Which sectors should be covered by the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism?

The European Union(EU)is developing the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)to address carbon leakage in international trade.However,the EU has paid inadequate attention to input-output linkages,specifically those in the steel,aluminum,and fertiliser industries.This study aims to identify priority sectors eligible for initial regulation within the emissions-intensive trade-exposed(EITE)industries based on input-output linkages and compare its impacts with the current CBAM sector coverage.This study constructs a Global Production Network(GPN)and Carbon Flow Network(CFN)to present the input trade and embodied carbon flows for the EITE industries.This study highlights the role of the EITE industries as influential nodes in the production network and how the EITE industries in the EU contribute to carbon emissions.To improve the economy and political acceptability,CABM should cover four priority sectors with low economic impacts but a crucial role in reducing emissions,such as plastics,phosphorus fertiliser,aluminum,and copper industry.

China and the World under the Goals of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality:Green and Low-Carbon Transition,Green Finance,Carbon Market,and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

China has always tried to maintain multilateralism and advocated working together to deal with global climate change through multilateral mechanisms.Although China's announcement to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 comes as no surprise,its commitment to carbon neutrality does.As the period between its carbon peaking and carbon neutrality is far shorter than that in the developed countries,China's economic and energy structures need to be adjusted toward the low-carbon and carbon-free end with unprecedented efforts.To that end,China should define the responsibilities of local authorities and industrial entities to promote the orderly accomplishment of carbon peaking in all regions and industries.To supply the huge investments needed to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,China has an urgent need to accelerate the development of green finance and a national carbon emissions trading market,guide the rational allocation of resources,and channel resources to eco-friendly projects for green and low-carbon development.At the same time,China and the international community should strengthen dialogue and coordination,promote international cooperation on the way to carbon neutrality,formulate widely acceptable policy guidelines as soon as possible,and avoid unilateral measures that may cause conflicts.

Research on Large Depth Diameter Ratio Ultra-precision Aspheric Grinding System

In this paper, the factors of affecting surface roughness and profiles accuracy of the machined larege depth diamter ratio aspheric surfaces in ultra-precision grinding process are analyzed theoretically. An ultra-precision aspheric grinding system is then designed and manufactured. Aerostatic form is adopted to build the spindle of the workpiece, transverse guideway, longitudinal guideway and the spindle of the grinder in this system. The following specification is achieved, such as the turning accuracy of the spindle of the workpiece is 0.05 μm, radial rigidity of the spindle is GE 220N/μm, axial rigidity is GE 160 N/μm, radial rigidity of the guideway is GE 200N/μm, the highest rotational speed of the grinder is 80 000 rev/min and its turning accuracy is 0.1 μm, the resolution of linear displacement of the transverse and longitudinal guideway is 4.9 nm. Adjusting range of this adjusting mechanism is 2 mm in the Y direction, the adjusting accuracy of the precise adjusting mechanism is 0.1 μm. Micro displacement measuring system of this ultra-precision aspheric grinding adopts two-backfeed strategy, and angle displacement back-feed is realized by photoelectric encoder, it’s resolution is 655 360 pulse/rev. after 4 frequency multiplication, it’s angle displacement resolution is achieved 2 621 440 pulse/rev. Straight-line displacement is monitored by single frequency laser interferometer (DLSTAX LTM-20B, made in Japan). This CNC system adopts inimitable bi-arc step length flex CN interpolation algorithm, it’s CN system resolution is 5 nm.So this aspheric grinding system ensures profile accuracy of the machined part. The resolution of this interferometer is 5 nm. Finally, lots of ultra-precision grinding experiments are carried out on this grinding system. Some optical aspheric parts, with profiles accuracy of 0.3 μm, surface roughness less than 0.01 μm, are obtained.

Quantitative Comparison of Partitioned-Stator Machines for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In this paper,three partitioned-stator(PS)machines,namely the PS flux-switching DC-field(PS-FSDC)machine,the PS-FS hybrid-excitation(PS-FSHE)machine,and the flux adjuster FS permanent-magnet(FA-FSPM)machine are proposed.With different flux-regulating mechanisms,all three proposed machines can offer satisfactory flux-weakening capabilities for wide-speed range operations.Unlike the traditional PS machine that installs the armature windings and the excitation sources in the outer-stator and inner-stator,respectively;the proposed machines purposely swap the installation arrangements.Upon the proposed structure,the FA-FSPM machine can fully utilize the stator core for PM material accommodations.As a result,excellent power and torque densities can be achieved.To verify the proposed concepts,these three PS machines are quantitatively compared based on the hybrid electric vehicle(HEV)specifications.

Flux Adjustable Permanent Magnet Machines:A Technology Status Review

Flux adjustable permanent magnet machines(FAPMMs)are a novel type of permanent magnet(PM)machines which are able to flexibly adjust the field excitation flux linkage and offer the distinctive advantages of high power density and high efficiency.They have attracted ever-increasing interests and are promising candidate machines for electric vehicle,machine-tool and aircraft applications.In this paper,the state-of-the-art of various FAPMMs are comprehensively reviewed according to three means of flux-adjustment,i.e.electrically adjusted by either auxiliary field windings or armature winding change,mechanically adjusted magnetic reluctances of flux paths,and memory machines by magnetizing/demagnetizing PMs.The corresponding flux-adjustable principles and electromagnetic characteristics are systematically elaborated and quantitatively compared.Their merits and demerits are highlighted,together with their recent developments.