Mass Transfer-Promoted Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)Circulation Steered by 3D Flow-Through Co-Catalyst System Toward Sustainable Advanced Oxidation Processes

Realizing fast and continuous generation of reactive oxygen species(ROSs)via iron-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)is significant in the environmental and biological fields.However,current AOPs assisted by co-catalysts still suffer from the poor mass/electron transfer and non-durable promotion effect,giving rise to the sluggish Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)cycle and low dynamic concentration of Fe^(2+)for ROS production.Herein,we present a three-dimensional(3D)macroscale co-catalyst functionalized with molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))to achieve ultra-efficient Fe^(2+)regeneration(equilibrium Fe^(2+)ratio of 82.4%)and remarkable stability(more than 20 cycles)via a circulating flow-through process.Unlike the conventional batch-type reactor,experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations demonstrate that the optimal utilization of the 3D active area under the flow-through mode,initiated by the convectionenhanced mass/charge transfer for Fe^(2+)reduction and then strengthened by MoS_(2)-induced flow rotation for sufficient reactant mixing,is crucial for oxidant activation and subsequent ROS generation.Strikingly,the flow-through co-catalytic system with superwetting capabilities can even tackle the intricate oily wastewater stabilized by different surfactants without the loss of pollutant degradation efficiency.Our findings highlight an innovative co-catalyst system design to expand the applicability of AOPs based technology,especially in large-scale complex wastewater treatment.

UV-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Antibiotic Resistance Control: Efficiency, Influencing Factors, and Energy Consumption

Antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB)with antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)can reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of antibiotics and thus threaten human health.The United Nations Environment Programme considers antibiotic resistance the first of six emerging issues of concern.Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)that combine ultraviolet(UV)irradiation and chemical oxidation(primarily chlorine,hydrogen peroxide,and persulfate)have attracted increasing interest as advanced water and wastewater treatment technologies.These integrated technologies have been reported to significantly elevate the efficiencies of ARB inactivation and ARG degradation compared with direct UV irradiation or chemical oxidation alone due to the generation of multiple reactive species.In this study,the performance and underlying mechanisms of UV/chlorine,UV/hydrogen peroxide,and UV/persulfate processes for controlling ARB and ARGs were reviewed based on recent studies.Factors affecting the process-specific efficiency in controlling ARB and ARGs were discussed,including biotic factors,oxidant dose,UV fluence,pH,and water matrix properties.In addition,the cost-effectiveness of the UV-based AOPs was evaluated using the concept of electrical energy per order.The UV/chlorine process exhibited a higher efficiency with lower energy consumption than other UV-based AOPs in the wastewater matrix,indicating its potential for ARB inactivation and ARG degradation in wastewater treatment.Further studies are required to address the trade-off between toxic byproduct formation and the energy efficiency of the UV/chlorine process in real wastewater to facilitate its optimization and application in the control of ARB and ARGs.

Acid precipitation coupled membrane-dispersion advanced oxidation process(MAOP)to treat crystallization mother liquor of pulp wastewater

Treatment to crystallization mother liquor containing high concentration of organic and inorganic substances is a challenge in zero liquid discharge of industrial wastewater.Acid precipitation coupled membrane-dispersion advanced oxidation process(MAOP)was proposed for organics degradation before salt crystallization by evaporation.With acid-MAOP treatment CODCrin mother liquor of pulping wastewater was eliminated by 55.2%from ultrahigh initial concentration up to 12,500 mg·L^-1.The decolorization rate was 96.5%.Recovered salt was mainly NaCl(83.3 wt%)having whiteness 50 brighter than industrial baysalt of whiteness 45.The oxidation conditions were optimized as CO3=0.11 g·L^-1 and CH2O2=2.0 g·L^-1 with dispersing rate 0.53 ml·min^-1 for 100 min reaction toward acidified liquor of p H=2.Acidification has notably improved evaporation efficiency during crystallization.Addition of H2O2 made through membrane dispersion has eliminated hydroxyl radical"quench effect"and enhanced the degradation capacity,in particular,the breakage of carbon-chloride bonds(of both aliphatic and aromatic).As a result,the proposed coupling method has improved organic pollutant reduction so as the purity of salt from the wastewater mixture which can facilitate water and salt recycling in industry.

Application of advanced oxidation processes for removing salicylic acid from synthetic wastewaters

In this study,advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) such as anodic oxidation(AO),UV/H_2O_2 and Fenton processes(FP) were investigated for the degradation of salicylic acid(SA) in lab-scale experiments.Boron-doped diamond(BDD) film electrodes using Ta as substrates were employed for AO of SA.In the case of FP and UV/H_2O_2,most favorable experimental conditions were determined for each process and these were used for comparing with AO process.The study showed that the FP was the most effective process under aci...

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.

Advanced Oxidation Process for DNAN Using UV/H2O2

2,4-Dinitroanisole(DNAN)is an important component of insensitive munitions that is anticipated to replace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)in munitions formulations.Photocatalyzed hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)oxidation experiments and chemical analyses were conducted to study the effect of initial pH and H2O2 dosage on the kinetics of DNAN decomposition and the reaction pathways.The results show that DNAN degradation followed zero-order kinetics when a 250 ppm DNAN solution was treated with ultraviolet(UV)light and 1500–4500 ppm H2O2 in an initial pH range of 4–7.However,when the H2O2 concentration was 750 ppm,DNAN degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics.The results indicate that DNAN can easily be oxidized by UV/H2O2 treatment.When the H2O2 dosage was 1500 ppm and the initial pH was 7,DNAN was reduced from 250 ppm to less than 1 ppm in 3 h.However,the total organic carbon(TOC)and total carbon(TC)concentrations were reduced slowly from 100 to less than 70 ppm carbon(C)in 3 h,and decreased to about 5 ppm after 9 h of treatment,suggesting the formation of other organic compounds.Those reaction intermediates were oxidized to carbon dioxide(CO2)at a slower rate than the oxidation of DNAN.CO2 was emitted from the solution because the solution pH decreased rapidly to about 3 during the UV/H2O2 oxidation.Most of the nitrogen in DNAN was converted to nitrate by UV/H2O2 oxidation after 9 h of treatment.The research results indicate that UV/H2O2 oxidation is a promising technique for the treatment of DNAN in wastewater.

Degradation of Organic Pollutants by the Advanced Oxidation Processes

A kinetic model has been developed for the degradation of organic pollutants concerning with hydroperoxide ion as the initial step for generation of hydroxyl radical and its subsequent reaction mechanisms. Rate equations were derived for depletion of ozone and pollutants in the peroxone oxidation process using ozone and hydrogen peroxide as combined oxidants. Kinetic data obtained experimentally from the hydrogen peroxide-ozone reaction and peroxone oxidation of nitrobenzene were analyzed by using the proposed rate equations.

Degradation of Dyestuff Pollutant Sudan I Using Advanced Oxidation Process

Due to an increasing environmental pollution, a search for the cost effective treatment and disposal of the dyes from the textile effluents is getting more and more importance. Oxidation and reduction processes play important roles in the degradation treatments of the azo dyes. The latter process is more effective and in consequence its mechanism is also better understood. The mechanism of the oxidation processes, the intermediates involved in these reactions and their role in the effectiveness of the oxidative degradation of the azo dyes, viz, phenyl azo b-naphthol (PAN), Sudan I. On exposure to sunlight at 2 1/2 hours for various samples in different concentrations of PAN mixed with Fenton reagent, when the reactive intermediate?reacted with the colour, the pH vs. absorbance generally showed significant degradation in between pH 5 and 6. The results were compared with the same samples on exposure to uv-light of 254 nm and irradiated at 20 minutes. The degradation occurred in samples of relatively high concentrations, viz, 10-3 and 5 × 10-4 mol· dm-3 at near neutral pH 6 whereas. Low concentration samples such as 10-4 and 5 × 10-5 mol·dm-3 showed degradation towards more acidic range of pH 2 to 4. In advanced oxidation process (AOP), generally reactive, strongly oxidizing ·OH radicals play a main role in destruction of the dye molecules. The proposed mechanisms and the rate coefficients for the reactions of ·OH intermediates with the dye molecules and with model compounds are summarized.

Surface treatment of NiTi shape memory alloy by modified advanced oxidation process

A modified advanced oxidation process(AOP) utilizing a UV/electrochemically-generated peroxide system was used to fabricate titania films on chemically polished NiTi shape memory alloy(SMA). The microstructure and biomedical properties of the film were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICPMS), hemolysis analysis, and blood platelet adhesion test. It is found that the modified AOP has a high processing effectiveness and can result in the formation of a dense titania film with a Ni-free zone near its top surface. In comparison, Ni can still be detected on the outer NiTi surface by the conventional AOP using the UV/H2O2 system. The depth profiles of O, Ni, Ti show that the film possesses a smooth graded interface structure next to the NiTi substrate and this structure enhances the mechanical stability of titania film. The titania film can dramatically reduce toxic Ni ion release and also improve the hemolysis resistance and thromboresistance of biomedical NiTi SMA.

Synergistic effects of 4-nitrophenol degradation using gamma irradiation combined with a advanced oxidation process

The radiation-induced degradation of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) was performed in combination with a Fenton reagent, H_2O_2, and Ti O_2 nanoparticles to investigate the synergetic effects of radiolytical degradation combined with other advanced oxidation processes. The experimental results indicated that the degradation efficiency of 4-NP was 87.5, 57.4, and 41.0 % at a dose of 20 k Gy when its initial concentration was 100, 200, and 350 mg/L, respectively. Radiation combined with H_2O_2, the Fenton method,and Ti O_2 remarkably increased the degradation efficiency of 4-NP, showing the synergetic effects. Radiation may enhance the biodegradability of 4-NP, suggesting that it has the potential to be used as a pretreatment method in combination with the biological method for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing toxic organic pollutants. Major intermediates during the 4-NP degradation process were identified and a possible degradation pathway was tentatively proposed.

Advanced oxidation processes of decomposing dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in water

We studied the decomposition of two haloacetic acids (HAAs),dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA),in water by single oxidants ozone (O3) and ultraviolet radiation (UV) and the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) constituted by the combinations of O3/UV,H2O2/UV,O3 /H2O2,and O3/H2O2/UV. The concentrations of HAAs were analyzed at specified time intervals to track their decomposition. Except for O3 and UV,the four combined oxidation processes remarkably enhance the decomposition of DCAA and TCAA owing to the generated very reactive hydroxyl radicals. The fastest decomposition process is O3/H2O2/UV,closely followed by O3/UV. DCAA is much easier to decompose than TCAA. The kinetics of HAA decomposition by O3/UV can be described well by a pseudo first-order reaction model under a constant initial dissolved O3 concentration and fixed UV radiation. Humic acids and HCO3-in the reaction system both decrease the decomposition rate constants for DCAA and TCAA. The amount of H2O2 accumulates in the presence of humic acids in the O3/UV process.

Computer Assisted Pathway Generation for Atrazine Degradation in Advanced Oxidation Processes

A model was developed to generate the complex degradation pathway of contaminants initiated by hydroxyl radical in the advanced oxidation processes. The model abstracts chemical structures into mathematic graphs. The manipulation of the graphs enumerates the reactions among the large number of molecules, radicals, and other intermediates in the advanced oxidation processes. Using Canonical Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification (Canonical SMILE) representation, the algorithm was able to simulate the reaction of contaminants containing both chain and ring structures. The input chemicals, reaction pattern, and the reaction rules could be specified by users through a graphical user interface. The degradation pathway of Atrazine was used as an example to demonstrate the capability of the algorithm. The generated reaction pathways were compared with those reported in literatures.

Chemical Degradation of Indigo Potassium Tetrasulfonate Dye by Advanced Oxidation Processes

The experimental degradation of a water soluble dye, potassium indigo tetrasulfonate salt, has been studied using stand-alone ozonation and photocatalytic oxidation process. Progress of the dye oxidation was followed by UV-VIS spectrophotometric measurements at controlled operating conditions. The organic content of reaction samples was measured to verify the process efficiency in dye mineralization. According to current results, almost complete color removal was obtained for ozonation within about 1 h reaction time. The reduction of the organic load was almost 80% from its original while initial sulphur content decreased to 32.5%. Dye conversion of 100% was obtained by means of a photocatalytic process using TiO2 as catalyst at 294 nm irradiated UV light. This complete color removal for the catalytic process was observed within 7 min of reaction time. The calculated initial rate of reaction of photocatalysis treatment was 8 times faster than that of ozonolysis. However, the remaining organic load of photocatalysis was almost 88% from its original while the final sulphur content was 27.3%. This contrasting behavior of the performance of the type of oxidation process stressed importance of physicochemical phenomena and intermediates molecules present during dye degradation. An insightful and mechanistic aspect of the dye oxidation was developed by performing quantumchemical calculations.

Effects of Advanced Oxidation Processes on the Decomposition Properties of Organic Compounds with Different Molecular Structures in Water

Studies to decompose persistent organic pollutants in wastewater from chemical factories by using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have recently been performed. Oxidation reactions involving ozone and •OH radicals and cleavage caused by UV are the main decomposition reactions that occur in AOPs using ozone and UV. The mechanisms through which organic compounds are decomposed in AOPs are complicated and difficult to understand because various decomposition reactions occur simultaneously. The Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal efficiencies achieved in several different AOPs were evaluated in this study. The TOC removal efficiencies were different for organic compounds with different chemical structures. The TOC was more effectively removed when aromatic compounds were treated using the O3-UV-TiO2 process than when using the other AOPs, and the TOC was removed more effectively by the O3-UV process than by the UV-TiO2 process. However, the TOC was removed more effectively when open-chain compounds were treated using the UV-TiO2 process than using the O3-UV process, and the UV-TiO2 and O3-UV-TiO2 processes resulted in similar TOC removal efficiencies. Therefore, it is necessary to use the O3-UV-TiO2 process to decompose aromatic compounds as quickly as possible. On the other hand, the UV-TiO2 process degraded the open-chain compounds most effectively, and the O3-UV-TiO2 process did not need to decompose open-chain compounds. Moreover, the TOC of aromatic compounds was removed more slowly than that of open-chain compounds. The TOC removal efficiency increased with decreasing the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The TOC removal efficiencies increased in order of the organic compounds containing methyl groups, aldehyde groups and carboxyl groups. The removal of the TOC when organic compounds were treated using the O3-UV-TiO2 process followed pseudo-zero-order kinetics.

Degradation of simulated organic wastewater by advanced oxidation with oxidants generated from oxygen reduction

The degradation capacity of advanced oxidants generated from oxygen reduction was investigated in model effluent containing chlorobenzene, aniline and benzene through the advanced oxidation processes(AOPs). Intermediate products of the degradation process were determined by GC–MS, and they contributed to specify the degradation pathways of monoaromatic compounds. The study particularly focused on the influence of the dosage of the oxidant, pH and the initial concentration of organic compounds on the degradation effectiveness.When the dosage of oxidant was 4 wt% and the pH was 7, the maximum degradation rates of 74.83% chlorobenzene, 70.32% aniline and 37.69% benzene were achieved. Furthermore, microwave was applied to intensify the oxidation process under optimal operation conditions, and the degradation rates were increased to 87.85% chlorobenzene, 89.11% aniline and 39.03% benzene, respectively.

Review of advanced oxidation processes for treating hospital sewage to achieve decontamination and disinfection

Hospital sewage contains various harmful pharmaceutical contaminants(e.g.,antibiotics,anti-inflammatory agents,and painkillers)and pathogens(e.g.,bacteria,viruses,and parasites),whose direct discharge into the environment will induce diseases and pose a powerful threat to human health and safety,and environmental ecology.In recent years,advanced oxidation processes(AOPs),particularly photocatalysis,electrocatalysis,and ozone catalysis have been developed as widespread and effective techniques for hospital sewage treatments.However,there is a lack of systematic comparison and review of the prior studies on hospital sewage treatment using AOPs systems.This review elaborates on the mechanisms,removal efficiencies,and advantages/disadvantages of these AOPs systems for hospital wastewater decontamination and disinfection.Meanwhile,some novel and potential technologies such as photo-electrocatalysis,electro-peroxone,Fenton/Fenton-like,and piezoelectric catalysis are also included and summarized.Moreover,we further summarize and compare the capacity of these AOPs to treat the actual hospital wastewater under the impact of the water matrix and pH,and estimate the economic cost of these technologies for practical application.Finally,the future development directions of AOPs for hospital wastewater decontamination and disinfection have been prospected.Overall,this study provides a comparison and overview of these AOP systems in an attempt to raise extensive concerns about hospital wastewater decontamination and disinfection technologies and guide researchers to discover the future directions of technologies optimization,which would be a crucial step forward in the field of hospital sewage treatment.

O_(3) based advanced oxidation for ibuprofen degradation

The degradation of the anti-inflammatory ibuprofen(IBP)was evaluated by several advanced oxidation processes.IBP was treated by single ozonation and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),as well as a combination of these treatments.In order to improve the efficiency,the presence of catalysts such as original carbon nanotubes,labelled as CNT,and iron oxide supported on carbon nanotubes,named as Fe/CNT sample,was considered.The evolution of IBP degradation,mineralization and toxicity of the solutions was assessed.The formation of intermediates was also monitored.In the non-catalytic processes,IBP was faster removed by single ozonation,whereas no significant total organic carbon(TOC)removal was achieved.Oxidation with H_(2)O_(2) did not present satisfactory results.When ozone and H_(2)O_(2) were combined,a higher mineralization was attained(70%after 180 min of reaction).On the other hand,in the catalytic processes,this combined process allowed the fastest IBP degradation.In terms of mineralization degree,the presence of Fe/CNT increases the removal rate in the first hour of reaction,achieving a TOC removal of 85%.Four compounds were detected as by-products.All treated solutions presented lower toxicity than the initial solution,suggesting that the released intermediates during applied processes are less toxic.

An Application of the Taguchi Method (Robust Design) to Environmental Engineering: Evaluating Advanced Oxidative Processes in Polyester-Resin Wastewater Treatment

This paper presents the Taguchi Method, a statistical design modelling for experiments applied in environmental engineering. This method was applied to optimize the treatment conditions of polyester-resin effluent by means of Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOPs) using chemical oxygen demand (COD) as response parameter. The influence of each independent parameter including respective interactions was evaluated by Taguchi Method, which allowed determining the most statistically significant variables and conditions to best fit the process. Results showed that Taguchi Method is a very useful tool for environmental engineering field and possible simplifications of analysis and calculations through commercially available software.

Manganese oxide and derivative-modified materials in advanced oxidation processes:A review of modification enhancement and activation mechanisms

Manganese oxides(MNO_(x)),as low-toxicity and high-abundance catalysts,have been demonstrated to hold great promise for application in advanced oxidation processes(AOPs).However,further application of this material is restricted due to its unsatisfactory oxidant activation efficiency.Fortunately,recently remarkable research on deep activation mechanisms and modification of MNO_(x)have been undertaken to improve its reactivity.Herein,modification enhancement mechanisms of MNO_(x)to efficiently degrade various organic contaminants were discussed and highlighted,including metal doping,coupling with other metal oxides,composite with carbonaceous material,and compounding with other support.The activation mechanisms of different MNO_(x)and derivative-modified material(such as doped MNO_(x),metal oxide-MNO_(x)hybrids,and MNO_(x)-carbonaceous material hybrids)were summarized in great details,which was specifically categorized into both radical and non-radical pathways.The effects of pH,inorganic ions,and natural organic matter on degradation reactions are also discussed.Finally,future research directions and perspectives are presented to provide a clear interpretation on the MNO_(x)initiated AOPs.

Recent advances on decomplexation mechanisms of heavy metal complexes in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes

In some industrial wastewater,heavy metals combine with organic complexing agents to form heavy metal complexes(HMCs).These HMCs can be difficult to decompose and remove through conventional techniques due to their higher stability than free heavy metal ions.In recent years,persulfate based advanced oxidation processes(PS-based AOPs)have been recognized as a viable technique for HMCs degradation.Nevertheless,a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the relevant HMCs decomplexation mechanisms in PS-based AOPs is still lacking.This review delineates the current progress of HMCs decomplexation in PS-based AOPs.We discuss the distinctions between the two widely used oxidant types in PS-based AOPs techniques.Moreover,we summarize and highlight the decomplexation mechanisms based on electron and energy transfer,and degradation pathways of HMCs.We also emphasize the effects of environmental water constituents,namely p H,inorganic ions,and natural organic matter(NOM),on HMCs decomplexation.Ultimately,we identify the existing challenges and perspectives that will steer the direction of advancing PS-based AOPs to remove HMCs.