condition.

高速铁路钢轨上拱不平顺对波磨萌生的影响研究

高速铁路钢轨波磨是近年来致力于解决的一种极其复杂的轮轨关系问题。武广高铁胡家湾大桥存在钢轨上拱不平顺并伴随钢轨波磨病害,有必要通过理论与实践研究寻找钢轨上拱和波磨相伴相生的证据并诠释其机理。首先建立涵盖钢轨上拱-大幅值轮载-轮轨接触力统一数力学模型,采用能量法、轮轨接触理论和安定极限法进行解析计算,研究钢轨上拱矢度、列车参数和轨道参数的影响规律。然后阐释钢轨上拱、轮载与轮轨接触力之间的相互作用对理解钢轨波磨的萌生机理和减磨措施以及提出车轮多边形发生机理猜想所具有的启示意义,最后简要总结钢轨上拱引发波磨需要进一步研究的前沿问题。计算结果表明:钢轨上拱矢度对轮轨接触力影响显著,如以CRH2型动车组和弹性支撑块式无砟轨道组合为例,当钢轨上拱0.2 cm时,动轮载为21.45 t,相较平顺时增大3.1倍,切向力为15.86 kN,增大2.1倍,法向应力为1 131.6 MPa,增大1.5倍,超出安定极限值20.1%;轮轨接触力随着静轮重、簧下质量和轨道垂向刚度的增加而增大,随着轨道阻尼的增大而减小。研究发现,钢轨上拱激励轮轨系统高频共振导致了钢轨波磨的萌生与发展。防止或抑制此类型波磨的主要措施有:控制钢轨上拱不平顺、防止轮轨系统共振、减小轮载变化幅值、提高钢轨材质强度与耐磨性能以及采取预防性和修复性打磨等。

高速动车组车轮偏磨影响因素与限值研究

目的 高速动车组在运营过程中的轮轨磨耗严重威胁着运营安全和运营经济性,车轮偏磨对车辆的运行性能具有重要影响。探究高速动车组车轮发生偏磨的原因,从而提出对应的抑制措施。方法 通过实测数据,统计分析动车组偏磨问题和演化规律,并对不同车轮偏磨下的轮轨静态接触参数进行分析;建立高速动车组车辆模型和Jendel车轮磨耗模型,分析偏磨产生的机理和影响因素,主要从4个方面进行探究,包括左右轮表面硬度、左右侧转臂节点参数、线路分布和钢轨廓形的不对称性;通过建立轮对刚柔耦合模型,对不同车速下的车轮偏磨限值进行研究。结果 磨耗里程为200 000 km,当硬度差为0、5H、10H时,右侧车轮的磨耗深度分别为0.954、0.966、0.973 mm。当右侧转臂节点刚度减小为5 MN时,右侧车轮的磨耗深度减小了5%。当左右钢轨廓形不对称时,左侧车轮的磨耗比右侧的磨耗增大了15.8%。当速度为300、350、400 km/h时,轮径差限值分别为2.4、2.1、1.7 mm。结论 左右车轮的表面硬度、左右侧转臂节点参数、线路分布和钢轨廓形不对称性是引起车轮偏磨的主要诱因,在服役过程中需对影响车轮偏磨的车辆和线路参数进行有效监控,并根据运营状态及时进行检修。

轮轨黏着状态对曲线区段轮轨动态相互作用的影响

基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论,建立了考虑不同轮轨黏着状态的地铁车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,分析了轮轨界面黏着状态和曲线半径对轮轨系统动态相互作用的影响。结果表明:车辆通过曲线区段时,轮轨界面黏着状态对轮对运动姿态和轮轨系统动态相互作用的影响显著;轮轨界面存在低黏着接触状态会削弱轮对导向能力,致使脱轨系数增大,尤其当外侧轮轨界面存在低黏着接触状态时影响更大;通过润滑适当减小内侧轮轨摩擦因数,同时保持较大外侧轮轨摩擦因数可有效减小脱轨系数,提高车辆横向运行安全性;内外侧轮轨磨耗指数主要由所在侧轮轨黏着状态决定,且随曲线半径增大而减小。

车轮多边形磨耗对车辆-轨道动态相互作用的影响

为确保时速400 km下列车安全平稳运行,车辆部件正常使用,以车辆-轨道耦合动力学为理论基础,将车轮多边形磨耗考虑为轨道不平顺激励,针对单阶主导的车轮多边形形式,分析了车轮多边形阶数、幅值对车辆-轨道动态相互作用的影响规律;基于轮轨垂向力170 kN的限值要求,给出了时速400 km行车条件下车轮多边形阶数、幅值组合的安全限值。结果表明:随着车轮多边形阶数增加,轮轨垂向力逐渐出现高频波动,且阶数越高,波动频次越高,波动幅值越大;车轮多边形幅值越大,对轮轨动态相互作用的影响越明显;相比无多边形的正常车轮工况,轮对垂向振动加速度增幅总体上随车轮多边形阶数增大而增大;车轮多边形对车体和构架影响不大。

钢轨轨面静电喷涂SiO_(2)增黏颗粒行为与利用率研究

目的为了改善传统撒砂过程中SiO_(2)增黏微粒利用率低的问题,将静电喷涂技术引入轮轨增黏领域,研究不同喷涂参数与颗粒粒径对SiO_(2)微粒行为与利用率的影响,并进一步对比分析静电喷涂微粒与传统撒砂的增黏效果。方法利用Gema静电喷枪与静电喷涂动态试验平台进行喷涂试验;利用MJP-30A轮轨滚动磨损与接触疲劳试验机进行轮轨黏着与磨损试验;利用光学显微镜(OM)对SiO_(2)微粒吸附情况进行观察与分析,并通过电子天平测量与计算轨面颗粒量与颗粒利用率。结果相较于未施加静电电压,静电电压为90 kV时轨面颗粒量提升了3.8倍。静电电压由30 kV增加至70 kV时,颗粒利用率提升约60%;当静电电压进一步增加至90kV时,由于颗粒带电量趋于饱和,颗粒利用率仅提升10%。SiO_(2)微粒利用率随着喷嘴高度与颗粒粒径的增大先增大后减小,喷嘴高度为25cm且颗粒粒径为300目时颗粒利用率最高,可达60%;300目SiO_(2)微粒在静电电压为90kV时,随着喷枪移速的增大,喷枪在单位距离上喷涂时间相对减少,使得喷涂在钢轨轨面的颗粒量降低。90kV静电喷涂SiO_(2)微粒增黏时,最大黏着系数接近传统撒砂增黏,有效作用时间是传统撒砂的2.2倍,轮轨磨损率仅为传统撒砂增黏的75%与65%,轮轨损伤显著减轻。结论利用静电喷涂技术可以有效提升SiO_(2)微粒在钢轨轨面的利用率,并提升颗粒在轨面的吸附性;静电喷涂SiO_(2)微粒增黏与传统撒砂增黏的黏着系数相近,且轮轨磨损率更低。

暖湿气流对不同服役温度下轮轨界面黏着与损伤的响应行为研究

为研究不同服役温度下高湿度暖湿气流对车轮材料黏着与损伤的影响,为列车轮轨的安全可靠服役提供理论参考.本文作者利用轮轨滚动接触磨损/疲劳试验机模拟宽温环境(-55~60℃)下,着重考察间歇暖湿气流对高速轮轨界面黏着与车轮表面损伤的响应行为.结果表明:同种暖湿气流(RH 99%)作用下,环境温度对轮轨滚动接触界面的黏着与损伤存在显著影响;在低温环境下,轮轨间的黏着系数会瞬时大幅度下跌,而高温环境下反而出现轻微上升的现象.在低温工况下暖湿气流诱导下的车轮损伤(如塑性变形和表面疲劳裂纹等)明显高于高温环境,磨损机制由低温环境下的疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损为主逐渐转变为高温环境下的氧化磨损、黏着磨损和疲劳磨损.因此,为进一步保障高寒地区列车通过隧道等湿热环境时的安全可靠运行,暖湿气流诱导列车轮轨低黏着状态的行为须予以关注和引起重视.

基于Levenberg Marquardt算法的列车最优黏着控制研究

电空制动是轨道车辆应用最广泛的黏着制动方式,其制动性能主要受制于轮轨间的黏着状态。在复杂低黏着条件下,传统制动控制系统面临的最大问题是无法使黏着时刻保持最优。因此,基于轮轨黏滑特性和车辆动力学理论,本文首先建立以黏着观测器为核心的蠕滑寻优模型;其次提出以Levenberg Marquardt(L-M)算法为核心的神经网络控制器,完成最优黏着控制系统;最后使用Matlab/Simulink平台分别对基于多交替轨面和实验低黏着轨面的列车黏着控制进行仿真模拟,并与传统比例积分微分控制器(PID)作用下的黏着情况做对比。结果表明,即使面对具有不同特性的低黏着轨面,轮轨黏着在控制系统作用下都能迅速维持在当前轨面下的最优值,有效缩短了制动距离和时间。相比传统PID控制,本文提出的控制系统在制动时间和制动距离上同比减小4.9%与4.1%,调控能力更强,适用于低黏着和大蠕滑下的列车制动工况。