Aerodynamic drag reduction of heavy vehicles using append devices by CFD analysis

Improving vehicle fuel consumption,performance and aerodynamic efficiency by drag reduction especially in heavy vehicles is one of the indispensable issues of automotive industry.In this work,the effects of adding append devices like deflector and cab vane corner on heavy commercial vehicle drag reduction were investigated.For this purpose,the vehicle body structure was modeled with various supplementary parts at the first stage.Then,computational fluid dynamic(CFD) analysis was utilized for each case to enhance the optimal aerodynamic structure at different longitudinal speeds for heavy commercial vehicles.The results show that the most effective supplementary part is deflector,and by adding this part,the drag coefficient is decreased considerably at an optimum angle.By adding two cab vane corners at both frontal edges of cab,a significant drag reduction is noticed.Back vanes and base flaps are simple plates which can be added at the top and side end of container and at the bottom with specific angle respectively to direct the flow and prevent the turbulence.Through the analysis of airflow and pressure distribution,the results reveal that the cab vane reduces fuel consumption and drag coefficient by up to 20 % receptively using proper deflector angle.Finally,by adding all supplementary parts at their optimized positions,41% drag reduction is obtained compared to the simple model.

New endoscopes and add-on devices to improve colonoscopy performance

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for colorectal cancer prevention; however, it is still an imperfect modality. Precancerous lesions can be lost during screening examinations, thus increasing the risk of interval cancer. A variety of factors either patient-, or endoscopist dependent or even the procedure itself may contribute to loss of lesions. Sophisticated modalities including advanced technology endoscopes and add-on devices have been developed in an effort to eliminate colonoscopy's drawbacks and maximize its ability to detect potentially culprit polyps. Novel colonoscopes aim to widen the field of view. They incorporate more than one cameras enabling simultaneous image transmission. In that way the field of view can expand up to 330°. On the other hand a plethora of add-on devices attachable on the standard colonoscope promise to detect lesions in the proximal aspect of colonic folds either by offering a retrograde view of the lumen or by straightening the haustral folds during withdrawal. In this minireview we discuss how these recent advances affect colonoscopy performance by improving its quality indicators(cecal intubation rate, adenoma detection rate) and other metrics(polyp detection rate, adenomas per colonoscopy, polyp/adenoma miss rate) associated with examination's outcomes.

A novel hybrid method for aerodynamic noise prediction of high-lift devices

Aerodynamic noise of High-Lift Devices(HLDs)is one of the main sources of airframe noise,and has immediate impacts on the airworthiness certification,environmental protection and security of commercial aircraft.In this study,a novel hybrid method is proposed for the aerodynamic noise prediction of HLD.A negative Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)turbulence model based Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation(IDDES)method coupling with AFT-2017b transition model is developed,in order to elaborately simulate the complex flow field around the HLD and thus obtain the information of acoustic sources.A Farassat-Kirchhoff hybrid method is developed to filter the spurious noise sources caused by the vortex motions in solving the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)equation with permeable integral surfaces,and accurately predict the far-field noise radiation of the HLD.The results of the 30P30N HLD indicate that,the computational Sound Pressure Levels(SPLs)obtained by the Farassat-Kirchhoff hybrid method conform well with the experimental ones in the spectrum for the given observation point,and are more accurate than those obtained by the Farassat 1A method.Based on the hybrid method,the acoustic directivity of the HLD of a commercial aircraft is obtained,and the variation of the SPLs in the spectrum with the deflection angle of the slat is analyzed.

露天试车台侧风装置气动特性数值模拟

为了探究露天试车台侧风装置的气动流场特性,采用商用软件构建了侧风装置的全3维数值模型,完成了侧风装置气动特性的数值模拟。结果表明:安装在靠近侧风装置壁面附近的风机对风场边界产生影响,最中间1台风机排出的气流直接影响速度核心区中心风场,临近最中间水平方向两侧的2台风机排出的气流对关注截面偏离z中心轴线±0.25D位置产生影响;气流从侧风装置排出后可发现核心流速区、掺混区和低速扰动区3个区域,核心流速区内的气流变化平稳,未见大的波动;在以发动机进气轴线为中心d=0.8D直径范围内,随着风速的增大,最大流速差逐渐增大,速度不均匀度逐渐减小。研究结果可为发动机开展侧风试验提供理论和技术基础。

Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device

The present study performed a numerical investigation to explore the performance enhancement of a co-flow jet(CFJ)airfoil with simple high-lift device configuration,with a specific goal to examine the feasibility and capability of the proposed configuration for low-speed take-off and landing.Computations have been accomplished by an in-house-programmed Reynoldsaveraged Navier-Stokes solver enclosed by k-ωshear stress transport turbulence model.Three crucial geometric parameters,viz.,injection slot location,suction slot location and its angle were selected for the sake of revealing their effects on aerodynamic lift,drag,power consumption and equivalent lift-to-drag ratio.Results show that using simple high-lift devices on CFJ airfoil can significantly augment the aerodynamic associated lift and efficiency which evidences the feasibility of CFJ for short take-off and landing with small angle of attack.The injection and suction slot locations are more influential with respect to the aerodynamic performance of CFJ airfoil compared with the suction slot angle.The injection location is preferable to be located in the downstream of the pressure suction peak on leading edge to reduce the power expenditure of the pumping system for a relative higher equivalent lift-to-drag ratio.Another concluded criterion is that the suction slot should be oriented on the trailing edge flap for achieving more aerodynamic gain,meanwhile,carefully selecting this location is crucial in determining the aerodynamic enhancement of CFJ airfoil with deflected flaps.

Aerodynamic optimization using passive control devices near the bogie cabin of high-speed trains

Bogies are responsible for a significant amount of aerodynamic resistance and noise,both of which negatively affect high-speed train performance and passenger comfort.In the present study,the passive control method is applied in designing the bogie cabins of a high-speed train to improve its aerodynamic characteristics.Two passive control measures are introduced,namely,adding a spoiler and creating diversion grooves near the bogie cabins.Furthermore,the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics of a high-speed train operating at 350 km/h under different control strategies are numerically investigated using the improved-delayed-detached-eddy simulation(IDDES)and the acoustic finite element method(FEM).The impacts of passive control devices on drag reduction,slipstream,and aerodynamic noise are presented and discussed.Numerical results reveal that the passive control devices have a major effect on the slipstream around the train.The amplitude of the fluctuating pressure is higher in the first half of the train than in the second half.The first bogie has the maximum amplitude of the acoustic pressure for both the train with and without passive devices.In the far field,the spoiler installation and placement of the diversion grooves in the front of the bogie cabin can significantly reduce aerodynamic drag and noise.Hence,as shown in this study,using passive control methods to improve the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic properties of high-speed trains can be a viable option.

新型高速列车风阻制动装置设计与仿真分析

运行时速超过350 km的高速列车在高速阶段辅助制动或紧急制动时,风阻制动是一种行之有效的制动措施。研制综合气动性能优越及适用性广的风阻制动装置是下一代时速400+km高速列车开发中亟待解决的关键技术问题之一。在总结分析现有技术的可行性和实用性的基础上,提出了新型风阻制动装置的设计理念和方法,重点从满足多级协同制动、优化气动性能、降低气动噪声及减弱结构振动等方面考虑开发实施,完成了窗形风阻制动装置及其改进型设计方案。结果表明:通过前后设置的沿安装基座前后边缘转动开启的2排风阻制动板进行多模式选择制动,有效克服了传统风阻制动板从前往后开启所造成的气动噪声剧烈、颤振及后排风阻制动板制动效率低等问题;同时,采用自馈补偿和板型导流两种制动补偿方式对风阻制动装置的二次空气动力学性能进行优化设计,进一步改善了装置制动工作时的外围流场结构,最大程度避免了非制动状态下附加气动阻力的形成;针对风阻制动装置的传动控制,创新性地设计了电路模拟控制和液压驱动控制方案。以运行时速为400 km的CR400AF平台动车组单节车辆装配单组改进型窗形风阻制动装置为计算模型,模拟得到装置在紧急制动时贡献的气动阻力为4.70 kN,产生的气动升力为1.13 kN,具备较好的高速阶段增阻特性。窗形风阻制动装置及其改进型设计方案在制动效率、风阻制动板利用率、空气动力学性能及气动噪声等方面表现出较强的优势。未来高速列车风阻制动装置的设计及应用需进一步从线路条件、运行风环境、瞬时启停性能、电控系统、结构振动及强度设计等方面开展实验研究。

导流装置对高速磁浮列车气动特性的影响

由于车轨悬浮间隙的存在,高速磁浮列车的悬浮架周围流场紊乱且气动力复杂,影响列车的悬浮和导向性能。基于计算流体力学建立了3车编组的高速磁浮列车气动数值仿真模型,研究了列车气动特性及车轨间隙和悬浮架周围的流场结构,分析了3种不同形式的导流装置(板式、短楔形、长楔形)对列车气动特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:在500 km/h的运行速度下,气流通过头车鼻尖底部悬浮间隙直接冲击在头车一位端悬浮架迎风侧,形成的压差阻力使头车气动阻力大幅增大;受悬浮架扰流影响,气流在车体底部形成了大面积的正压区,直接导致头车气动升力和气动力矩大幅提高且远高于中间车及尾车气动升力。根据研究结果,改变头车鼻尖底面结构,控制进入车轨磁浮间隙的气流流量和方向,改善了列车表面压力分布情况,协同降低了列车气动阻力、气动升力和点头力矩。与原型磁浮列车相比,3种导流装置均能实现减阻降升,其中气动特性优化效果最好的长楔形导流装置可实现减小整车气动阻力3.6%、头车气动升力40.6%和头车点头力矩80.3%,综合气动性能最好。

侧风状态下重型卡车气动性能研究

为了研究侧风状态对重型卡车气动性能的影响,建立计算流体动力学模型研究不同横摆角下卡车外流场的变化,随后提出添加横向和纵向隔板作为减阻导流装置,分析两种结构对卡车气动特性的影响,并通过1∶7.5卡车比例模型的风洞试验验证数值仿真模型的有效性。结果表明:侧风状态下重型卡车的风阻、侧向力和升力系数均随横摆角的增大而增大;在货箱前部添加横向或纵向隔板能够切断货箱前方间隙内流体的连续性,能不同程度地降低侧风状态下卡车的风阻系数。与添加纵向隔板相比,添加横向隔板的减阻效果更加明显,横摆角为12°时相对于原车模型的风阻系数下降率可达19.6%。但两种结构对侧向力系数和升力系数的影响很小,说明两种减阻结构在提升燃油经济性的同时,也可保证行车安全性。

太阳能无人机辅助起飞装置动态参数模拟研究

为改进无人机辅助起飞装置设计迭代过程,设计了一种基于动力学仿真和无人机起飞稳定性评估的起飞装置方案优化设计方法。首先利用无人机的外形及结构参数,建立辅助起飞装置的Catia模型,对其进行拆解归类,提取质量、惯量信息;其次,通过Ansys CFD软件计算该模型的气动外形参数,由此得到无人机安全起飞的边界条件;而后,在Adams软件中仿真起飞装置对机体的作用力、以及无人机起飞时机体部件之间的碰撞影响,得到在不同工况下的动力学仿真结果,并使用Matlab/Simulink模块实现飞行力学载荷的实时计算;最后,根据所得到的仿真结果对起飞装置进行方案改进。为进一步验证所提出方案优化设计方法的合理性,利用某型太阳能无人机外形结构参数,进行了考虑环境因素下辅助起飞系统在不同工况下的仿真试验。通过仿真试验改进了辅助起飞装置的结构参数,验证了改进辅助起飞装置的合理性。

基于防失速装置的垫升风机气动性能改善

针对某气垫船采用的轴流式垫升风机存在马鞍形不稳定区,而风机工作点距离该不稳定区过近,无法满足气垫船在波浪中航行时的垫升流量和压力需求问题,开展防失速装置设计并研究其改善该型风机气动性能的有效性。基于数值仿真和模型试验方法预报该型风机的气动性能,掌握其马鞍形不稳定区产生的内在原因;分析马鞍形不稳定区对气垫船在波浪中的航行性能和垫升风机运行的影响,明确该型风机气动性能的改进方向;根据该型风机内部流体的流动特性开展防失速装置设计,验证其在改善该型风机气动性能方面的有效性,并揭示其抑制马鞍形不稳定区的物理机理。研究表明:叶片上的气流分离是导致该型风机产生马鞍形不稳定区的主要原因;防失速装置能有效抑制动叶和可调前导叶上的气流分离,改善该型风机的内部气流品质,抑制和弱化其马鞍形不稳定区,扩大其稳定工作范围,使其能更好地匹配气垫船在波浪中航行时的垫升流量和压力波动。

二级活塞式弹射机构动态仿真与分析

运用经典内弹道和气体动力学理论 ,建立了二级活塞式抛放弹弹射机构的数值计算模型 ,对某型号二级活塞式弹射机构工作的全过程进行了模拟计算 ,分析了不同参数对其弹射效果的影响 .计算结果与实验结果相符 .

新型气力精密排种器的空气动力学原理

提出一种具有控制充种室种子群结构的新型气力精密排种器的空气动力学原理。采用Ｋ－ε湍流模型和ＳＩＭＰＬＥ算法，预测了充种室的流场，数值计算结果和实验相附。数值预测出在充种室的不对称射流产生了一个有利于改善充种和清种的回流区。这种排种器已成功地用于精密播种机上。

高速列车车体气动载荷疲劳强度试验装置研究

研制车体交变气动载荷试验装置,利用该装置对新造车体进行疲劳强度试验,讨论车体交变气动载荷疲劳试验加载方法、压力、压力波形与周期、加载次数等参数,并完成车体交变气动载荷疲劳试验装置方案及数据采集系统方案设计;将合武铁路现场测得的CRH2型动车组以250 km/h速度过隧道时车内外压力差曲线与该试验装置测得的压力曲线进行比较。研究结果表明:车内外压力差曲线与该试验装置测得的压力曲线基本吻合,该试验装置可真实模拟列车高速通过隧道时车体承受的交变气动载荷,为研究新造高速列车车体在交变气动载荷作用下的疲劳强度特性提供了重要的试验手段,建议我国新造车体按其实际运行过程中承受的交变气动载荷加载进行疲劳强度试验。

导气与枪管浮动混合式自动机动力学特性研究

为了研究导气与枪管浮动混合式自动机在高初速榴弹发射器上应用的可行性及通过调节导气装置结构参数匹配枪管组件与枪机框组件后坐能量达到降低武器系统后坐力的目的,基于气体动力学理论和热力学理论,推导考虑热量散失及枪管浮动作用的内弹道和导气装置气流问题的基本方程组。利用该计算模型对高初速榴弹发射器发射动力学进行仿真,得出武器系统自动机运动特性曲线及后坐力随时间变化的曲线。将仿真结果与实验结果进行对比,验证模型的正确性。探讨导气装置导气孔直径、导气孔开孔位置、导气室初始容积结构参数对导气室气体压力变化的影响规律,并分析其对自动机速度曲线及后坐力的影响。在完成自动机自动循环的前提下,采用导气与枪管浮动混合式自动机可将武器的最大后坐力控制在1 100 N内,实现武器低后坐发射。

厢式货车减阻研究

为了减少厢式货车在行驶过程中所受到的气动阻力,从而达到节能减排的目的,本文设计适于厢式货车使用的新型空气动力学附加装置并基于商业软件FLUENT中的RNGκ-ε紊流模型进行数值计算。结果表明:该新型空气动力学装置明显地改变了厢式货车周围流场特性;同时分析速度场和货车表面压力场,获得了该新型附加装置的理论减阻率及其减阻机理。

扰流装置对轿车气动特性的影响研究

以简化的轿车模型为研究对象,以计算流体力学软件ANSYS-FLUENT为研究工具对轿车的气动特性进行了研究。计算了加装扰流装置前和加装扰流装置后的车身阻力系数和升力系数。分析了三种造型的扰流装置对轿车气动特性的影响。计算结果表明:扰流装置的加装可以改善轿车尾部流场结构,轿车尾部区域涡流现象和倒流现象均明显减弱;加装不同扰流板均会不同程度地增加轿车的阻力系数,但同时可以减小轿车升力系数,进而一定程度改善汽车的空气动力学特性。

赛车空气动力学套件设计与气动特性研究

FSAE赛车的空气动力学特性对其动力性、燃油经济性、操纵稳定性及制动性有重要影响。文中依据大赛规则设计了FSAE赛车空气动力学套件,基于CFD方法对比分析了3种不同参数的尾翼组合方案的气动特性,确定了最优的尾翼组合方案,根据最优方案的尾翼参数对前翼的参数进行了匹配;研究了有、无空气动力学套件的赛车的空气动力学特性,安装空气动力学套件后,赛车的气动升力系数由0.28下降到-1.19,气动阻力系数由0.44变为0.68,下压力显著增加;基于MATLAB对有、无空气动力学套件的赛车在特征赛道上的性能进行了计算,结果表明:赛车加装空气动力学套件后有效提高了过弯速度,推迟了刹车点,提高了圈速,有效提高了赛车的操纵稳定性和动力性。

气动附加装置降低厢式货车后体阻力

在风洞中通过天平测力和静态压力传感器测压实验,研究了简易厢式货车模型安装背部隔栅气动附加装置后阻力特性和背部压力分布的变化。结果表明采用高度适当、布置合理的背部隔栅,可以使厢式货车后体侧缘的分离剪切层再附于隔板上并在隔板后缘再次分离。从而使厢式货车下游的分离尾涡区变窄,提高其背部压力,最终减小了厢式货车模型因后体分离引起的压差阻力。实验发现减阻效果最好的是采用的3横3竖形式、高度为50mm、距离厢式货车后体边缘30mm的隔栅,最大可以将模型的阻力减小7.19%。

厢式货车尾部打孔装置减阻特性研究

对厢式货车周围流场进行了CFD数值模拟,分析了产生气动阻力的主要原因,在此基础上,设计了一种可以消除尾部漩涡场的新型打孔式空气动力学附加装置,并将装置进一步改进得到其优化模型。基于RNGk-ε紊流模型进行数值计算,分析货车周围速度场及其表面压力场,获得该新型附加装置的理论减阻率及其减阻机理。结果表明该空气动力学装置改善了厢式货车尾部湍流场,在前端加装导流罩的基础上进一步获得了6.04%的减阻率。研究结果为厢式货车的减阻节能研究提供了理论依据和有价值的参考。