Full-domain collaborative deployment method of multiple interference sources and evaluation of its deployment effect

This paper realizes the full-domain collaborative deployment of multiple interference sources of the global satellite navigation system(GNSS)and evaluates the deployment effect to enhance the ability to disturb the attacker and the capability to defend the GNSS during navigation countermeasures.Key evaluation indicators for the jamming effect of GNSS suppressive and deceptive jamming sources are first created,their evaluation models are built,and their detection procedures are sorted out,as the basis for determining the deployment principles.The principles for collaboratively deploying multi-jamming sources are developed to obtain the deployment structures(including the required number,structures in demand,and corresponding positions)of three single interference sources required by collaboratively deploying.Accordingly,simulation and hardware-in-loop testing results are presented to determine a rational configuration of the collaborative deployment of multi-jamming sources in the set situation and further realize the full-domain deployment of an interference network from ground,air to space.Varied evaluation indices for the deployment effect are finally developed to evaluate the deployment effect of the proposed configuration and further verify its reliability and rationality.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Rough Risers with Coupling Interference Effect Under Side-by-Side Arrangement

A vortex-induced vibration(VIV)experiment of rough risers with coupling interference effect under a side-by-side arrangement was carried out in a wave-current combined flume.The roughness of the riser was characterized by arranging different specifications of surface attachments on the surface of the riser.Rough risers with three different roughnesses were arranged side by side with smooth risers to explore the VIV response of the riser under the combined action of roughness and interference effect,and to reveal the coupling mechanism between roughness and interference effect.The experimental results show that,compared with that of a smooth riser,the VIV of a rough riser under the coupling interference effect has a wider"lock-in"region,and the displacement decreases more significantly at a high reduced velocity,which is more likely to excite higher-order modes and frequency responses.In addition,the displacement response and frequency response of the smooth riser are not significantly affected by wake interference from the rough riser,which is caused by the decrease of the wake region due to the delay of the boundary layer separation point of the rough riser.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Rough Risers Coupling with Interference Effect in Tandem Arrangement

In order to study the response law of vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of marine risers under the combined action of roughness and interference effects,and to reveal the coupling mechanism of roughness and interference effects on the riser,a VIV experiment of rough risers in tandem arrangement was conducted in a wave−current combined flume.The experiment characterized the risers’roughness by arranging different specifications of attachments on the surface of the risers.Three rough risers with different roughness and smooth risers were arranged in tandem arrangement,with the rough risers arranged downstream.The experimental results indicate that the suppression of the attachments on the downstream risers’vibration are more significant both in the CF and IL directions as the reduced velocity increases.For the downstream riser,the amplitude response of rough riser is more significantly weakened compared with the smooth one at high reduced velocity.For the upstream risers,changes in the roughness and spacing ratio have an impact on their‘lock-in’region.When the roughness of downstream risers is relatively large(0.1300)and the spacing between risers is small(S/D=4.0),the reduced velocity range of‘lock-in’region in the CF direction of upstream risers is obviously expanded,and the displacement in the‘lock-in’region is severer.

The Aharonov-Bohm Effect: An Exploration of Quantum Interference and Electromagnetic Potentials

The AB(Aharonov-Bohm)effect is a pivotal quantum mechanical phenomenon that illustrates the fundamental role of the electromagnetic vector potential A in determining the phase of a charged particle’s wave function,even in regions where the magnetic field B is zero.This effect demonstrates that quantum particles are influenced not only by the fields directly present but also by the potentials associated with those fields.In the AB effect,an electron beam is split into two paths,with one path encircling a solenoid and the other bypassing it.Despite the absence of a magnetic field in the regions traversed by the beams,the vector potential A associated with the magnetic flux Φ through the solenoid induces a phase shift in the electron’s wave function.This phase shift,quantified by △φ=qΦ/hc,manifests as a change in the interference pattern observed in the detection screen.The phenomenon underscores the principle of gauge invariance in QED(quantum electrodynamics),where physical observables remain invariant under local gauge transformations of the vector and scalar potentials.This reinforces the notion that the vector potential A has a profound impact on quantum systems,beyond its classical role.This article outlines the AB effect,including its theoretical framework,experimental observations,and implications.The focus on the role of the vector potential in quantum mechanics provides a comprehensive understanding of this important phenomenon.

Interference effects of two and three super-tall buildings under wind action

Most previous investigations on interference effects of tall buildings under wind actions focused on the wind induced interference effects between two buildings,and the interference effects of three or more buildings have seldom been studied so far due to the huge workload involved in experiments and data processing.In this paper,mean and dynamic force/response interference effects and peak wind pressure interference effects of two and three tall buildings,especially the three-building configuration,are investigated through a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using high frequency force balance technique and wind pressure measurements.Furthermore,the present paper focuses on the effects of parameters,including breadth ratio and height ratio of the buildings and terrain category,on the interference factors and derives relevant regression results for the interference factors.

Numerical simulation of mean interference effects for the interfering buildings with different heights

The mean wind-induced interference effects between two high-rise buildings,in which the interfering buildings have different heights,were numerical simulated in the terrain roughness of B and D types by the Reynolds stress equation model(RSM)of fluent.The results are in good agreement with those of the wind tunnel test.Influences of the relative arrangement of two buildings,the height of the interfering buildings and the terrain roughness upon the mean interference effects were analyzed,and the space distributions of IFCPs on the principal building under tandem arrangement were studied.The results indicate that the lower interfering buildings can always bring larger interference factors comparing to the higher ones under tandem arrangement except that the height is larger than 1.25h,and the heights' influence on the mean interference effects will increase as the reduced spacing of two buildings.The influence of heights will be little under stagger arrangement.

Analysis of Multipath and CW Interference Effects on GNSS Receivers with EMLP Discriminator

Multipath and continuous wave (CW) interference may cause severe performance degradation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. This paper analyzes the code tracking performance of early-minus-late power (EMLP) discriminator of GNSS receivers in the presence of multipath and CW interference. An analytical expression of the code tracking error is suggested for EMLP discriminator, and it can be used to assess the effect of multipath and CW interference. The derived expression shows that the combined effects include three components: multipath component;CW interference component and the combined component of multipath and CW interference. The effect of these components depends on some factors which can be classified into two categories: the receiving environment and the receiver parameters. Numerical results show how these factors affect the tracking performances. It is shown that the proper receiver parameters can suppress the combined effects of multipath and CW interference.

Self-Mixing Interference Effects in LD Pumped Multi-Mode Solid-State Laser

Based on the effective structure of the self-mixing interference effects,a general model for the self-mixing interference effects in the LD pumped solid-state laser has been established for the first time.The numerical simulation of the self-mixing interference signal has been done,the results show that when the external cavity length is integral times of 1/2,1/3,2/3,1/4,3/4 of the effective cavity length,the intensity of the self-mixing interference signals reach maximum in value.While that of single mode laser is integral times of half of the effective cavity length,the measuring precision of displacement of single mode laser is λ/2.A conclusion can be drawn from the above results that the measuring precision of displacement of multi-mode laser is higher than that of single mode laser.

Quantum interference of multi-orbital effects in high-harmonic spectra from aligned carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide

We investigate experimentally multi-orbital effects in high-order harmonic generation(HHG) from aligned CO2 and N2O molecules by intense femtosecond laser fields with linear and elliptical polarizations.For either of the aligned molecules, a minimum in the harmonic spectrum is observed, the position of which shifts to lower-order harmonics when decreasing the intensity or increasing the ellipticity of the driving laser.This indicates that the minimum originates from the dynamic interference of different channels, of which the tunneling ionization and recombination are contributed via different molecular orbitals.The results show that both the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) and low-lying HOMO-2 in CO2(or HOMO-1 in N2O) contribute to the molecular HHG in both linearly and elliptically polarized strong laser fields.Our study would pave a way for understanding multi-electron dynamics from polyatomic molecules irradiated by strong laser fields.

Interference effects on the photoionization cross sections between two neighbouring atoms:nitrogen as an example

Interference effects on the photoionization cross sections between two neighbouring atoms are considered based on the coherent scattering of the ionized electrons by the two nuclei when their separation is less than or comparable to the de Broglie wave length of the ionized electrons. As an example, the single atomic nitrogen ionization cross section and the total cross sections of two nitrogen atoms with coherently added photoionization amplitudes are calculated from the threshold to about А （1 А=0.1 nm） of the photon energy. The photoionization cross sections of atomic nitrogen are obtained by using the close-coupling R-matrix method. In the calculation 19 states are included. The ionization energy of the atomic nitrogen and the photoionization cross sections agree well with the experimental results. Based on the R-matrix results of atomic nitrogen, the interference effects between two neighbouring nitrogen atoms are obtained. It is shown that the interference effects are considerable when electrons are ionized just above the threshold, even for the separations between the two atoms are larger than two times of the bond length of N2 molecules. Therefore, in hot and dense samples, effects caused by the coherent interference between the neighbours are expected to be observable for the total photoionization cross sections.

Two-Photon Interference Constructed by Two Hong–Ou–Mandel Effects in One Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

We present a two-photon interference experiment in a modified Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer in which two Hong-Ou-Mandel effects occur in tandem and construct superposed two-photon states. The signal photons pass both the arms of the MZ interferometer while the idler photons pass one arm only. Interestingly, the probability of the idler photons emerging from any output port still shows a sine oscillation with the two-photon phase difference and it can be characterized only by the indistinguishability of the two-photon amplitudes. We also observe a two-photon interference pattern with a period being equal to the wavelength of the parametric photons instead of the two-photon photonie de Broglie wavelength due to the presence of two-photon phase difference, in particular, with complementary probabilities of finding the two-photon pairs in two output ports. The abundant observations can facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the two-photon interference.

A Pragmatic Approach to Coping with Matrix Effects during ICP-MS Analysis of Trace Elements in Silicate Rocks and Calibration of REE Interferences

Operating an Agilent 7700X ICP-MS spectrometer under robust plasma conditions (1550 W) with a He-filled octopole collision cell and analysing solutions (?1 total dissolved solids) still suffered analyte peak suppression due to matrix effects. International reference rocks BCR-1, BHVO-1, AGV-1, G-2 and BCR-2 all showed count rate reductions for 36 elements (mass range 7Li to 238U) averaging ~10% but with no dependence on isotope mass. Use of an internal standard (103Rh) and/or using a ten-fold dilution of sample solutions reduced these effects but problems with reduced count rates combined with larger errors for some elements introduced other problems. The best approach was to normalise the count rates for each element in the other samples against those for BCR-1 as an external standard;thus the count suppression due to the matrix effect is corrected for each individual element. This approach provides standardization “traceability” in line with the ERM ISO/IEC requirement. Experiments are also reported on quantifying the proportions of Ba and selected REE oxide/hydroxide components versus parent isotopes (XO/X and XOH/X). This information is essential for correcting peak interferences on higher mass number REE for the rock samples, and equations are developed to use measured CeO/Ce and CeOH/Ce ratios to predict such values for any other member of the REE suite. Concentrations obtained show excellent agreement with recommended values for the international reference materials especially for the REE. Robust data are also provided for two other standard rocks: nepheline syenite STM-1 and quartz syenite CAAS-1;the latter shows exceptional enrichments of Zr, REE, Th, and U.

Interference effect on the liquid-crystal-based Stokes polarimeter

The Stokes polarimeter based on liquid crystal variable retarders(LCVRs)is envisaged as a promising novel technique for polarization measurement in space applications due to the inherent advantage of eliminating the need for conventional rotating polarizing optics and increasing the measuring speed.However,the intrinsic multi-beam interference in LCVRs limits its polarization accuracy by several percent.How to eliminate the influence of the interference effect becomes an urgent issue for the liquid-crystal-based Stokes polarimeter.The present study introduces a simplified but effective interference model based on the thin-film optics and polarized light theory to simulate the relationship between the interference effect of the LCVRs-based Stokes polarimeter and the polarization accuracy.The simulation results show that the transmittance variation of LCVR with the derived voltage is caused by multi beam interference between the indium tin oxide(ITO)film and the liquid crystal within LCVR,which produces a few percent of instrumental polarization.The instrumental polarization is about 0.01 and different for different wavelengths.An optimization method was proposed to reduce the instrumental polarization to 0.002,effectively improving the polarization sensitivity of the Stokes polarimeter limited by the interference.In addition,an experimental setup was built up to measure and analyze the influence of the interference effect of the LCVRs-based Stokes polarimeter on the polarization accuracy before and after the optimization.The experiment results are in good agreement with the simulation.

First Time Demonstration of the Quantum Interference Effect during Integration of Cognition and Emotion in Children

Quantum cognition is a scientific approach to cognitive phenomena which makes use of the mathematical formalism of quantum theory. Quantum interference effect constitutes one of this theory’s main tenets and has been repeatedly demonstrated experimentally, in the last decade, in adult subjects. In the present paper, we aim to demonstrate, for the first time, the existence of thequantum interference effect on children during an experiment involving an integration of cognition and emotion. Our positive results consolidate the presuppositions of quantum cognition, enlarging its field of application to children’s mental apparatus and evidence the important question to consider the quantum model in the current investigated question of the interaction of cognition and emotion in children at neurological and psychological levels.

Effective wave identification and interference analysis of the seismic reflection method in mines

Through discussion of the time-distance curve characteristics of the direct waveand from the front,side and rear of the reflection waves of the seismic reflection methodfor advanced exploration in mines,and analysis of several major interference waves inmines,the differences in time-distance curve,frequency,apparent velocity between theeffective wave and interference wave in the seismic reflection method for advanced explorationare obtained.According to the differences,the effective wave is extracted andthe interference wave is filtered and the system's precision and accuracy is improved.

Tunneling of Bose-Einstein condensate and interference effect in a harmonic trap with a Gaussian energy barrier

The tunneling effect of Bose-Einstein condensate （BEC） in a harmonic trap with a Gaussian energy barrier is studied in this paper. The initial condensate evolves into two separate moving condensates after the tunneling time under certain conditions. The interference pattern between the two moving condensates is given as a comparison and as a further demonstration of the existence of the global phase.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Marine Riser Model with Coupling Interference Effect Under Combined Internal and External Flow

A partition model of interference efficiency was constructed to study the coupling interference effect under combined internal and external flow.The concept of“internal flow efficiency”,“velocity ratio”and“interference efficiency”were introduced to quantify the effect of internal flow and interference,and reveal the coupling mechanism among internal flow,external flow and interference effect.The results showed that the dynamic response of risers under variable angles was significantly different after considering the effect of internal flow.When the external flow velocity was smaller than 0.25 m/s,the vibration of risers was promoted by the internal flow.With the increase of external flow velocity,the effect of internal flow was weakened and the dynamic response of riser mainly depended on the external flow and interference effect.Under the effect of different internal flow,the interference efficiency had similar change trend.The interference effect amplified the complex secondary flow effect inside the riser,making the dynamic response of riser complex and random.In this paper,the overlap area and subdivision criterion of interference effect were constructed within the range of experimental velocity ratio,and the change curve of interference efficiency was obtained with an average meaning,which may have important practical meaning.

5G Oriented Exponential Effective Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio Mapping Algorithm Based on Channel Classification

In the future the fifth generation( 5 G) communication systems,channel models may be very complicated and it is difficult to calculate equivalent signal to interference plus noise ratio( SINR)of a random fading channel. Therefore,methods for the calculation of equivalent SINR of a random fading channel are very necessary.In this paper,an enhanced algorithm on the exponential effective SINR mapping( EESM) model for random fading channels was proposed. First, the optimal adjustment parameters of typical channel fading models including extended pedestrian A( EPA)model,extended vehicular A( EVA) model and extended typical urban( ETU) model were obtained by simulation. Then the proposed solution was used to actualize channel classification according to the maximum multipath delay and the average power of the random channel. The solution can determine the typical channel closest to random channel for obtaining the optimal adjustment value of EESM. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed one can improve the whole system throughput significantly and meanwhile the accuracy of the link prediction algorithm is also guaranteed.

Effective Capacity and Interference Analysis in Multiband Dynamic Spectrum Sensing

In this paper, the performance of multichannel transmission in cognitive radio is studied. Both QoS constraints and interference limitations are considered. The activities of the primary users (PU)s are initially detected by cognitive users (CU)s who perform sensing process over multiple channels. They transmit in a single channel at variable power and rates depending on the channel sensing decisions and the fading environment. The cognitive operation is modeled as a state transition model in which all possible scenarios are studied. The QoS constraint of the cognitive users is investigated through statistical analysis. Analytical form for the effective capacity of the cognitive radio channel is found. Optimal power allocation and optimal channel selection criterion are obtained. Impact of several parameters on the transmission performance, as channel sensing parameters, number of available channels, fading and other, are identified through numerical example.