Water diversion and agricultural production:Evidence from China

Water diversion can alleviate water shortages caused by the uneven distribution of water resources.China’s Southto-North Water Diversion Project(SNWD)is the largest water diversion project worldwide.Based on the prefecturelevel data of China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2000 to 2020,this study employs an empirical strategy of Differencesin-Differences(DID)to analyze the impact of SNWD on agricultural production.The results show that SNWD has significantly increased agricultural production,measured by the agricultural value added.The estimated results of the benchmark model remain robust when the contemporaneous policy is addressed,an alternative outcome is used,subsamples are estimated,and alternative estimation techniques are employed.This study argues that the potential impact mechanism may be that SNWD significantly increases the acreage for cash crops but reduces that for grain crops.Heterogeneity analysis shows that in prefectures with high temperature or land potential,SNWD’s impact on agricultural value added is relatively low.In contrast,in areas with prolonged sunshine or high slopes,SNWD’s impact on agricultural value added is relatively large.Given the low added value of grain crops,the government should consider strengthening food security by subsidizing water supply to sustain grain production.

A Comparative Study of Different Methods on Quality Assessment of Soil Environment Polluted by Zinc in Agricultural Production Areas——A Case Study in Shulan City of Jilin Province

[Objective] The aim was to explore evaluated precision on quality of soil environment polluted with zinc in agricultural production areas and to provide references for verification of production area.[Method] In Shulan City in Jilin Province,soils were sampled and analyzed in a laboratory using single-factor pollution index and GIS based spatial interpolation.The quality of environment polluted with zinc was assessed and related methods were compared according to Environment Quality Standard of Green Food Production Area.[Result] Spatial interpolation of zinc in soils based on GIS proved more precise than traditional methods;cokriging method with co-factors was higher in precision than common cokriging;cokriging method with zinc and organic matter was higher in precision than cokriging with zinc alone.[Conclusion] Quality assessment on environment polluted with zinc based on GIS interpolation is more scientific and reasonable than traditional methods.

Impacts of Climate Change on Water and Agricultural Production in Ten Large River Basins in China

The overall goal of this paper is to examine impacts of climate change on water supply and demand balance and their consequences on agricultural production in ten river basins in China. To realize this goal, China Water Simulation Model （CWSM） is used to analyze three alternative climate scenarios （A1B, A2 and B2）. The results show that the impacts of climate change on water supply and demand balance differ largely among alternative scenarios. While significant impacts of climate change on water balance will occur under the A1B scenario, the impacts of climate change under the A2 and B2 scenarios will be marginal. Under the A1B scenario, the water shortage in the river basins located in the northern China will become more serious, particularly in Liaohe and Haihe river basins, but the other river basins in the southern China will improve their water balance situations. Despite larger impacts of climate change on water balance in the northern China, its impacts on total crops＇ production will be moderate if farmers would be able to reallocate water among crops and adjust irrigated and rainfed land. The paper concludes with some policy implications.

Environmental Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Climate change will impact agriculture and food production around the world due to the effects of elevated CO2 in the atmosphere, higher temperature, altered precipitation and transpiration regimes, increased frequency of extreme events, and modified weed, pest and pathogen pressure. Data of this study were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources of data were collected using two sets of structured questionnaires. A total number of three hundred （300） questionnaires were administered on categories of respondents in this study. Results of this study revealed that food crops are the major crops cultivated in the study area, and the effects of climate change on agricultural production results in soil loss, plant nutrient loss, textural change, increase in pest and diseases and poor yield germination etc.. This study therefore recommended that cover trees should be planted, which will provide shade and reduce heat, due to climate change and the preservation of underground water.

Effect of water fluctuation on agricultural production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

The biggest load of water resources for agricultural economy in the Huang-Huai Plainwill only arcount for 67.1 % of the forecasted irrigated area in 2010. The irrigated area and thequantity of water diverting from the Huanghe River was 2.2 million hm2 and 10.8 billion m3respectively in the lowe reaches of the river in the 1990s. The annual amount of yield increase forgrain is 6.3 billion kg calculated by converting and the annual benefit of yield-increase is 4.4 billionRMB yuan in the irrigated area of the region. The daily economic losses of industry and agricultureby absence of flow in the area in the 1990s is 44. 1 million RMB yuan. The annual water quantity willbe increased by 9.9 billion m3 after diverting water from the Huanghe River and 12.6 billion m3 afterdiverting water from the Changjiang River respectively in the plain in 2010.

Practical Significance of Basin Water Market Construction on Agricultural Production

On the basis of introducing the concept of water market and the water market research in cluding both domestic market and foreign market,the system design features of water market are analyzed.The features include the prior distribution of agricultural water right,the close construction of market structure,reasonable price of water obtaining right and water pollution-discharge right and scientific stipulation of total volume of water use and total volume of pollution drainage.The practical significances of basin water market construction on Chinese agricultural production are revealed,which clover safeguarding the safety of agricultural water;effectively alleviating agricultural drought;saving the agricultural production water and improving the quality of agricultural products.

Design and Sizing of an Ecological Wastewater Treatment System in a School Environment: A Case Study of Ndiebene Gandiol 1 School

The primary objective of this study was to design and size a sustainable sanitation solution for the Ndiebene Gandiol 1 school located in the eponymous commune in northern Senegal. Field investigations led to the collection of wastewater samples. Their analysis revealed specific pollutant loads, including loads of BOD5 3.6966 kgO2/day and COD of 12.8775 kgO2/day, which were central to the design phase. Following a rigorous assessment of the existing sanitation infrastructure, constructed wetland (CWs) emerged as the most appropriate ecological solution. This system, valued for its ability to effectively remove contaminants, was tailored to the specific needs of the site. Consequently, the final design of the filter extends over 217.16 m2, divided into two cells of 108.58 m2 each, with dimensions of 12.77 m in length and 8.5 m in width. The depth of the filtering medium is approximately 0.60 m, meeting the standards while ensuring maximized purification. Typha, an indigenous and prolific plant known for its purification abilities, was selected as the filtering agent. Concurrently, non-crushed gravel was chosen for its proven filtration capacity. This study is the result of a combination of scientific rigor and design expertise. It provides a holistic view of sanitation for Ndiebene Gandiol. The technical specifications and dimensions of the constructed wetland filter embody an approach that marries indepth analysis and practical application, all aimed at delivering an effective and long-lasting solution to the local sanitation challenges. By integrating precise scientific data with sanitation design expertise, this study delivers a holistic solution for Ndiebene Gandiol. The detailed dimensions and specifications of the constructed wetland filter reflect a methodology that combines meticulous analysis with practical adaptation, aiming to provide an effective and sustainable response to the challenges of rural and school sanitation in the northern region of Senegal.

A Comparative Analysis of Vetiver and Typha in Ecological Wastewater Treatment Using a Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetlands in Rural Setting

This study presents an assessment of wastewater ecological treatment processes utilizing a horizontal flow bio-reactor at the Ndiebene Gandiol 1 school. It primarily aims to juxtapose the filtration efficacy of two distinct vegetative cells, Vetiver and Typha, in the pursuit of sustainable wastewater management strategies for rural scholastic institutions. A synergistic approach was employed, integrating on-site surveys for site-specific insights and laboratory analyses to quantify the pollutant loads pre- and post-treatment. Our findings indicate that both Vetiver and Typha-infused filter beds significantly reduce most contaminants, with particular success in diminishing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5). Vetiver was notable for its superior reduction of COD, achieving an average effluent concentration of 74 mg/L, in contrast to Typha’s 155 mg/L. Conversely, Typha excelled in suspended solids removal, registering 1 mg/L against Vetiver’s 3 mg/L. While both systems notably surpassed the target metrics across several indicators, including fecal coliform reduction, our results pinpoint the need for refinement in phosphate remediation. Conclusively, the study underscores the efficacy of both Vetiver and Typha systems in rural wastewater treatment contexts, with their integrative application potentially paving the way for enhanced system robustness and efficiency. The outcomes herein highlight the imperative for continued research to further hone these ecological treatment modalities, especially concerning phosphate elimination.

Evaluation on Soil Heavy Metal Pollution of Agricultural Habitat Environment in Xi'an City

[Objective] This study aimed to understand and grasp the soil heavy metal pollution status of agricultural habitat environment in Xi＇an City. [Method] The soil heavy metal pollution status of pollution-free agricultural products-producing areas in 9 counties （districts） of Xi＇an City was investigated. A total of 609 soil samples were collected, and their Cd, Hg, As, Pb and Cr contents were determined. In addition, the heavy metal pollution status of the collected soil samples was evaluated by Nemerow index method. [Result] The pollution in Baqiao, Chang＇an; Gaoling, Lan- tian, Lintong and Yanliang was of grade I, belonging to clean level; the pollution in Hu County, Weiyang and Zhouzhi was of grade II, near the warning line, belong to relatively clean level. There was no large-area soil heavy metal pollution overall. The investigated areas could be used as production bases of pollution-free agricultural products and even high-quality agricultural products. However, the heavy met- als contents in some individual areas exceeded relevant soil environmental quality standards, and they should be avoided or forbidden during regional planning and selection of production area. [Conclusion] Soil heavy metal pollution of agricultural habitat environment in Xi＇an City is generally at good status. Targeting at the future development plan of Xi＇an City, feasible and scientific suggestions are put forward.

Analysis and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Environmental Quality of Irrigation Water in Vegetable Farmlands of Shandong Province

[Objective] The aim was to evaluate heavy metal environmental quality of irrigation water in vegetable farmlands of Shandong Province. [Method] Heavy metal contents including Hg,Cd,As,Cr (+6),Pb,Cu and Zn in irrigation water of main vegetable farmlands of Shandong Province were investigated by randomly sampling,and the environmental quality conditions of these heavy metals were evaluated by methods of single quality index and complex quality index. [Result] The results showed that the average contents of heavy metals in irrigation water of Shouguang,Laiyang,Jinxiang and Zhangqiu were all far lower than the limit values prescribed by 'Farmland Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards for Edible Agricultural Products' (HJ332-2006),and no heavy metal was found beyond the limit value in every sample. The single quality indices of the 7 elements in the studied 4 places were all lower than 0.5. The comprehensive quality index of the seven elements was 0.317 8 in Shouguang,0.320 4 in Laiyang,0.232 6 in Jinxiang,and 0.260 7 in Zhangqiu. The environmental quality of irrigation water in the studied four places were all set at the first class. [Conclusion] The environmental quality of irrigation water in the 4 places belonged to clean level and were fit for the plantation of no pollution vegetables.

The Connotation and Extension of Agricultural Water Resources Security

The objective of this study is to define agricultural water resources security and its connotation and extension. The definitions of water security, water resources security, and water environment security were summarized, and their relationship was differentiated and analyzed. Based on these, the elements of the conception of agricultural water resources security were hashed and the conception was defined. Agricultural water resources security is the provision of water resource that ensures protection of agriculture against threat, hazards, destruction, and loss. Moreover, the connotation and extension of agricultural water resources security were ascertained. In detail, the connotation of the definition has natural attributes, socioeconomic attributes, and cultural attributes. The extensions of agricultural water resources security include both broad and narrow ones, as well as, food security, agroenvironmental security, agroeconomic security, rural society security, etc. The definition will serve as the frame of reference for developing the researches, limiting the frame of the theory, and founding a appraising system for agricultural water resources security.

Integrated Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution to Provide Safe and Healthy Drinking Water for Rural Areas

Agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main part of water pollution prevention and control in China. This paper made a brief introduction to the causes and hazards of agricultural non-point source pollution and the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control in China. In view of the serious agricultural non-point source pollution in water environment of Guangxi and the difference in quality of drinking water between urban and rural areas,it came up with recommendations for strengthening agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control from scientific distribution,linked operation and maintenance,popular science education,and legal system construction,to guarantee safe and healthy drinking water in rural areas.

China's Grain Production and Its Requirement for Water Resources Allocation

Agricultural water is directly related with grain production security. This article analyzes how to allocate the water resources in terms of grain production. Firstly,for the whole country,we established the VAR mathematical model with the data of 1983 to 2008 to test the relationships between the total amount of water and the agriculture production and forecast the water consumption in 2020. Then focusing on the major grain producing areas,we examine the main index and the pressure index,from which we find that the amount of agricultural water in major areas fail to satisfy the demand of production,and that unbalanced development exists between different areas with several areas especially serious. At last,we point out that,to ensure the security of agriculture production and the sustainable utilization of water resources,the government should take measures not only to prevent water pollution and reduce water consumption,but also to improve inter-basin water transfer planning.

Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Agricultural Policy Reforms on Sustainability of Groundwater Resources of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has achieved extensive development and expansion in agriculture sector and achieved self sufficiency in a number of agricultural crops including wheat, fodders, dates, some vegetables and fruits. Considering the future growing need for food and water, government of Saudi Arabia has formulated and implemented a number of policy reforms for conservation, optimal utilization and sustainable development of natural resources of the Kingdom. The present study focuses on potential future impacts on natural resources conservations and strategic planning due to recent policy reforms （Council of Ministers （CoM） on Water Resources Management and Conservation （Decision No. 335）） issued on September 2008. The modeling of wheat agriculture was performed based on detailed analysis of water application practices in wheat growing regions/districts and future projection of wheat irrigation in context of recent government water resources conservation strategy. The results clearly indicated a significant positive impact will be occurred in terms of huge relief on highly stressed and limited national strategic groundwater resources. The present study estimated a saving and conservation of more than 51.0 billion cubic meters （BCM） of non-renewable groundwater resources during next 11 years.

Assessment of Nutrient Leaching Losses and Crop Uptake with Organic Fertilization,Water Saving Practices and Reduced Inorganic Fertilizer

The increasing world population has forced excessive chemical fertilizer and irrigation to complete the global food demand,deteriorating the water quality and nutrient losses.Short-term studies do not compile the evidences;therefore,the study aimed to identify the effectiveness of reduced doses of inorganic fertilizer and water-saving practices,hence,a six-year experiment(2015-2020)was conducted in China to address the knowledge gap.The experimental treatments were:farmer accustomed fertilization used as control(525:180:30 kg NPK ha^(-1)),fertilizer decrement(450:150:15 kg NPK ha^(-1)),fertilizer decrement+water-saving irrigation(450:150:15 kg NPK ha^(-1)),application of organic and inorganic fertilizer+water-saving irrigation(375:120:0 kg NPK ha^(-1)+4.5 tones organic fertilizer ha^(-1)),and application of controlled-release fertilizer(80:120:15 kg NPK ha^(-1)).Each treatment was replicated thrice following a randomized complete block design.The results achieved herein showed that control has the highest losses in the six-year study for total nitrogen(225.97 mg L^(-1)),total soluble nitrogen(121.58 mg L^(-1)),nitrate nitrogen(0.93 mg L^(-1)),total phosphorus(0.57 mg L^(-1)),and total soluble phosphorus(0.57 mg L^(-1))respectively.Reduced fertilizer and water application improved crop nutrient uptake,nitrogen concentration was significantly enhanced with organic and inorganic fertilizer+water-saving irrigation,P concentration was increased with fertilizer decrement+water-saving irrigation,and K concentration was improved with fertilizer decrement+water-saving irrigation.Hence,this study concludes that reduced inorganic fertilizer dose combined with water-saving practices is significantly helpful in reducing nutrient leaching losses and improving nutrient uptake and water pollution.Further studies are needed to explore the impacts of reduced fertilization and water-saving irrigation on leaching losses.The benefits at different climatic conditions,soil types,and fertilizer types with application methods are also a research gap.

煤矿生产区周边水体环境重金属污染分析与治理技术

水体环境受污染会严重影响生态平衡,利用物理化学技术与生物治理技术相结合的方式,治理煤矿生产区水体环境重金属污染。在分析重金属污染情况后,考虑到重金属污染物进入水体后会出现降解、沉淀、氧化以及吸附反应,根据水体环境实时变化特征,利用物理与化学治理技术实施过滤、物理吸附、土壤淋漓以及化学固化操作。同时,利用水中微生物种群,通过生物治理的方式,消纳、转移重金属污染物。实验结果表明,该技术对水中的锰、铁以及铬等重金属元素均能高效地治理、去除。

三水河流域农业生产空间水资源时空匹配性分析与调控研究

水资源短缺是长期制约农业经济发展的关键因素之一.针对以雨养农业为主的三水河流域农业用水需求大、水资源短缺以及用水效率低的突出问题,该研究采用水平衡理论和Penman-Monteith法,在年度、月度与作物层面上分别得到2020年三水河各子流域单元农业生产空间的供、需水量,分析供需匹配的时空特征,并判断供需矛盾的等级与类型.结果表明,三水河流域农业生产空间水资源供需匹配存在空间和时间错位性,水资源匹配性北高南低;年度农业用水整体处于“水平衡-临界匮缺”的匹配性等级,农业主产小流域水匮缺程度相对严重;月度农业生产空间水资源匹配性时空差异显著,盈余型、匮缺型和盈匮相持型小流域并存;作物用水匹配性整体表现为苹果>玉米>小麦,苹果用水的匹配关系接近于平衡,为流域用水方面的优势作物.据此,研究提出农业生产空间调控建议,为提高三水河流域农业生产水资源利用效率和优化农业空间布局提供参考.

《农业环境科学学报》2023年刊出论文简评

本文简要地介绍了《农业环境科学学报》2023年刊出的论文涉及的研究领域,关注的热点农业环境问题,重点介绍了《学报》新视角与前沿、专论与综述、环境健康与农产品安全、土壤环境、水体环境和水产环境栏目发表论文的情况,并展望了这些领域的研究方向。

RCEP视域下我国农产品营商环境法治化建设研究

党的二十大报告指出,要加强重点领域、新兴领域、涉外领域立法,统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治,以良法促进发展、保障善治。深入分析农产品营商环境法治化的意义和目标导向发现,目前农产品营商环境法治化面临绿色壁垒和技术壁垒、诉讼机制和非诉机制选择等贸易壁垒和政策差异。我国应在“互信合作”原则下打破农产品贸易壁垒,积极参与规则谈判,争取制度优势,重视贸易救济效果,实现政策间协调。同时,健全农产品跨境贸易法治体系,探索纠纷解决新机制,强化农产品听证制度实施与知识产权领域保护,打造专业化涉外法治人才队伍。

水环境和水产品中β-N-甲氨基-L-丙氨酸(BMAA)检测方法和检出情况的研究进展

本文对蓝藻毒素β-N-甲氨基-L-丙氨酸(β-N-methylamino-L-alanine,BMAA)的结构形态、检测方法、环境和食物中的检出情况等方面进行系统综述.研究结果表明,BMAA主要存在3种赋存形态(游离态、溶解结合态、沉淀结合态);环境和食物中的BMAA类目前主要采用经过AQC衍生的LCMS/MS法检测,样品需经形态分离后、采用MCX固相萃取小柱处理.水环境、水产品和藻类保健品中BMAA类的污染已被大量报道.亚洲、北美洲、欧洲的相关环境和食物中均有一定的检出(检出浓度:水样<0.01—25.3μg·L^(-1);藻类<0.01—300μg·g^(-1);非鲨鱼水产品中0.08—115.3μg·g^(-1);藻类保健品中0.04—0.73μg·g^(-1)).BMAA存在生物积累和生物放大的现象,水产品中营养级别越高的生物检出浓度就越高,如鲨鱼类产品中检出浓度高达34—2011μg·g^(-1),需要引起重视.我国目前对BMAA的相关研究还很有限,未来应加强检测方法、现场调查、风险评估等相关方面的研究,以全面了解我国人群对BMAA类物质的暴露风险.