Human-like adrenal features in Chinese tree shrews revealed by multi-omics analysis of adrenal cell populations and steroid synthesis

The Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)has emerged as a promising model for investigating adrenal steroid synthesis,but it is unclear whether the same cells produce steroid hormones and whether their production is regulated in the same way as in humans.Here,we comprehensively mapped the cell types and pathways of steroid metabolism in the adrenal gland of Chinese tree shrews using single-cell RNA sequencing,spatial transcriptome analysis,mass spectrometry,and immunohistochemistry.We compared the transcriptomes of various adrenal cell types across tree shrews,humans,macaques,and mice.Results showed that tree shrew adrenal glands expressed many of the same key enzymes for steroid synthesis as humans,including CYP11B2,CYP11B1,CYB5A,and CHGA.Biochemical analysis confirmed the production of aldosterone,cortisol,and dehydroepiandrosterone but not dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the tree shrew adrenal glands.Furthermore,genes in adrenal cell types in tree shrews were correlated with genetic risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome,primary aldosteronism,hypertension,and related disorders in humans based on genome-wide association studies.Overall,this study suggests that the adrenal glands of Chinese tree shrews may consist of closely related cell populations with functional similarity to those of the human adrenal gland.Our comprehensive results(publicly available at http://gxmujyzmolab.cn:16245/scAGMap/)should facilitate the advancement of this animal model for the investigation of adrenal gland disorders.

Adrenal metastasis from endometrial cancer: A case report

BACKGROUND Metastases to adrenal glands originate principally from lung, breast, or gastrointestinal cancers, followed by malignant melanoma and thyroid neoplasms. We present an unusual case of uterine cancer metastasizing to the adrenal glands with a review of the English literature on the management of this rare disease. CASE SUMMARY A 53-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of endometrial cancer (grade 2;International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics III A) was hospitalized in November 2017 for a left adrenal mass found on a follow-up computed tomography scan 3 years after her gynecological surgery. Laboratory test results were normal. A laparoscopic left adrenalectomy was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and no chemotherapy was administered. The pathological report confirmed an adrenal endometrioid metastasis. At 36 mo of follow-up, the patient is alive and well, with no evidence of recurrent disease. A literature review identified only 11 previously-published cases of adrenal metastases from uterine cancer. CONCLUSION Adrenal metastasis from uterine cancer is very rare. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy may be an effective treatment in selected cases of localized adrenal metastasis.

Large Adrenal Pseudocyst: A Case Report

Introduction: Cysts of the adrenal gland are rare and are usually discovered incidentally, typically presented with abdominal pain or palpable mass. There are four categories of adrenal gland cyst: epithelial, endothelial, parasitic and pseudocysts. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman who presented as a pain of the right hypochondrium and abdominal distention and was diagnosed with a large unilateral adrenal pseudocyst. Case presentation: A 33-year-old Moroccan woman followed for acute articular rheumatism for 3 years was admitted with left hypochondralgia and abdominal distention. Magnetic resonance imaging. (MRI) and abdominal computed tomography revealed a large left adrenal cyst mass measuring 19 cm. The patient underwent surgery, and the cyst was completely removed. Histological examination revealed an adrenal pseudocyst. Symptoms resolved after pseudocyst removal. Conclusion: Adrenal pseudocysts are uncommon. Symptoms are usually related to the size and local pressure effect of the cysts.

中西医结合甲状腺外科发展现状与思考

手术是治疗甲状腺癌、甲状腺腺瘤、结节性甲状腺肿等疾病的主要方式。甲状腺疾病在中医学中被称为“瘿病”,中医以整体观、辨证论治思想通过内治及外治多种途径治疗瘿病,优势独特、效果显著。中西医结合甲状腺外科是在甲状腺手术全流程管理中倡导中西医结合、多学科协作的理念,实现中西医取长补短、优势互补。本文通过文献回顾的方式梳理、总结了中医药方法在甲状腺疾病围手术期及术后随访诊疗中的应用,分析中西医结合甲状腺外科的发展现状,同时对未来工作进行展望与建议,希望对外科、中医科、麻醉科、护理等多学科临床医护人员、科研工作者、医院管理工作者有所帮助。

加速康复外科在肾上腺肿瘤微创手术中的应用研究

目的探讨加速康复外科(ERAS)应用于肾上腺肿瘤微创手术中的可行性和有效性。方法选择接受后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的患者139例,肿瘤最大径≤6.0 cm。根据围手术期方案分为ERAS组65例和常规组74例。比较2组患者一般资料(年龄、性别、肿瘤位置、肿瘤直径),手术指标(手术时间、手术出血量),术后康复指标(首次下床时间、首次排气时间、术后导尿管留置时间、术后引流管留置时间、术后住院时间)以及并发症的发生情况。结果2组患者性别、年龄、肿瘤位置、肿瘤直径、手术时间和手术出血量比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ERAS组患者首次下床时间、首次排气时间、导尿管留置时间、引流管留置时间和住院时间均短于常规组,且术后并发症总发生率低于常规组(P<0.05)。结论ERAS方案应用于肿瘤最大径≤6.0 cm的肾上腺肿瘤患者微创手术中是安全可行的。

原发性色素性结节状肾上腺皮质病临床病理分析及文献复习

目的探讨原发性色素性结节状肾上腺皮质病(PPNAD)的临床病理学特征。方法收集首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院2009年1月至2023年6月2例原发性色素性结节状肾上腺皮质病患者的临床资料、影像学检查、病理特征,进行HE染色及免疫组织化学染色,分析其组织形态及免疫组织化学表达特征,并进行相关文献复习。结果例1男,31岁,肿瘤发生在右侧肾上腺。例2女,63岁,肿瘤发生在左侧肾上腺。镜下观察肾上腺皮质均呈多结节状增生,增生的结节主要由较大的颗粒状嗜酸性粒细胞构成,胞质内含不等量脂褐素。免疫表型:Syn、CD56、α-Inhibin、SDHB呈阳性表达,NSE、CK部分呈阳性表达,CgA、S-100、EMA呈阴性表达,Ki-67增殖指数约为2%;病理诊断为原发性色素性结节状肾上腺皮质病。结论原发性色素性结节状肾上腺皮质病较为罕见,诊断时需综合影像学、组织病理学及免疫组织化学染色进行诊断,必要时辅助基因检测以明确诊断。

肾上腺Castleman病1例

Castleman病(CD)是一种罕见的淋巴增生性疾病,累及肾上腺者较为罕见。本文报道1例右肾上腺CD,查体发现右肾上腺占位,行后腹腔镜下右肾上腺肿瘤切除术,病理诊断为肾上腺淋巴组织增生,符合CD(混合型)。通过分析该患者的临床特点、相关检查及术后病理,结合相关文献介绍CD的临床特点及诊疗方法,以提高对此病的临床认识。

Hyperparathyroidism presented as multiple pulmonary nodules in hemodialysis patient status post parathyroidectomy:A case report

BACKGROUND Primary hyperparathyroidism is typically caused by a single parathyroid adenoma.Ectopic parathyroid adenomas occur as well,with cases involving various sites,including the mediastinum,presenting in varying frequencies.Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops in the context of chronic kidney disease,primarily due to vitamin D deficiency,hypocalcemia,and hyperphosphatemia.It is frequently diagnosed in patients undergoing dialysis.This article presents a rare case of hyperparathyroidism involving multiple hyperplastic parathyroid glands with pulmonary seeding in a 50-year-old female patient undergoing hemodialysis(HD).CASE SUMMARY The patient had a history of parathyroidectomy 10 years prior but developed recurrent hyperparathyroidism with symptoms of pruritus and cough with sputum during a period of routine dialysis.Radiographic imaging revealed multiple nodules in both lungs,with the largest measuring approximately 1.35 cm.Surgical histopathology confirmed the presence of hyperplastic parathyroid glands within the pulmonary tissue.After tumor resection surgery via videoassisted thoracic surgery with wedge resection,the patient was discharged in stable condition and in follow-up her symptoms showed improvement.CONCLUSION This article describes hyperparathyroidism presenting as pulmonary nodules in a patient undergoing postparathyroidectomy HD,highlighting diagnostic challenges and a positive outcome from tumor resection surgery.

Role of adrenalectomy in recurrent Cushing＇s disease

Background Cushing＇s disease is a pituitary-dependent type of Cushing＇s syndrome. Treatment consists of pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, but the recurrence rate at 10 years is as high as 40%. Adrenalectomy is considered an effective treatment to refractory Cushing＇s disease. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of laparoscopic adrenalectomy and open adrenalectomy in Cushing＇s disease, focusing on reversing the sequelae of hypercortisolism and improving patients＇ quality of life. Methods Forty-three patients （29 women, 14 men） with recurrent Cushing＇s disease after transsphenoidal operation underwent laparoscopic （n=32） or open （n=11） adrenalectomy from 2000 to 2008. Surgical results were evaluated for all the 43 patients. Patients completed a follow-up survey, including the short-form 36-item （SF-36） health survey. Results All the 43 patients achieved clinical reversal of hypercortisolism after adrenalectomy. Time to symptom resolution varied from a few weeks to up to 3 years. Most physical changes had resolved by a mean of 8 months after surgery. These conditions were not significantly different between the laparoscopy and open groups. Median length of hospital stay was shorter in the laparoscopy group （4 vs. 9 days; P 〈0.001）. Median follow-up was 48.5 months. Of the 34 （79%） patients available for follow-up, 22 （65%） had adrenocorticotropic hormone levels 〉200 ng/ml and 6 （27%） had clinical Nelson syndrome. Four patients died by 75 months after surgery. Using SF-36, 30 （88%） patients reported they felt their health status was good to excellent compared with 1 year before adrenalectomy; however, they showed significantly lower scores in all the 8 SF-36 parameters compared with the general population. No significant difference emerged in SF-36 scores between the laparoscopy and open groups. Conclusions Adrenalectomy showed high survival and clinical benefits in recurrent Cushing＇s disease patients. Despite patient-reported improvement in health after adrenalectomy, patients continue to experience poor health status compared with the general population.

Alveolar echinococcosis of the adrenal gland： brief review of two cases

Background Alveolar echinococcosis located in the adrenal gland can be considered a rare and aggressive infestation that radiologically and macroscopically mimics a malignant neoplasm. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood. This paper describes its clinical and radiological aspects and discusses its proper management. Methods The records of two patients with adrenal gland alveolar echinococcosis who were diagnosed and treated in our center in 2009 were evaluated. Results Neither patient showed any signs of recurrence following radical surgical treatment and postoperative oral anthelmintic therapy. Conclusion Radical surgery can be a feasible, effective management option that results in a good prospective outcome.

经腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺切除术治疗肾上腺肿瘤371例报告

背景与目的:目前,腹腔镜肾上腺切除术已基本取代了开放性肾上腺切除术,腹腔镜下肾上腺切除手术途径主要有经腹腔和经腹膜后两种。本文总结经腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺切除手术经验。方法:对2003年2月至2008年8月在我院行腹腔入路的腹腔镜肾上腺切除病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,共有371例,其中原发性醛固酮腺瘤127例,柯兴氏腺瘤117例,嗜铬细胞瘤58例,无功能腺瘤37例,其它病变32例。对肾上腺病变类型、腹腔镜手术的时间、出血量、并发症和预后进行总结,并对手术方法进行分析。结果:365例(98.4%)手术成功,5例(1.4%)中转开放手术,1例因肿瘤广泛侵犯放弃手术。手术时间40～240min,平均70min;术中出血量20～1000mL,平均80mL。膈肌损伤2例,结肠和肾静脉损伤各1例。术后平均住院时间5d。结论:腹腔入路腹腔镜肾上腺手术是治疗肾上腺肿瘤的理想方法之一。

两种不同入路的腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术

【目的】探讨两种不同入路的腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术。【方法】本组25例,男性14例,女性11例,平均53.3岁。左侧15例,右侧10例。术前均用苯苄胺等药物准备2～4周。经腹腔入路施行腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术11例,经腹膜后入路14例。在手术刚开始、建立气腹后、分离肿瘤时、切除肿瘤后分别记录心率、平均动脉压、中心静脉压的变化。【结果】1例早期经腹腔入路手术的病例在术中发现肿瘤粘连紧密改为开放性手术,其余24例在腹腔镜下顺利切除肿瘤。术后病理检查证实均为肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤。术中脉搏血压没有剧烈波动。术后血压稳定,疼痛较轻,术后5～7d出院。经腹腔入路组与经腹膜后入路组在手术中心率、平均动脉压、中心静脉压以及手术时间和出血量等方面均没有显著差异(P>0.05)。无气胸、腹腔内脏器损伤、肠粘连等并发症。【结论】两种不同的入路施行腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术都是安全可行,具有操作精细、创伤小、恢复快等优点。

后腹腔镜手术切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤

目的探讨后腹腔镜手术切除巨大(≥6cm)肾上腺肿瘤的可行性。方法2002年6月～2008年6月对30例直径≥6cm巨大肾上腺肿瘤行后腹腔镜切除手术。采用健侧卧位,用自制的气囊扩张后腹腔,分别在腋后线肋缘下、腋中线髂嵴上2cm及腋前线肋缘下穿刺,置入trocar。肿瘤切除后用标本袋取出肿瘤,留置引流管。结果30例后腹腔镜手术成功,无中转开放手术。平均手术时间100min(65～185min),术中出血量平均80ml(50～250ml)。30例术后随访3～36个月,平均18.5月,无局部复发。结论对于无明显禁忌证的肿瘤,后腹腔镜手术切除巨大肾上腺肿瘤可行、安全,肿瘤直径并不是手术的决定性因素。

肾上腺皮质腺瘤和结节性增生的CT诊断（附35例分析）

本文报道经手术病理证实的肾上腺皮质腺瘤和结节性增生３５例，共发现４２个结节，讨论了ＣＴ检查方法、ＣＴ表现、鉴别诊断、误诊原因。提出了各类腺瘤及结节性增生的ＣＴ特征和腺瘤与结节性增生的鉴别诊断要点。认为ＣＴ扫描可以从病灶的密度、强化程度、大小、有无包膜和对侧腺体有无萎缩或增大等征象来鉴别腺瘤和结节性增生。

单孔后腹腔镜与传统后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的比较研究

目的 探讨单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的优缺点.方法 回顾分析2010年1月~2013年6月单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术（单孔组,n=17）及2008年1月~2009年12月传统三孔法后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术（三孔组,n=15）的临床资料.对比2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后疼痛指数、手术美容满意度.结果 32例手术均顺利完成,无中转手术,无并发症.单孔组美容满意度高（Kiyak评分91.5±3.5 vs.89.2±2.8,t=2.100,P=0.044）,但手术时间长[（86.9±17.6） min vs.（62.4±8.0） min,t=4.957,P=0.000],其他指标差异均无显著性（P＞0.05）.结论 单孔后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术安全可行,能够取得和传统后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术相同的临床效果,并且美容效果更好.但手术操作要求高,需经一定量的练习方能熟练掌握.

肾上腺肿瘤 112例的影像学诊断与临床治疗

目的 :评价各种影像学检查方法诊断肾上腺肿瘤的临床价值 ,并总结肾上腺肿瘤的外科治疗经验。方法 :收集 1988年 5月至 2 0 0 0年 8月期间我院收治的 112例肾上腺肿瘤患者临床及影像学资料 ,用比较影像学方法 ,对各种影像学检查方法的定位、定性诊断正确率进行对比分析 ,并对患者的临床资料作进一步分析。结果 :( 1) B超、CT、MRI术前定位诊断准确率分别为 85 .71%、95 .5 4%和 98.14 % ,定性诊断准确率分别为 33.33%、6 5 .6 9%和 79.6 3% ;综合影像检查组定位和定性诊断准确率则高达 10 0 %及 86 .92 %。 ( 2 ) 12年内成功切除肾上腺肿瘤 10 2例 ,其中巨大肾上腺肿瘤 (体积 >10 .0 cm× 5 .0 cm×4.0 cm) 30例 ;3例肾上腺转移癌在超声引导下进行局部穿刺硬化治疗 ;6例肾上腺转移癌采取介入性治疗 ;1例因经济原因而未手术。 结论 :( 1) B超可作为肾上腺肿瘤的筛选手段 ,CT、MRI对肾上腺肿瘤的定位诊断正确率高 ,综合影像学检查可明显提高肾上腺肿瘤的诊断正确率。 ( 2 )手术切口的正确选择是手术取得成功的前提 ,对解剖结构的熟悉和灵巧的手术操作是取得手术成功的关键 ;

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤(附8例报告)

目的探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析了该院2004年10月～2008年5月后腹腔镜手术治疗8例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料。结果8例手术全部成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间30～150min(平均55min),术中出血量40～120mL(平均60mL),均未输血,瘤体直径2.5～7.5cm(平均4.5cm),术后住院时间5～10d(平均7d)。病理检查报告均为嗜铬细胞瘤。随访3个月～4年,患者血压均恢复正常,无需服用降压药物,肿瘤局部无复发。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术损伤小、手术时间短、出血少,术后恢复快,临床应用前景广泛。直径超过6cm的肿瘤也可以被经验丰富的外科医生顺利切除。

后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除212例临床分析

目的探讨经后腹腔镜行肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2006～2009年年间住院手术治疗的212例次肾上腺肿瘤患者的临床资料。分析手术时间、术后住院时间、术后引流管留置情况、手术输血情况4项指标。评价微创手术在肾上腺肿瘤治疗中的效果。结果 212例次手术中有211例成功在后腹腔镜下实施,1例中转为开放手术。手术时间40～160min,术中出血量30～900 mL;术后住院时间4～7 d。术中、术后均无明显并发症。结论经后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除手术具有创伤小、安全可靠、术后恢复快等特点,可作为治疗肾上腺肿瘤的金标准。

机器人外科手术系统辅助腹腔镜在肾脏及肾上腺手术中的应用(附4例报道)

目的总结应用达芬奇S机器人外科手术系统辅助腹腔镜技术开展肾脏及肾上腺手术的经验,探讨该技术在肾脏及肾上腺手术中应用的疗效及安全性。方法上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院自2010年3—10月间应用达芬奇2.0 HD机器人外科手术系统辅助腹腔镜下行肾脏及肾上腺手术4例,其中左肾上腺肿瘤切除术、左肾囊肿切除术、右肾盂整形术、左肾根治性切除术各1例,收集所有患者的相关资料并进行分析。结果所有手术均在达芬奇S外科手术系统辅助下成功施行,平均手术时间为(106.3±16.3)min(肾上腺肿瘤切除术90min,肾囊肿切除术90min,肾盂整形术120min,根治性肾切除术125min),达芬奇S机器人外科手术系统定位的平均时间为(10.3±1.3)min,术中中位失血量为56mL(肾上腺肿瘤切除术30mL,肾囊肿切除术15mL,肾盂整形30mL,根治性肾切除150mL),术后中位住院天数为4.5d(肾上腺肿瘤切除术3d,肾囊肿切除术2d,肾盂整形术7d,根治性肾切除术6d)。所有患者术后均无继发性出血、尿漏等并发症发生。结论对于肾脏及肾上腺手术,达芬奇S机器人外科于术系统辅助腹腔镜手术的创伤小、安全可靠,且疗效确切。随着手术者操作熟练程度的提高,此术式的优势将更加明显。

后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术后肾上腺危象8例

目的总结后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术后肾上腺危象的治疗与预防。方法对8例肾上腺肿瘤切除术后发生肾上腺危象患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 8例中,皮质腺瘤7例(Cushing综合征),双侧非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例。3例术后第1天发生肾上腺危象,经激素治疗好转;5例发生于出院后2月内,在消化道或肺部感染后出现,经激素冲击替代治疗,抗休克、抗感染等对症支持治疗,其中3例合并呼吸衰竭,上呼吸机治疗;8例均抢救治疗成功。结论肾上腺危象病情危急,应积极抢救。一侧因肾上腺肿瘤切除而对侧肾上腺萎缩或双侧切除的患者应注意激素替代治疗。