Age-specific heterogeneity of genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular disease might have opposite outcomes depending on the presence of prediabetes

Examining age-specific heterogeneity of susceptibility to cardiovascular disease is also essential in individuals without prediabetes to determine its relative size and direction compared to those with prediabetes.Of particular interest,age-specific heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility may exhibit opposite directions depending on the presence or absence of prediabetes.

Age-specific causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children

The etiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB)varies by age,from newborns to adolescents,with some of the causes overlapping between age groups.While particular causes such as vitamin K deficiency and cow’s milk protein allergy are limited to specific age groups,occurring only in neonates and infants,others such as erosive esophagitis and gastritis may be identified at all ages.Furthermore,the incidence of UGIB is variable throughout the world and in different hospital settings.In North America and Europe,most UGIBs are nonvariceal,associated with erosive esophagitis,gastritis,and gastric and duodenal ulcers.In recent years,the most common causes in some Middle Eastern and Far Eastern countries are becoming similar to those in Western countries.However,variceal bleeding still predominates in certain parts of the world,especially in South Asia.The most severe hemorrhage arises from variceal bleeding,peptic ulceration,and disseminated intravascular coagulation.Hematemesis is a credible indicator of a UGI source of bleeding in the majority of patients.Being familiar with the most likely UGIB causes in specific ages and geographic areas is especially important for adequate orientation in clinical settings,the use of proper diagnostic tests, and rapid initiation of the therapy. The fundamental approach to the management of UGIBincludes an immediate assessment of severity, detecting possible causes, and providing hemodynamic stability,followed by early endoscopy. Unusual UGIB causes must always be considered when establishing a diagnosis inthe pediatric population because some of them are unique to children. Endoscopic techniques are of significantdiagnostic value, and combined with medicaments, may be used for the management of acute bleeding. Finally,surgical treatment is reserved for the most severe bleeding.

Ambispective epidemiological observational study of varicella-zoster virus infection: An 18 year-single-center Bulgarian experience

BACKGROUND Varicella(chickenpox)and herpes zoster(shingles)are outcomes of varicella-zoster virus(VZV)infection,and understanding their incidence trends is vital for public health planning.AIM To conduct an ambispective epidemiological study by analyzing the main epidemiological characteristics of VZV infection during an 18 year-period(2000-2018).METHODS We used descriptive and epidemiological methods to characterize chickenpox in Bulgaria,the city of Plovdiv and the region for a period of 18 years(2000-2018).RESULTS The average incidence of varicella-zoster infection for the period 2000–2018 in the Plovdiv region was estimated at 449.58‰.The highest relative share of the infection was assessed in the month of January at 13.6%,and the lowest in the months of August and September at 2.9%(both months).The age group most affected by the infection was 1-4 years,followed by 5-9 years.This corresponds to the so-called"pro-epidemic population"-a phenomenon typical for airborne infections,confirming their mass impact on the perpetuation of VZV infection.CONCLUSION Our findings reveal significant insights into VZV epidemiology,including age-specific incidence rates,clinical manifestations,and vaccination impact.This comprehensive analysis contributes to the broader understanding of VZV infec-tion dynamics and may inform evidence-based preventive measures.

每周紫杉醇联合卡铂三种用药方案治疗老年非小细胞肺癌的评价

1文献类型治疗。2证据水平3文献来源Ramalingam S,Barstis J,Perry MC,et al.Treatment of elderly non-small cell lung cancer patients with three different schedules of weekly Paclitaxel in combination with Carboplatin:Subanalysis of a randomized trial[J].J Thorac Oncol,2006,1(3):240-244.

A five-compartment model of age-specific transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2

Background:The novel coronavirus,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2,also called 2019-nCoV)causes different morbidity risks to individuals in different age groups.This study attempts to quantify the age-specific transmissibility using a mathematical model.Methods:An epidemiological model with five compartments(susceptible-exposed-symptomatic-asymptomatic-recovered/removed[SEIAR])was developed based on observed transmission features.Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases were divided into four age groups:group 1,those≤14years old;group 2,those 15 to 44years old;group 3,those 45 to 64years old;and group 4,those≥65 years old.The model was initially based on cases(including imported cases and secondary cases)collected in Hunan Province from January 5 to February 19,2020.Another dataset,from Jilin Province,was used to test the model.Results:The age-specific SEIAR model fitted the data well in each age group(P<0.001).In Hunan Province,the highest transmissibility was from age group 4 to 3(median:β43=7.71×10-9;SAR43=3.86×10-8),followed by group 3 to 4(median:β34=3.07×10-9;SAR34=1.53×10-8),group 2 to 2(median:β22=1.24×10-9;SAR22=6.21×10-9),and group 3 to 1(median:β31=4.10×10-10;SAR31=2.08×10-9).The lowest transmissibility was from age group 3 to 3(median:β33=1.64×10-19;SAR33=8.19×10-19),followed by group 4 to 4(median:β44=3.66×10-17;SAR44=1.83×10-16),group 3 to 2(median:β32=1.21×10-16;SAR32=6.06×10-16),and group 1 to 4(median:β14=7.20×10-14;SAR14=3.60×10-13).In Jilin Province,the highest transmissibility occurred from age group 4 to 4(median:β43=4.27×10-8;SAR43=2.13×10-7),followed by group 3 to 4(median:β34=1.81×10-8;SAR34=9.03×10-8).Conclusions:SARS-CoV-2 exhibits high transmissibility between middle-aged(45 to 64 years old)and elderly(≥65 years old)people.Children(≤14 years old)have very low susceptibility to COVID-19.This study will improve our understanding of the transmission feature of SARS-CoV-2 in different age groups and suggest the most prevention measures should be applied to middle-aged and elderly people.

Age-related Infection with Cryptosporidium Species and Genotype in Pigs in China

Objective Pigs, as hosts of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species/genotypes, are domestic animals with public health significance. The present study was to characterize the infection rate and species/genotype of Cryptosporidium in pre-weaned and post-weaned pigs from Shanghai and Shaoxing, China. Methods A total of 208 fecal samples （42 from pre-weaned piglets, and 166 from post-weaned pigs） were examined by nested PCR of the 185 rRNA gene and analyzed by phylogenetic DNA fragment sequencing of secondary PCR products. Results Infection was detected in 79 samples （19/42 pre-weaned piglets, and 60/166 post-weaned pigs）. C. suis （14/79） and Cryptosporidium pig genotype II （65/79） were identified; piglets were more susceptible to the former （13/14） and post-weaned pigs to the latter （59/65）. Conclusion Infection of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigs was age-specific; piglets were more susceptible to C. suis while pigs were more susceptible to Cryptosporidium pig genotype II. These findings combined with the isolation of the two Cryptosporidium from water suggest that pigs may be a source of zoonotic Cryptosporidium water pollution. Improvements in pig feeding practices, sewage discharge, feces disposal and field worker protection are therefore important to prevent potential public health problems.

Decreasing trend in prostate cancer with high serum prostate-specific antigen levels detected at first prostate-specific antigen-based population screening in Japan

To clarify the recent trends in prostate-specific antigen （PSA） distribution in men in Japan, we analyzed the PSA distributions of men undergoing PSA-based population screening. We summarized the annual individual data of PSA-based population screening in Kanazawa, Japan, from 2000 to 2011, and analyzed baseline serum PSA values of the participants at the first population screening. Serum PSA distributions were estimated in all participants and those excluding prostate cancer patients according to age. From 2000 to 2011, 19 620 men participated aged 54-69 years old in this screening program. Mean baseline serum PSA level of all participants at the first screening was 2.64 ng m1-1 in 2000, and gradually decreased to approximately 1.30 ng ml-I in 2006. That of participants excluding prostate cancer patients was 1.46 ng m1-1 in 2000, and there was no remarkable change during the study period. The 95t＂ percentiles in the participants excluding prostate cancer patients detected at the first population screening of men aged 54-59, 60-64, and 65-69 years old were 2.90, 3.60, and 4.50 ng m1-1, respectively. After the commencement of population screening, the proportion of prostate cancer patients with high serum PSA levels decreased. However, there were no changes in serum PSA levels in men without prostate cancer. Age-specific PSA reference level of men without prostate cancer in Japan was similar to that in China and Korea.

Age-specific mortality and fecundity of a spider mite under diet restriction and delayed mating

Numerous experimental life-history studies on aging are mainly baised on two classical models—fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster(Meigen)and nematode Caenorhab-ditis elegans(Maupas)—with relatively little attention given to other organisms with different life-history characters.Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch(Acari:Tetranychidae)differs from many other arthropods in that the females continue their growth in the early adult stage and can reproduce sexually and asexually.In this study,the influences of dietary restriction and delayed mating on the aging patterns of the spider mite were examined with the prevailing survival and reproduction trade-off hypothesis of aging being tested.Significant sex-specific responses of the spider mites were found.The females showed longevity extension on diet restriction(fasting for 2 days in every 4 days)compared with their counterparts being fed ad libitum,and after delayed mating for 9 days,while the males displayed a decrease in lifespan when experiencing diet restriction but were not significantly influenced by delayed mating.Path analysis was used to investigate the relationship between mite survival and reproduction traits,including longevity,female lifetime reproduction,age at first reproduction,early reproductive efforts and late reproductive efforts,yielding no evidence for trade-offs between these life-history traits.The additive effects of dietary restriction and delayed mating in lifespan extension of female spider mites were confirmed,proving that diet restriction is a robust anti-aging intervention,and that later onset of reproduction can prolong adult lifespan in females.

Dynamics and implications of the age profiles of inter-provincial migration in China

This research examines the shifts in age profiles among migrants in China,utilizing microdata derived from four national censuses and two 1%population sample surveys conducted since 1990.Our findings indicate:(1)there has been a surge in age-specific migration intensity across all age groups over the past two decades;(2)the age profiles of the flow floating population differ from both the entire and the residual migrant populations;and(3)the age profiles of China’s flow floating population exhibit a blend of Asian and Western patterns-a prevalence among individuals in their early 20s,typical of Asian patterns,and a broad range of ages post-peak,indicative of Western patterns.Consequently,we propose that future population projections prioritize the flow floating population over the traditionally employed entire floating population.Furthermore,recognizing heterogeneity is critical for accurately understanding migrants in China,necessitating a comprehensive migration policy that safeguards the rights and welfare of these individuals.

The optimal vaccination strategy to control COVID-19:a modeling study in Wuhan City,China

Background: Reaching optimal vaccination rates is an essential public health strategy to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to simulate the optimal vaccination strategy to control the disease by developing an age-specific model based on the current transmission patterns of COVID-19 in Wuhan City, China.Methods: We collected two indicators of COVID-19, including illness onset data and age of confirmed case in Wuhan City, from December 2, 2019, to March 16, 2020. The reported cases were divided into four age groups: group 1, ≤ 14 years old;group 2, 15 to 44 years old;group 3, 44 to 64 years old;and group 4, ≥ 65 years old. An age-specific susceptible-exposed-symptomatic-asymptomatic-recovered/removed model was developed to estimate the transmissibility and simulate the optimal vaccination strategy. The effective reproduction number (R_(eff)) was used to estimate the transmission interaction in different age groups.Results: A total of 47 722 new cases were reported in Wuhan City from December 2, 2019, to March 16, 2020. Before the travel ban of Wuhan City, the highest transmissibility was observed among age group 2 (R_(eff) = 4.28), followed by group 2 to 3 (R_(eff) = 2.61), and group 2 to 4 (R_(eff) = 1.69). China should vaccinate at least 85% of the total population to interrupt transmission. The priority for controlling transmission should be to vaccinate 5% to 8% of individuals in age group 2 per day (ultimately vaccinated 90% of age group 2), followed by 10% of age group 3 per day (ultimately vaccinated 90% age group 3). However, the optimal vaccination strategy for reducing the disease severity identified individuals ≥ 65 years old as a priority group, followed by those 45-64 years old.Conclusions: Approximately 85% of the total population (nearly 1.2 billion people) should be vaccinated to build an immune barrier in China to safely consider removing border restrictions. Based on these results, we concluded that 90% of adults aged 15-64 years should first be vaccinated to prevent transmission in China.

China fertility report,2006-2016 An analysis based on China fertility survey 2017

Based on China fertility survey 2017,this report presents the national fertility level,age-specific fertility rate and parity distribution.The survey results show that during 2006-2016 the mean ages at first marriage and first birth increased by 2.7 and 2.6 years respectively.From 2006 to 2011,the total fertility rate was around 1.60-1.70,and experienced notable fluctuations during 2012-2016.Compared the age-specific fertility in 2006 with in 2011,the curve in 2016 shifted significantly to the right side.Affected by the relaxation of the fertility policy,the proportion of second births among the total births had increased year by year since 2012.

Impact of school reopening on pandemic spread: A case study using an agent-based model for COVID-19

This article examines the impact of partial/full reopening of school/college campuses on the spread of a pandemic using COVID-19 as a case study.The study uses an agent-based simulation model that replicates community spread in an urban region of U.S.A.via daily social mixing of susceptible and infected individuals.Data representing population demographics,SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology,and social interventions guides the model's behavior,which is calibrated and validated using data reported by the government.The model indicates a modest but significant increase(8.15%)in the total number of reported cases in the region for a complete(100%)reopening compared to keeping schools and colleges fully virtual.For partial returns of 75%and 50%,the percent increases in the number of reported cases are shown to be small(2.87%and 1.26%,respectively)and statistically insignificant.The AB model also predicts that relaxing the stringency of the school safety protocol for sanitizing,use of mask,social distancing,testing,and quarantining and thus allowing the school transmission coefficient to double may result in a small increase in the number of reported infected cases(2.14%).Hence for pandemic outbreaks from viruses with similar characteristics as for SARS-CoV-2,keeping the schools and colleges open with a modest campus safety protocol and in-person attendance below a certain threshold may be advisable.