Internet of Things for the Future of Smart Agriculture: A Comprehensive Survey of Emerging Technologies

This paper presents a comprehensive review of emerging technologies for the internet of things(IoT)-based smart agriculture.We begin by summarizing the existing surveys and describing emergent technologies for the agricultural IoT,such as unmanned aerial vehicles,wireless technologies,open-source IoT platforms,software defined networking(SDN),network function virtualization(NFV)technologies,cloud/fog computing,and middleware platforms.We also provide a classification of IoT applications for smart agriculture into seven categories:including smart monitoring,smart water management,agrochemicals applications,disease management,smart harvesting,supply chain management,and smart agricultural practices.Moreover,we provide a taxonomy and a side-by-side comparison of the state-ofthe-art methods toward supply chain management based on the blockchain technology for agricultural IoTs.Furthermore,we present real projects that use most of the aforementioned technologies,which demonstrate their great performance in the field of smart agriculture.Finally,we highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions for agricultural IoTs.

Review of operational management in intelligent agriculture based on the Internet of Things

This review aims to gain insight into the current research and application of operational management in the area of intelligent agriculture based on the Internet of Things(IoT),and consequently,identify existing shortcomings and potential issues.First,we use the Java application CiteSpace to analyze co-citation networks in the literature related to the operational management of IoT-based intelligent agriculture.From the literature analysis results,we identify three major fields:(1)the development of agricultural IoT(Agri-IoT)technology,(2)the precision management of agricultural production,and(3)the traceability management of agricultural products.Second,we review research in the three fields separately in detail.Third,on the basis of the research gaps identified in the review and from the perspective of integrating and upgrading the entire agricultural industry chain,additional research directions are recommended from the following aspects:The operational management of agricultural production,product processing,and product sale and after-sale service based on Agri-IoT.The theoretical research and practical application of combining operational management theories and IoT-based intelligent agriculture will provide informed decision support for stakeholders and drive the further development of the entire agriculture industry chain.

A Survey on Smart Agriculture:Development Modes,Technologies,and Security and Privacy Challenges

With the deep combination of both modern information technology and traditional agriculture,the era of agriculture 4.0,which takes the form of smart agriculture,has come.Smart agriculture provides solutions for agricultural intelligence and automation.However,information security issues cannot be ignored with the development of agriculture brought by modern information technology.In this paper,three typical development modes of smart agriculture(precision agriculture,facility agriculture,and order agriculture)are presented.Then,7 key technologies and 11 key applications are derived from the above modes.Based on the above technologies and applications,6 security and privacy countermeasures(authentication and access control,privacy-preserving,blockchain-based solutions for data integrity,cryptography and key management,physical countermeasures,and intrusion detection systems)are summarized and discussed.Moreover,the security challenges of smart agriculture are analyzed and organized into two aspects:1)agricultural production,and 2)information technology.Most current research projects have not taken agricultural equipment as potential security threats.Therefore,we did some additional experiments based on solar insecticidal lamps Internet of Things,and the results indicate that agricultural equipment has an impact on agricultural security.Finally,more technologies(5 G communication,fog computing,Internet of Everything,renewable energy management system,software defined network,virtual reality,augmented reality,and cyber security datasets for smart agriculture)are described as the future research directions of smart agriculture.