Relevance of the problem under research is due to the fragmentary character of the regulatory framework for concluding a surrogacy agreement both in Ukraine and foreign countries,which does not solve the full range of...Relevance of the problem under research is due to the fragmentary character of the regulatory framework for concluding a surrogacy agreement both in Ukraine and foreign countries,which does not solve the full range of problems that arise in law enforcement practice.Moreover,there is no clear regulation for the notarization of the surrogacy agreement.The study aims to analyze the existing legal regulation of theoretical and practical aspects of the conclusion of a surrogacy agreement and draw certain conclusions and scientific provisions on the notarization of the surrogacy agreement.The leading research methods used for a comprehensive examination of surrogacy and surrogacy agreement were the following:normative semantic method,general logical methods of cognition,comparative and formal legal methods,generalization,historical method,systemic method,and structural and functional method.The research results proved the need for the legislative regulation of surrogacy.If a notarial form of the surrogacy agreement is implemented,it can significantly reduce the criminal component in this service and the risk of adverse consequences for the parties.There must be a separate law on the regulation of surrogacy adopted in Ukraine,which also concerns all other types of assisted reproductive technologies.展开更多
After four decades of military dictatorship,Togo is still facing a dilemma of whether to break with the past and take a path of democratization or make changes in the continuity.The death of the former President Gnass...After four decades of military dictatorship,Togo is still facing a dilemma of whether to break with the past and take a path of democratization or make changes in the continuity.The death of the former President Gnassingbe Eyadema in 2005 was seen by the Togolese community at home and around the world as a window of opportunity or a step toward the emergence of the political liberalization in the country.Unfortunately,with the backing of the Togolese army,Faure Gnassingbe,one of the sons of Eyadema,was enthroned as the country’s new President since 2005.The international economic sanctions on Togo in the aftermath of the death of Eyadema,due to continuing human rights abuses and violations by the authoritarian regime,have accentuated the already acute suffering and poverty of the Togolese population.However,the 2006 Global Political Agreement reached between the traditional political opposition parties and the government paved the way to the normalization of the international cooperation with Togo and hence the lifting of economic sanctions by the international community.Drawing from Solow-Swan growth model and a cross-national causality test of the development-democracy-growth hypothesis of Abbas Pourgerami,this paper investigates the impact of foreign aid on the democratization process since 2005 and argues that foreign aid played a paramount role in consolidating electoral authoritarianism instead of establishing a viable democracy in Togo.展开更多
There is an increasing availability of geospatial data describing patterns of human settlement and population such as various global remote-sensing based built-up land layers,fine-grained census-based population estim...There is an increasing availability of geospatial data describing patterns of human settlement and population such as various global remote-sensing based built-up land layers,fine-grained census-based population estimates,and publicly available cadastral and building footprint data.This development constitutes new integrative modeling opportunities to characterize the continuum of urban,peri-urban,and rural settlements and populations.However,little research has been done regarding the agreement between such data products in measuring human presence which is measured by different proxy variables(i.e.presence of built-up structures derived from different remote sensors,census-derived population counts,or cadastral land parcels).In this work,we quantitatively evaluate and cross-compare the ability of such data to model the urban continuum,using a unique,integrated validation database of cadastral and building footprint data,U.S.census data,and three different versions of the Global Human Settlement Layer(GHSL)derived from remotely sensed data.We identify advantages and shortcomings of these data types across different geographic settings in the U.S.,which will inform future data users on implications of data accuracy and suitability for a given application,even in data-poor regions of the world.展开更多
文摘Relevance of the problem under research is due to the fragmentary character of the regulatory framework for concluding a surrogacy agreement both in Ukraine and foreign countries,which does not solve the full range of problems that arise in law enforcement practice.Moreover,there is no clear regulation for the notarization of the surrogacy agreement.The study aims to analyze the existing legal regulation of theoretical and practical aspects of the conclusion of a surrogacy agreement and draw certain conclusions and scientific provisions on the notarization of the surrogacy agreement.The leading research methods used for a comprehensive examination of surrogacy and surrogacy agreement were the following:normative semantic method,general logical methods of cognition,comparative and formal legal methods,generalization,historical method,systemic method,and structural and functional method.The research results proved the need for the legislative regulation of surrogacy.If a notarial form of the surrogacy agreement is implemented,it can significantly reduce the criminal component in this service and the risk of adverse consequences for the parties.There must be a separate law on the regulation of surrogacy adopted in Ukraine,which also concerns all other types of assisted reproductive technologies.
文摘After four decades of military dictatorship,Togo is still facing a dilemma of whether to break with the past and take a path of democratization or make changes in the continuity.The death of the former President Gnassingbe Eyadema in 2005 was seen by the Togolese community at home and around the world as a window of opportunity or a step toward the emergence of the political liberalization in the country.Unfortunately,with the backing of the Togolese army,Faure Gnassingbe,one of the sons of Eyadema,was enthroned as the country’s new President since 2005.The international economic sanctions on Togo in the aftermath of the death of Eyadema,due to continuing human rights abuses and violations by the authoritarian regime,have accentuated the already acute suffering and poverty of the Togolese population.However,the 2006 Global Political Agreement reached between the traditional political opposition parties and the government paved the way to the normalization of the international cooperation with Togo and hence the lifting of economic sanctions by the international community.Drawing from Solow-Swan growth model and a cross-national causality test of the development-democracy-growth hypothesis of Abbas Pourgerami,this paper investigates the impact of foreign aid on the democratization process since 2005 and argues that foreign aid played a paramount role in consolidating electoral authoritarianism instead of establishing a viable democracy in Togo.
基金This research has been funded,in part,by the U.S.National Science Foundation(Directorate for Social,Behavioral and Economic Sciences)award#1416860 to the City University of New York,the Population Council,the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the University of Colorado at BoulderIt has been supported,in part,by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P2CHD066613+1 种基金Furthermore,this work has been funded,in part,by an Andrew Carnegie Fellowship(#G-F-16-53680)from the Carnegie Corporation of New York to D.BalkInnovative Seed Grant funding from the University of Colorado,support through Earth Lab,a University of Colorado Boulder Grand Challenge Initiative,as well as a development grant received from the University of Colorado Population Center(CUPC)at the Institute of Behavioral Science(University of Colorado Boulder),are acknowledged.
文摘There is an increasing availability of geospatial data describing patterns of human settlement and population such as various global remote-sensing based built-up land layers,fine-grained census-based population estimates,and publicly available cadastral and building footprint data.This development constitutes new integrative modeling opportunities to characterize the continuum of urban,peri-urban,and rural settlements and populations.However,little research has been done regarding the agreement between such data products in measuring human presence which is measured by different proxy variables(i.e.presence of built-up structures derived from different remote sensors,census-derived population counts,or cadastral land parcels).In this work,we quantitatively evaluate and cross-compare the ability of such data to model the urban continuum,using a unique,integrated validation database of cadastral and building footprint data,U.S.census data,and three different versions of the Global Human Settlement Layer(GHSL)derived from remotely sensed data.We identify advantages and shortcomings of these data types across different geographic settings in the U.S.,which will inform future data users on implications of data accuracy and suitability for a given application,even in data-poor regions of the world.
