Mass Transfer-Promoted Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)Circulation Steered by 3D Flow-Through Co-Catalyst System Toward Sustainable Advanced Oxidation Processes

Realizing fast and continuous generation of reactive oxygen species(ROSs)via iron-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)is significant in the environmental and biological fields.However,current AOPs assisted by co-catalysts still suffer from the poor mass/electron transfer and non-durable promotion effect,giving rise to the sluggish Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)cycle and low dynamic concentration of Fe^(2+)for ROS production.Herein,we present a three-dimensional(3D)macroscale co-catalyst functionalized with molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))to achieve ultra-efficient Fe^(2+)regeneration(equilibrium Fe^(2+)ratio of 82.4%)and remarkable stability(more than 20 cycles)via a circulating flow-through process.Unlike the conventional batch-type reactor,experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations demonstrate that the optimal utilization of the 3D active area under the flow-through mode,initiated by the convectionenhanced mass/charge transfer for Fe^(2+)reduction and then strengthened by MoS_(2)-induced flow rotation for sufficient reactant mixing,is crucial for oxidant activation and subsequent ROS generation.Strikingly,the flow-through co-catalytic system with superwetting capabilities can even tackle the intricate oily wastewater stabilized by different surfactants without the loss of pollutant degradation efficiency.Our findings highlight an innovative co-catalyst system design to expand the applicability of AOPs based technology,especially in large-scale complex wastewater treatment.

Boosting Peroxymonosulfate Activation via Co-Based LDH-Derived Magnetic Catalysts:A Dynamic and Static State Assessment of Efficient Radical-Assisted Electron Transfer Processes

Heterogeneous catalysts promoting efficient production of reactive species and dynamically stabilized electron transfer mechanisms for peroxomonosulfates(PMS)still lack systematic investigation.Herein,a more stable magnetic layered double oxides(CFLDO/N-C),was designed using self-polymerization and high temperature carbonization of dopamine.The CFLDO/N-C/PMS system effectively activated PMS to remove 99%(k=0.737 min^(-1))of tetracycline(TC)within 10 min.The CFLDO/N-C/PMS system exhibited favorable resistance to inorganic anions and natural organics,as well as satisfactory suitability for multiple pollutants.The magnetic properties of the catalyst facilitated the separation of catalysts from the liquid phase,resulting in excellent reproducibility and effectively reducing the leaching of metal ions.An electronic bridge was constructed between cobalt(the active platform of the catalyst)and PMS,inducing PMS to break the O-O bond to generate the active species.The combination of static analysis and dynamic evolution confirmed the effective adsorption of PMS on the catalyst surface as well as the strong radical-assisted electron transfer process.Eventually,we further identified the sites where the reactive species attacked the TC and evaluated the toxicity of the intermediates.These findings offer innovative insights into the rapid degradation of pollutants achieved by transition metals in SR-AOPs and its mechanistic elaboration.

UV-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Antibiotic Resistance Control: Efficiency, Influencing Factors, and Energy Consumption

Antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB)with antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)can reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of antibiotics and thus threaten human health.The United Nations Environment Programme considers antibiotic resistance the first of six emerging issues of concern.Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)that combine ultraviolet(UV)irradiation and chemical oxidation(primarily chlorine,hydrogen peroxide,and persulfate)have attracted increasing interest as advanced water and wastewater treatment technologies.These integrated technologies have been reported to significantly elevate the efficiencies of ARB inactivation and ARG degradation compared with direct UV irradiation or chemical oxidation alone due to the generation of multiple reactive species.In this study,the performance and underlying mechanisms of UV/chlorine,UV/hydrogen peroxide,and UV/persulfate processes for controlling ARB and ARGs were reviewed based on recent studies.Factors affecting the process-specific efficiency in controlling ARB and ARGs were discussed,including biotic factors,oxidant dose,UV fluence,pH,and water matrix properties.In addition,the cost-effectiveness of the UV-based AOPs was evaluated using the concept of electrical energy per order.The UV/chlorine process exhibited a higher efficiency with lower energy consumption than other UV-based AOPs in the wastewater matrix,indicating its potential for ARB inactivation and ARG degradation in wastewater treatment.Further studies are required to address the trade-off between toxic byproduct formation and the energy efficiency of the UV/chlorine process in real wastewater to facilitate its optimization and application in the control of ARB and ARGs.

Synergistically S/N self-doped biochar as a green bifunctional cathode catalyst in electrochemical degradation of organic pollutant

Biomass-derived heteroatom self-doped cathode catalysts has attracted considerable interest for electrochemical advanced oxidation processes(EAOPs)due to its high performance and sustainable synthesis.Herein,we illustrated the morphological fates of waste leaf-derived graphitic carbon(WLGC)produced from waste ginkgo leaves via pyrolysis temperature regulation and used as bifunctional cathode catalyst for simultaneous H_(2)O_(2) electrochemical generation and organic pollutant degradation,discovering S/N-self-doping shown to facilitate a synergistic effect on reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation.Under the optimum temperature of 800℃,the WLGC exhibited a H_(2)O_(2) selectivity of 94.2%and tetracycline removal of 99.3%within 60 min.Density functional theory calculations and in-situ Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy verified that graphitic N was the critical site for H_(2)O_(2) generation.While pyridinic N and thiophene S were the main active sites responsible for OH generation,N vacancies were the active sites to produce ^(1)O_(2) from O_(2).The performance of the novel cathode for tetracycline degradation remains well under a wide pH range(3–11),maintaining excellent stability in 10 cycles.It is also industrially applicable,achieving satisfactory performance treating in real water matrices.This system facilitates both radical and non-radical degradation,offering valuable advances in the preparation of cost-effective and sustainable electrocatalysts and hold strong potentials in metal-free EAOPs for organic pollutant degradation.

Preparation of Co/S co-doped carbon catalysts for excellent methylene blue degradation

S and Co co-doped carbon catalysts were prepared via pyrolysis of MOF-71 and thiourea mixtures at 800℃at a mass ratio of MOF-71 to thiourea of 1:0.1 to effectively activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)for methylene blue(MB)degradation.The effects of two different mixing routes were identified on the MB degradation performance.Particularly,the catalyst obtained by the alcohol solvent evaporation(MOF-AEP)mixing route could degrade 95.60%MB(50 mg/L)within 4 min(degradation rate:K=0.78 min^(-1)),which was faster than that derived from the direct grinding method(MOF-DGP,80.97%,K=0.39 min^(-1)).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the Co-S content of MOF-AEP(43.39at%)was less than that of MOF-DGP(54.73at%),and the proportion of C-S-C in MOF-AEP(13.56at%)was higher than that of MOF-DGP(10.67at%).Density functional theory calculations revealed that the adsorption energy of Co for PMS was -2.94 eV when sulfur was doped as C-S-C on the carbon skeleton,which was higher than that when sulfur was doped next to cobalt in the form of Co-S bond(-2.86 eV).Thus,the C-S-C sites might provide more contributions to activate PMS compared with Co-S.Furthermore,the degradation parameters,including pH and MOF-AEP dosage,were investigated.Finally,radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)measurements revealed that ^(1)O_(2)might be the primary catalytic species,whereas·O~(2-)might be the secondary one in degrading MB.

Removal of citrate and hypophosphite binary components using Fenton,photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes

Both citrate and hypophosphite in aqueous solution were degraded by advanced oxidation processes （Fe^2＋/H2O2, UV/Fe^2＋/H2O2, and electrolysis/Fe^2＋/H2O2） in this study. Comparison of these techniques in oxidation efficiency was undertaken. It was found that Fenton process could not completely degrade citrate in the presence of hypophosphite since it caused a series inhibition. Therefore, UV light （photo-Fenton） or electron current （electro-Fenton） was applied to improve the degradation efficiency of the Fenton process. Results showed that both photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes could overcome the inhibition of hypophosphite, especially the electro-Fenton.

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water by ozonehydrogen peroxide process

This study reports an investigation into the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in bubble contactor column by O2/H2O2 process, which is widely used as a principal advanced oxidation process. The degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was studied under different H202/O3 molar ratio and pH value. Meanwhile, TOC removal was investigated both in distilled water and tap water. The influences of ozone transfer and consumed hydrogen peroxide were also discussed. The degradation products and oxidation intermediates were identified by GC-MS and LC-MS. A possible reaction mechanism was thus proposed.

Application of advanced oxidation processes for removing salicylic acid from synthetic wastewaters

In this study,advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) such as anodic oxidation(AO),UV/H_2O_2 and Fenton processes(FP) were investigated for the degradation of salicylic acid(SA) in lab-scale experiments.Boron-doped diamond(BDD) film electrodes using Ta as substrates were employed for AO of SA.In the case of FP and UV/H_2O_2,most favorable experimental conditions were determined for each process and these were used for comparing with AO process.The study showed that the FP was the most effective process under aci...

Personal Review:Progress and prospect in electro-Fenton process for wastewater treatment

As a novel advanced oxidation process (AOP), electro-Fenton process is powerful for degrading most organic compounds including toxic and non-biodegradable ones, and so has attracted great attention. This paper reviews this process in detail including the mechanism, electrolytic bath, electrode materials, aerations and operation parameters. The application of electro-Fenton method in wastewater treatment is evaluated and summarized. Future work in this field is suggested, and three main directions of new electrode exploitation, development of assisted technologies and mechanistic study should be strengthened.

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.

Degradation of Organic Pollutants by the Advanced Oxidation Processes

A kinetic model has been developed for the degradation of organic pollutants concerning with hydroperoxide ion as the initial step for generation of hydroxyl radical and its subsequent reaction mechanisms. Rate equations were derived for depletion of ozone and pollutants in the peroxone oxidation process using ozone and hydrogen peroxide as combined oxidants. Kinetic data obtained experimentally from the hydrogen peroxide-ozone reaction and peroxone oxidation of nitrobenzene were analyzed by using the proposed rate equations.

Flue gas analysis for biomass and coal co‑fring in fuidized bed:process simulation and validation

Coal-conversion technologies,although used ubiquitously,are often discredited due to high pollutant emissions,thereby emphasizing a dire need to optimize the combustion process.The co-fring of coal/biomass in a fuidized bed reactor has been an efcient way to optimize the pollutants emission.Herein,a new model has been designed in Aspen Plus®to simultaneously include detailed reaction kinetics,volatile compositions,tar combustion,and hydrodynamics of the reactor.Validation of the process model was done with variations in the fuel including high-sulfur Spanish lignite,high-ash Ekibastuz coal,wood pellets,and locally collected municipal solid waste(MSW)and the temperature ranging from 1073 to 1223 K.The composition of the exhaust gases,namely,CO/CO_(2)/NO/SO_(2)were determined from the model to be within 2%of the experimental observations.Co-combustion of local MSW with Ekibastuz coal had fue gas composition ranging from 1000 to 5000 ppm of CO,16.2%–17.2%of CO_(2),200–550 ppm of NO,and 130–210 ppm of SO_(2).A sensitivity analysis on co-fring of local biomass and Ekibastuz coal demonstrated the optimal operating temperature for fuidized bed reactor at 1148 K with the recommended biomass-to-coal ratio is 1/4,leading to minimum emissions of CO,NO,and SO_(2).

Application of Spectral Angle Mapper Classification to Discriminate Hydrothermal Alteration in Southwest Birjand, Iran, Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Image Processing

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Spectral Angle Mapper （SAM） classification method for determining the optimum threshold （maximum spectral angle） to unveil the hydrothermal mineral assemblages related to mineral deposits. The study area indicates good potential for Cu-Au porphyry, epithermal gold deposits and hydrothermal alteration well developed in arid and semiarid climates, which makes this region significant for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER） image processing analysis. Given that achieving an acceptable mineral mapping requires knowing the alteration patterns, petrochemistry and petrogenesis of the igneous rocks while considering the effect of weathering, overprinting of supergene alteration, overprinting of hypogene alteration and host rock spectral mixing, SAM classification was implemented for argillic, sericitic, propylitic, alunitization, silicification and iron oxide zones of six previously known mineral deposits： Maherabad, a Cu-Au porphyry system; Sheikhabad, an upper part of Cu-Au porphyry system; Khoonik, an Intrusion related Au system; Barmazid, a low sulfidation epithermal system; Khopik, a Cu-Au porphyry system; and Hanish, an epithermal Au system. Thus, the investigation showed that although the whole alteration zones are affected by mixing, it is also possible to produce a favorable hydrothermal mineral map by such complementary data as petrology, petrochemistry and alteration patterns.

The Inception of Jungian Advanced Motor Processing (JAMP) —A 21st Century Approach to Treating Trauma

Jungian Advanced Motor Processing (JAMP) is a mode of treatment developed in May of 2020 by Dr. Lahab Al-Samarrai during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dr. Al-Samarrai had many students who reported increased anxiety, negative thoughts, fearful thoughts, and self-defeating thoughts. These students needed symptom relief more quickly than conventional talk therapy typically provides. Dr. Al-Samarrai developed a treatment modality incorporating light, bilateral audible beats, and positive affirmations. So far, more than 100 subjects have undergone JAMP, and this paper is a case study of one such subject. The research currently being compiled on JAMP, the subject of a future paper, to date shows positive improvement after receiving 5 - 6 sessions, and demonstrated decreases in both somatic symptoms and post-traumatic symptoms ranging from 45 - 55 percent. This paper will share the following: 1) Description of the underlying theoretical components supporting the treatment;2) Description of the treatment;3) Discussion of the case of Grace and her experience with JAMP.

The First Pacific Rim International Conference on Advanced Materials and Processing

The First Pacific Rim International Confer-ence on Advanced Materials and Processing(PRICM-1)organized by The Chinese Society ofMetals(CSM),and co-sponsored by the Japan In-stitute of Metals(JIM),the Korean Institute ofMetals(KIM)and The Mineral,Metals & Materi-als Society of the United States(TMS),was held inShangri-La Hotel,Hangzhou,China on June24-27,1992.It was the first large international conference

Slaughterhouse Wastewater Characterization and Treatment: An Economic and Public Health Necessity of the Meat Processing Industry in Ontario, Canada

The characteristics of the slaughterhouse effluents and current wastewater treatment practices in the province of Ontario, Canada are analyzed. Meat processing plants are found to produce large amounts of wastewater due to the slaughtering process and cleaning of their facilities. Furthermore, the composition of the wastewater varies according to the type and number of animals slaughtered and the water requirements of the process. However, the slaughterhouse wastewater usually contains high levels of organics and nutrients. Several slaughterhouses in Ontario discharge their wastewater into the municipal sewer system after primary pretreatment at the meat processing plant. Therefore, due to the high-strength characteristics of the slaughterhouse effluents, an extensive treatment for a safe discharge into the environment is required. Thus, the combination of biological processes and advanced oxidation technologies for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment is evaluated in this study. Results show that the application of combined biological and advanced oxidation processes is recommended for on-site slaughterhouse wastewater treatment.

Problems and Strategies in Applications of Advanced Process Control in China

Advanced Process Control （APC） is necessary for oil refining and chemical process in China, but some problems have emerged in the application of APC techniques in this field. This paper discusses the conditions of APC application concerning process design, distributed control system （DCS） choice and regular control. It analyzes the problems and strategies in APC application. Some suggestions are proposed for the enterprise to benefit from APC application.

Acid precipitation coupled membrane-dispersion advanced oxidation process(MAOP)to treat crystallization mother liquor of pulp wastewater

Treatment to crystallization mother liquor containing high concentration of organic and inorganic substances is a challenge in zero liquid discharge of industrial wastewater.Acid precipitation coupled membrane-dispersion advanced oxidation process(MAOP)was proposed for organics degradation before salt crystallization by evaporation.With acid-MAOP treatment CODCrin mother liquor of pulping wastewater was eliminated by 55.2%from ultrahigh initial concentration up to 12,500 mg·L^-1.The decolorization rate was 96.5%.Recovered salt was mainly NaCl(83.3 wt%)having whiteness 50 brighter than industrial baysalt of whiteness 45.The oxidation conditions were optimized as CO3=0.11 g·L^-1 and CH2O2=2.0 g·L^-1 with dispersing rate 0.53 ml·min^-1 for 100 min reaction toward acidified liquor of p H=2.Acidification has notably improved evaporation efficiency during crystallization.Addition of H2O2 made through membrane dispersion has eliminated hydroxyl radical"quench effect"and enhanced the degradation capacity,in particular,the breakage of carbon-chloride bonds(of both aliphatic and aromatic).As a result,the proposed coupling method has improved organic pollutant reduction so as the purity of salt from the wastewater mixture which can facilitate water and salt recycling in industry.

Degradation of p-nitrotoluene by O_3/H_2O_2 process and oxidation mechanism

The degradation of p-nitrotoluene by O3/H2O2 process in a bubble contact column was investigated. Effects of the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to ozone,pH value and t-butanol on the oxidation process were discussed. It was found that the proper H2O2/O3 molar ratio for the degradation of p-nitrotoluene was around 0.6, different pH values and the presence of t-butanol highly influenced the removal efficiency of p-nitrotoluene. 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-5-nitrophenol, (4-nitrophenyl) methanol, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro phenol, acetic acid, 2-methylpropane diacid and 2-(hydroxylmethyl)propane diacid were identified as degradation intermediates and products through GC-MS. Radical reaction mechanism and degradation pathway were proposed based on the results of experiments. It is deduced that the benzene ring of p-nitrotoluene can be only destroyed by hydroxyl radicals through a polyhydroxy intermediate pathway. Then unstable polyhydroxy intermediates can be oxidized to different acids with low molecular weight rapidly.

Advanced oxidation processes of decomposing dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in water

We studied the decomposition of two haloacetic acids (HAAs),dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA),in water by single oxidants ozone (O3) and ultraviolet radiation (UV) and the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) constituted by the combinations of O3/UV,H2O2/UV,O3 /H2O2,and O3/H2O2/UV. The concentrations of HAAs were analyzed at specified time intervals to track their decomposition. Except for O3 and UV,the four combined oxidation processes remarkably enhance the decomposition of DCAA and TCAA owing to the generated very reactive hydroxyl radicals. The fastest decomposition process is O3/H2O2/UV,closely followed by O3/UV. DCAA is much easier to decompose than TCAA. The kinetics of HAA decomposition by O3/UV can be described well by a pseudo first-order reaction model under a constant initial dissolved O3 concentration and fixed UV radiation. Humic acids and HCO3-in the reaction system both decrease the decomposition rate constants for DCAA and TCAA. The amount of H2O2 accumulates in the presence of humic acids in the O3/UV process.