Before we focus association and collocation on a given subject,it is highly important to pay attention to association and collocation between word-classes.The essay endeavors to restate the key rules of association an...Before we focus association and collocation on a given subject,it is highly important to pay attention to association and collocation between word-classes.The essay endeavors to restate the key rules of association and collocation and restrict itself to the associative and collocative relationship between adjectives and prepositions.展开更多
The contradiction between the unlimited cognitive needs and limited means of expression of human beings caused the phenomenon of lexical decategorization.There are many examples of nouns that are used as adjectives in...The contradiction between the unlimited cognitive needs and limited means of expression of human beings caused the phenomenon of lexical decategorization.There are many examples of nouns that are used as adjectives in Chinese.The evolution of languages is undying and it occurs at anytime.The phenomenon of‘nouns to adjectives’has dynamicity.There is a big difference in the completeness within this phenomenon and it performs as a unidirectional continuum.展开更多
Doran, et al.(2009, 2012) and van Tiel, et al.(2016) have presented experimental evidence that gradable adjectives (e.g.cool) yield scalar inferences (e.g.to not cold) significantly less often than do numerals, quanti...Doran, et al.(2009, 2012) and van Tiel, et al.(2016) have presented experimental evidence that gradable adjectives (e.g.cool) yield scalar inferences (e.g.to not cold) significantly less often than do numerals, quantifiers and modals;their data also reveal considerable variability within the class of adjectives in the frequency with which inferences are likely to be generated.Van Tiel, et al.consider two main explanations for this variation:differences among pairs of adjectives in what they call scale distinctness (how easy or difficult it is to differentiate the adjectives), and differences in scale availability (how salient the stronger scalar alternative is).They argue that only scale distinctness plays a role, and a rather small one at that;they leave most of the variation unexplained.In this comment, I argue that their measures of scale availability were too crude to detect a role for contextual variation in the scalar alternatives that subjects consider, but that this latter variation is, in fact, a very plausible part of the explanation for the results.I discuss some specific ways adjectives might yield different scalar alternatives in different contexts, under sufficiently sophisticated assumptions about their lexical semantics and about the rhetorical structure of discourse.展开更多
Thousands of years ago,the Jews were forced to leave their homeland and began to live an exiled life and gradually melted into other neighboring peoples.However,they were not welcomed by others.For thousands of years,...Thousands of years ago,the Jews were forced to leave their homeland and began to live an exiled life and gradually melted into other neighboring peoples.However,they were not welcomed by others.For thousands of years,Jews' "Bible" has become a source of literary and artistic creation,but the image of Jews were excluded from the literary and artistic creation,even if there were some occasions,they were but described as autistic Misers or loan shark.Shakespeare is one of the most outstanding writers;he described many people from all walks of life in his works,the Jews,also included.Based on the corpus of Shakespeare's works,we can see that most adjectives used by Shakespeare to modify the word "Jew"are derogative words.Therefore,we can prove that anti-Semitism does exist in Shakespeare's works.展开更多
Many adverbs have the same form as their corresponding adjectives.The u se of the word in the sentence determines whether it is an adverb or an adjectiv e.Some adverbs have two forms,the simple form and the derived fo...Many adverbs have the same form as their corresponding adjectives.The u se of the word in the sentence determines whether it is an adverb or an adjectiv e.Some adverbs have two forms,the simple form and the derived form with suffix-l y.These two forms are generally different from each other in meaning,collection or position.But that is just general usage.Sonetimes we are confused and we can hardly choose the correct way.展开更多
Huang (2006) argues that h?n ‘very’, the Mandarin adjective intensifier, is anobligatory type-lifter that transforms simple adjectives to complex adjectives for predicatehood,as is required by the Property Theory (C...Huang (2006) argues that h?n ‘very’, the Mandarin adjective intensifier, is anobligatory type-lifter that transforms simple adjectives to complex adjectives for predicatehood,as is required by the Property Theory (Chierchia, 1984, 1985). This article studies theother cases where h?n is not obligatory and concludes that, in addition to h?n-insertion,affixation, and reduplication identified by Huang (2006), the negator bù and VP or IPmovement can also function as type-lifters for simple adjectives. I further argue that onlyone type-lifter device is allowed per sentence.展开更多
SOOAs refer to the phenomenon that the state adjective in the adverbial position is semantically associated with the object.In this paper this fact will be accounted for by invoking the properties of a pre-syntactic l...SOOAs refer to the phenomenon that the state adjective in the adverbial position is semantically associated with the object.In this paper this fact will be accounted for by invoking the properties of a pre-syntactic level of semantic representation and its interplay with syntax proper.It will be argued that the object-oriented adverbial is not derived from the attributive;in effect,it is base-generated in the complement position.A model of projection of arguments that allows for this will be proposed.It will be shown that the other special properties of SOOAs follow from the way the verb’s object and complement are represented at the pre-syntactic level.In particular,it will be shown that the underlying structure must satisfy both the requirement of the syntactic system and the requirement of the semantic system.The presence of any symbol in a representation is conditional.The theta-roles of internal arguments are assigned by the predicate,which is locally constrained,whereas the theta-roles of external arguments are assigned by the maximal projection of the predicate,viz.VP.When an external argument occurs,there is an empty predicate position in the representation,for there is an asymmetry between the conceptual system and the syntactic system.Derivation involves Move-αand Generalized Transformation.Different use of derivation methods gives rise to various forms of constructions in Chinese.Similarly,different semantic orientations result from different distributions.The state adjective is base-generated in the position behind the object because its nature is to serve the function of the complement of the object.It co-occurs with the object in the embedded VP because they are closely related to each other in terms of semantics.There is no overt predicate between the object and the state adjective.The state adjective occurs in other positions,which is the result of movement.Movement falls into two types,viz.object movement and state adjective movement.Object movement is prior to state adjective movement.In order to satisfy the requirement of feature checking,the object moves to the position NP.Then the state adjective moves to the major predicate and merges with it so as to maintain its semantic association with the state adjective and to serve the function of the complement.It follows that the difference between Chinese SOOAs and English as well as German SOOAs lies in the distance of movement of state adjectives.In Chinese,there are causative markers,resultative markers,and manner markers that can license the state adjective in the landing sites and help to maintain its semantic association with the object while in English and German there are no such markers.As a consequence,the object in Chinese-type SOOAs does not move while the state adjective moves out of the embedded VP to the empty verb position where the manner marker is inserted.The major predicate moves to the same position and merges with the newly-formed syntactic object ADJ-MANN.Furthermore,Chinese-type SOOAs allow the state adjective to precede the major predicate as the manner marker can license the state adjective.In contrast,in English-type SOOAs,neither the state adjective nor the object moves.Moreover,English-type SOOAs do not allow the state adjective to come before the major predicate because there is no manner marker to license it.展开更多
This paper aims to make it clear that syntactic analysis should be based on the lexical information given in the lexicon.For this purpose,lexical information of the syntactic argument is to be taken the form like[VP N...This paper aims to make it clear that syntactic analysis should be based on the lexical information given in the lexicon.For this purpose,lexical information of the syntactic argument is to be taken the form like[VP NKP,_,DKP,AKP]for the ditransitive verb give in English.The argument structure projects to syntactic structure.The NKP in this structure becomes VP-subject,but there is another subject called S-subject(Sentence-Subject)below S node.This amounts to Two-Subject Hypothesis for English.Between these two subjects,there intervene Conjugation-Like Elements,enriched by close examination of English verbal conjugation.Two-Subject Hypothesis perfectly accounts for peculiarities of the Expletive There(ET)construction.Restructuring can also explain the so-called Long Distance Wh-interrogative without introducing Wh-movement,and it can also explain why the imperative verbs are taking the base forms.It can also explain the characteristics of adjective imperatives by the same principles as applied to verbal imperatives.We try to deal with the other subtle problems,to get fruitful results.Restructuring approach,we think,provides more convincing explanations than the movement one.展开更多
In English grammar, an adjective is used to depict, qualify or modify a noun. In doing so, it may refer to the noun either directly, or through the medium of a link verb. Take the adjective "diligent" for ex...In English grammar, an adjective is used to depict, qualify or modify a noun. In doing so, it may refer to the noun either directly, or through the medium of a link verb. Take the adjective "diligent" for example. We can say, "a diligent student", or "The student is diligent." Thus,展开更多
It is generally recognized that nominalization, the use of a word which is not a noun as a noun, functions as a natural section of language, among which adjective nominalization serves as a requisite. This phenomenon ...It is generally recognized that nominalization, the use of a word which is not a noun as a noun, functions as a natural section of language, among which adjective nominalization serves as a requisite. This phenomenon can be frequently found in both Chinese and English. This paper comparatively studies adjective nominalization in the two languages, and discovers that the phenomenon in two languages shares similarities in syntactic functions, but differs in terms of the composition pattern in that formation in English is more various than Chinese, that is, in English it can be achieved either with or without the assistance of suffixes, yet that in Chinese is realized merely through zero suffixes.展开更多
These instructions are guidelines for preparing papers for Journal of Additive Manufacturing Frontiers(CJEE:AMF).The length of your paper are at least 7 pages(The review length should be more than 10 pages).Please do ...These instructions are guidelines for preparing papers for Journal of Additive Manufacturing Frontiers(CJEE:AMF).The length of your paper are at least 7 pages(The review length should be more than 10 pages).Please do not be less than these limitations.Use this document as a template if you are using Word 2013 or later.Or,use this document as an instruction set.The manuscript of yours will be formatted further at Format-ting guidelines.(Note:Abstract should include all key elements like background,objective,methods,results,and conclusions.Define all symbols used in the abstract.Do not cite references,nor use formulas,figures and tables in the abstract.).展开更多
文摘Before we focus association and collocation on a given subject,it is highly important to pay attention to association and collocation between word-classes.The essay endeavors to restate the key rules of association and collocation and restrict itself to the associative and collocative relationship between adjectives and prepositions.
基金This research project is supported by Science Foundation of Beijing Language and Culture University(supported by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”)(20YBB08).
文摘The contradiction between the unlimited cognitive needs and limited means of expression of human beings caused the phenomenon of lexical decategorization.There are many examples of nouns that are used as adjectives in Chinese.The evolution of languages is undying and it occurs at anytime.The phenomenon of‘nouns to adjectives’has dynamicity.There is a big difference in the completeness within this phenomenon and it performs as a unidirectional continuum.
文摘Doran, et al.(2009, 2012) and van Tiel, et al.(2016) have presented experimental evidence that gradable adjectives (e.g.cool) yield scalar inferences (e.g.to not cold) significantly less often than do numerals, quantifiers and modals;their data also reveal considerable variability within the class of adjectives in the frequency with which inferences are likely to be generated.Van Tiel, et al.consider two main explanations for this variation:differences among pairs of adjectives in what they call scale distinctness (how easy or difficult it is to differentiate the adjectives), and differences in scale availability (how salient the stronger scalar alternative is).They argue that only scale distinctness plays a role, and a rather small one at that;they leave most of the variation unexplained.In this comment, I argue that their measures of scale availability were too crude to detect a role for contextual variation in the scalar alternatives that subjects consider, but that this latter variation is, in fact, a very plausible part of the explanation for the results.I discuss some specific ways adjectives might yield different scalar alternatives in different contexts, under sufficiently sophisticated assumptions about their lexical semantics and about the rhetorical structure of discourse.
文摘Thousands of years ago,the Jews were forced to leave their homeland and began to live an exiled life and gradually melted into other neighboring peoples.However,they were not welcomed by others.For thousands of years,Jews' "Bible" has become a source of literary and artistic creation,but the image of Jews were excluded from the literary and artistic creation,even if there were some occasions,they were but described as autistic Misers or loan shark.Shakespeare is one of the most outstanding writers;he described many people from all walks of life in his works,the Jews,also included.Based on the corpus of Shakespeare's works,we can see that most adjectives used by Shakespeare to modify the word "Jew"are derogative words.Therefore,we can prove that anti-Semitism does exist in Shakespeare's works.
文摘Many adverbs have the same form as their corresponding adjectives.The u se of the word in the sentence determines whether it is an adverb or an adjectiv e.Some adverbs have two forms,the simple form and the derived form with suffix-l y.These two forms are generally different from each other in meaning,collection or position.But that is just general usage.Sonetimes we are confused and we can hardly choose the correct way.
文摘Huang (2006) argues that h?n ‘very’, the Mandarin adjective intensifier, is anobligatory type-lifter that transforms simple adjectives to complex adjectives for predicatehood,as is required by the Property Theory (Chierchia, 1984, 1985). This article studies theother cases where h?n is not obligatory and concludes that, in addition to h?n-insertion,affixation, and reduplication identified by Huang (2006), the negator bù and VP or IPmovement can also function as type-lifters for simple adjectives. I further argue that onlyone type-lifter device is allowed per sentence.
文摘SOOAs refer to the phenomenon that the state adjective in the adverbial position is semantically associated with the object.In this paper this fact will be accounted for by invoking the properties of a pre-syntactic level of semantic representation and its interplay with syntax proper.It will be argued that the object-oriented adverbial is not derived from the attributive;in effect,it is base-generated in the complement position.A model of projection of arguments that allows for this will be proposed.It will be shown that the other special properties of SOOAs follow from the way the verb’s object and complement are represented at the pre-syntactic level.In particular,it will be shown that the underlying structure must satisfy both the requirement of the syntactic system and the requirement of the semantic system.The presence of any symbol in a representation is conditional.The theta-roles of internal arguments are assigned by the predicate,which is locally constrained,whereas the theta-roles of external arguments are assigned by the maximal projection of the predicate,viz.VP.When an external argument occurs,there is an empty predicate position in the representation,for there is an asymmetry between the conceptual system and the syntactic system.Derivation involves Move-αand Generalized Transformation.Different use of derivation methods gives rise to various forms of constructions in Chinese.Similarly,different semantic orientations result from different distributions.The state adjective is base-generated in the position behind the object because its nature is to serve the function of the complement of the object.It co-occurs with the object in the embedded VP because they are closely related to each other in terms of semantics.There is no overt predicate between the object and the state adjective.The state adjective occurs in other positions,which is the result of movement.Movement falls into two types,viz.object movement and state adjective movement.Object movement is prior to state adjective movement.In order to satisfy the requirement of feature checking,the object moves to the position NP.Then the state adjective moves to the major predicate and merges with it so as to maintain its semantic association with the state adjective and to serve the function of the complement.It follows that the difference between Chinese SOOAs and English as well as German SOOAs lies in the distance of movement of state adjectives.In Chinese,there are causative markers,resultative markers,and manner markers that can license the state adjective in the landing sites and help to maintain its semantic association with the object while in English and German there are no such markers.As a consequence,the object in Chinese-type SOOAs does not move while the state adjective moves out of the embedded VP to the empty verb position where the manner marker is inserted.The major predicate moves to the same position and merges with the newly-formed syntactic object ADJ-MANN.Furthermore,Chinese-type SOOAs allow the state adjective to precede the major predicate as the manner marker can license the state adjective.In contrast,in English-type SOOAs,neither the state adjective nor the object moves.Moreover,English-type SOOAs do not allow the state adjective to come before the major predicate because there is no manner marker to license it.
文摘This paper aims to make it clear that syntactic analysis should be based on the lexical information given in the lexicon.For this purpose,lexical information of the syntactic argument is to be taken the form like[VP NKP,_,DKP,AKP]for the ditransitive verb give in English.The argument structure projects to syntactic structure.The NKP in this structure becomes VP-subject,but there is another subject called S-subject(Sentence-Subject)below S node.This amounts to Two-Subject Hypothesis for English.Between these two subjects,there intervene Conjugation-Like Elements,enriched by close examination of English verbal conjugation.Two-Subject Hypothesis perfectly accounts for peculiarities of the Expletive There(ET)construction.Restructuring can also explain the so-called Long Distance Wh-interrogative without introducing Wh-movement,and it can also explain why the imperative verbs are taking the base forms.It can also explain the characteristics of adjective imperatives by the same principles as applied to verbal imperatives.We try to deal with the other subtle problems,to get fruitful results.Restructuring approach,we think,provides more convincing explanations than the movement one.
文摘In English grammar, an adjective is used to depict, qualify or modify a noun. In doing so, it may refer to the noun either directly, or through the medium of a link verb. Take the adjective "diligent" for example. We can say, "a diligent student", or "The student is diligent." Thus,
文摘It is generally recognized that nominalization, the use of a word which is not a noun as a noun, functions as a natural section of language, among which adjective nominalization serves as a requisite. This phenomenon can be frequently found in both Chinese and English. This paper comparatively studies adjective nominalization in the two languages, and discovers that the phenomenon in two languages shares similarities in syntactic functions, but differs in terms of the composition pattern in that formation in English is more various than Chinese, that is, in English it can be achieved either with or without the assistance of suffixes, yet that in Chinese is realized merely through zero suffixes.
文摘These instructions are guidelines for preparing papers for Journal of Additive Manufacturing Frontiers(CJEE:AMF).The length of your paper are at least 7 pages(The review length should be more than 10 pages).Please do not be less than these limitations.Use this document as a template if you are using Word 2013 or later.Or,use this document as an instruction set.The manuscript of yours will be formatted further at Format-ting guidelines.(Note:Abstract should include all key elements like background,objective,methods,results,and conclusions.Define all symbols used in the abstract.Do not cite references,nor use formulas,figures and tables in the abstract.).
