Analysis on Investment Behavior of Agricultural Sector in China

In the process of industrialization, China has been a big agricultural country, and the agricultural sector＇s economic activities have been playing important role in economic growth. This paper established the investment behavior model of agricultural enterprises on the basis of Chinese practice. And then, the model presented the important factors impacting on investment, such as financing cost, wage, and policy factors, etc. Thirdly, this paper in particular used R-studio to estimate the impact of fmancing cost and policy factor on investment and capital accumulation of primary industry sector by gathering the data from 2003 to 2013. The results showed that the official interest rate of loans of financial institutions could be the proxy variable as the financing cost of agricultural enterprises, and the employment level of agricultural enterprises had negative impact on investment. Finally, this paper provided some explanations and suggestions on the basis of above results.

Setting Agricultural Research Priorities： The Case for the Agricultural Sector in Swaziland

The study determined the research priorities in Swaziland agricultural sector. Data collection used existing documents on agricultural research prioritizing, Nominal Group Technique and modified Delphi technique, with analysis of data using content categorization and, group and individual ranking of submissions. Findings showed the agricultural priorities from national policies are tied-up with mitigating the effects of HIV and AIDS on food security, reduction of poverty and, sustainable development. The findings also revealed forty-three field crops areas needing research. Seven horticulture areas and eleven livestock sector areas were of high priority. A considerable number of research areas in field crops, horticulture and livestock indicated that the current research system has not adequately addressed research needs, despite efforts made by the private sector, University of Swaziland and Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, for Swaziland to achieve self-sufficiency in food production. Recommendation was that the identified research priorities should be used as basis for directing the limited resources in conducting agricultural research. The participation of all stakeholders would facilitate efficient use of resources and facilitate collaboration amongst research institutions. The University of Swaziland should develop research priorities aligned with national policies and objectives, to facilitate funding for research by both government and donor agencies.

Ten Years in the WTO,China's Agricultural Sector Still on the Road

In the process of accession to the WTO, China opened up its agricultural market to a large extent, cut its agricultural tariffs by 72%. The current agricultural tariff is less than 1 / 4 of the average international level, lower than developing nations such as India

Mechanizing Zambia’s Agricultural Sector

In Africa, agriculture has been identi fled as a prior development area in the China Africa strategic partnership. In its unwavering pursuit to mechanize Africa＇s agriculture and find new markets for its own companies, China looked upon farming proficiency as one of its first exports to Zambia.

The electricity,industrial,and agricultural sectors under changing climate:Adaptation and mitigation in China

Climate change is a pressing global concern with far-reaching consequences that vary across sectors.Addressing the adverse impacts of climate change on various sectors is a challenging issue faced by countries worldwide,including China.It is imperative for China to address climate change to foster sustainable development and make meaningful contributions to global climate mitigation efforts.This paper presented a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of climate change on the electricity,agriculture,and industry sectors,which together account for over 80%of the greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in China.Additionally,the strategies employed by these sectors to address climate change were reviewed,and potential future developments were explored.This review article could shine light on climate change practices and evidence-based policies aimed at addressing climate-related challenges across various sectors in China.

Modeling Climate Change Impacts on the US Agricultural Exports

Climate change is expected to have substantial effects on agricultural productivity worldwide. However, these impacts will differ across commodities, locations and time periods. As a result, landowners will see changes in relative returns that are likely to induce modifications in production practices and land allocation. In addition, regional variations in impacts can alter relative competitiveness across countries and lead to adjustments in international trade patterns. Thus in climate change impact studies it is likely useful to account for worldwide productivity effects. In this study, we investigate the implications of considering rest of world climate impacts on projections of the US agricultural exports. We chose to focus on the US because it is one of the largest agricultural exporters. To conduct our analyses, we consider four alternative climate scenarios, both with and without rest of world climate change impacts. Our results show that considering/ignoring rest of world climate impacts causes significant changes in the US production and exports projections. Thus we feel climate change impact studies should account not only for climate impacts in the country of focus but also on productivity in the rest of the world in order to capture effects on commodity markets and trade potential.

The Role of Agricultural Extension in Decentralizing the Sensitivity of Vegetable Farmers to the Risk of Residual Pesticide Effects

This study was carried out in the northern Khartoum (Bahry Locality) with the aim of knowing the role of agricultural extension in developing the awareness of the farmer to the danger of residual effect of pesticides (vegetable farmers). The social survey method was used to conduct this study;100 vegetable farmers were selected randomly. The data collected through questionnaires, observation, and interviews for primary data, previously concerned, and reference documents were used to collect secondary data. Data collected were analyzed using the statistical packages for social science (SPSS). The study yielded some useful results, the most important of which are: the presence of respondents who obtain their information about pesticides from merchants, the absence of a guide provider in their area, and the absence of any seminars or lectures on the use of pesticides, or programs. For example, radio and television programs were presented but protective clothing was not used. This study is based on the researcher's advocate for the following: intensifying agricultural extension and employee visits to the agricultural field, in addition to intensifying educational evidence for consumers regarding pesticides and providing preliminary data on pesticides and how to deal with them and increase them. Educate farmers about the safe use of pesticides and identify the risks and damages that pesticides cause to humans.

Building a Business and Strategic Intelligence Policy as a Strategy for Promoting Congolese Business Progress and Healthy Economic Development in Eastern DRC

The aim of this study was to verify the existence of business and strategic intelligence policies at the level of Congolese companies and at the state level, likely to foster progress and healthy development in the east of the DRC. The study was based on a mixed perspective consisting of objective analysis of quantitative data and interpretative analysis of qualitative data. The results showed that business and strategic intelligence policies have not been established at either company or state level, as this is an area of activity that is not known to the players in companies and public departments, and there are no units or offices in their organizational structures responsible for managing strategic information for competitiveness on the international market. In addition, there is a real need to establish strategic information management units within companies, upstream, and to set up a national strategic information management department or agency to help local companies compete in the marketplace, downstream. This reflects the importance and timeliness of building business and strategic intelligence policies to ensure economic progress and development in the eastern DRC. Business and strategic intelligence provides companies with an appropriate tool for researching, collecting, processing and disseminating information useful for decision-making among stakeholders, in order to cope with a crisis or competitive situation. The study suggests a number of key recommendations based on its findings. To the government, it is recommended to establish the national policy of business and strategic intelligence by setting up a national agency of strategic intelligence in favor of local companies;and to companies to establish business intelligence units in their organizational structures in favor of stakeholders to foster advantageous decision-making in the competitive market and achieve progress. Finally, the study suggests that studies be carried out to fully understand the opportunities and impact of business and strategic intelligence in African countries, particularly in the DRC.

Has China Become A Dual-Sector Economy？ An Empirical Analysis on Whether China Has Reached the Lewis Turning Point

Both the labor shortage that began in 2000 and the wave of migrant workers returning to the countryside in 2009 sparked intense debates among scholars about whether China had reached the Lewis turning point. Based on agricultural economics and the dual-sector model the author conducted an empirical analysis and arrived at the followingfive conclusions. First, the dual economy is structured differently among agricultural industrial sectors and regions. Second, surplus labor still exists in the backyard stockbreeding sector （hogs, beef cattle, sheep, and dairy cattle）, implying that it has still not passed the first turning point. Third, the sector of production of staple food grains and minor cereals has passed the shortage point, but is still far from the commercialization point. Fourth, cash crop production has passed out of the subsistence sector into the capitalist sector. Fifth, regional differences are stark. the majority of China＇s eastern region is either approaching or has surpassed the commercialization point, whereas the central and western regions have not.

Consistency of Agricultural, Forestry and Mining Policies with Sustainable Forest Management in the East and South Regions of Cameroon

The eastern and southern regions of Cameroon, lower middle income country, need to increase their level of land use by the agricultural, forestry and mining sectors in order to develop. At the same time, Cameroon is committed to managing its forests sustainably to meet the needs of present and future generations. This study assesses the compatibility of agricultural, forestry and mining policies with sustainable forest management in the East and South forest regions. Five analytical criteria were used and the analysis was carried out through surveys of key informants in the private sector, public administrations and civil society. The study showed that from 2013 to 2018, the contributions of the agricultural, forestry and mining sectors to GDP grew by about 74%, 65% and 60%, respectively. Agricultural, forestry and mining policies have an average compatibility rate of 45% with sustainable forest management, of which 52% for the forestry sector, 43% for the agricultural sector and 40% for the mining sector. Nonetheless, there are 21 causes of incompatibility, including 1) the non-involvement of all relevant public administrations in policy-making, 2) the low efficiency of the control system of exploitation activities, and 3) the poor coordination of actions in the three sectors. It was proposed to a) improve the legal and regulatory framework of the three sectors of activity and b) develop land-use planning tools among other measures to align existing policies with sustainable forest management.

Priorities of State Support of the Russian Agriculture on Federal and Regional Levels under Volatile Economic Growth

The state support of the agriculture is increasing with the globalization of Russia, the need to shape level and instruments in accordance with the WTO requirements. For Russia, rational state support of agriculture is topical according to the domestic economic problems： insufficient financing in Russia, in the regions; degradation of production facilities; turnover acreage reduction; reduction in livestock; and according to the external economic factors： the accession to the WTO, the transition to the Common Economic Space, and subsequently, the Eurasian Economic Union, global change conditions in the global food market, an increase in the world population, increasing demand for food resources, a significant increase in food prices on world markets, the increased activity of Russian agricultural producers in the world markets of grain products; ensuring of economic stability systems, critical analysis of the tools and the effectiveness of economic policy. According to the IMF, the economic has slowed down despite the state support for agriculture should stay a priority in the government＇s economic policy, in the regions.

Factor Affecting Technical Change of Credit Union Co-operative in Upper Northern of Thailand

Credit union co-operatives are organized for supporting poor people who are difficult to find funding sources for improvement their economic security. Majority of the credit unions co-operatives are made up of members who are currently working in the agricultural sectors. However some of credit union co-operatives have members who are working in non-agriculture sectors, they use credit union co-operatives to improve quality as farmer. The main objective in this paper is comparison of technical operation efficiency of the credit unions agriculture and non-agriculture sector with sample size of 170 groups from eight provinces in the upper northern region of Thailand, using the Malmquist Productivity Index Approach.

Subsistence Farming Towards Sustainable Economic Agriculture of Small Farmers in the Developing Countries

Subsistence farming,a form of cultivation in which almost all crops or livestock are used to maintain farms and the farm family,leaving little,surplus for sale and trade.Pre-industrial farming peoples all over the countries of the worldwide apply subsistence agriculture system and take advantage of the possibilities available to them from land and water resources in all locations of agriculture sites.The agricultural production has become more specialized and developed in the subsistence farming system,and farmers have produced abundant production from many horticulture crops that are traded among them and achieve their selfsufficiency from those crops.

Chinese Honey Positioning and Price Trend in Domestic Market

China's bee industry is a small proportion of domestic agriculture with fewer farmers, and the government didn't attach much attention to or give supports to it. Agricultural production sector does not fully recognize the economic value of honeybee pollination. Chinese beekeepers gain profits only from products such as honey, royal jelly and bee pollen. Because of the production mode that aims at gathering and producing more honey while neglecting the health care of bees and the quality of products; export enterprises lack guidance and knowledge in export inspection and quarantine and technical regulations, and thus, the average price of China's bee honey exports is much lower than that of other countries in the world. Meanwhile, in domestic market, given the sustained development of China's macro economy and increasing incomes of residents, people show increasing interests in the health care function of honey. Based on the survey data of honey market in Beijing, Hangzhou, Qingdao, Zhengzhou and Chengdu from 2012 to 2015, the paper analyzes the price feature of China's honey market and its formulation basis, and also compares prices of honey with the same quality in different markets. Moreover, the paper combines data from fixed observation places of honey products production, which is carried out by the economic research group of bee industry in 11 provinces, to discuss reasons for continuous honey price rising in domestic market. Lastly, the paper uses the honey as an example to analyze pricing strategy of agricultural products with health care functions. The paper hold the opinions that the keys to solve the problem that high quality agricultural material couldn't sell in high price and good and bad are mixed in the market, is to build up quality and price mechanism in the processing of raw material purchasing to the terminal market, publicize more products information and superior customer attractiveness on health care effect.

Operating pesticide use reduction within the boundary of food security in peri-urban settings

Pesticide use in peri-urban areas afects the urban enviroment and public health,and reducing the use may present food security isues for urban dwellers.In this study,we explore how a muiallyadopted goal of a 20%reduetion in pesticide use could be achieved,along with local food security and environmental implica-tions,for Shanghai located in the densely populated East China.A regional Shanghai Agricultural Sector Model inorporating district-and technology-varying crop budgets,was developed to simulate the efects of pesticide reduction policy.Here we find that achieving the reduction goal had the largest implications in districts with high pesticide use totals and intensities,potentially reducing pesticide non point source pollution in the Yangtze River Estuary and Dianshan Lake;the production levels of rice and leafy vegetables would be most afected;and adopting machinery that allows more precise pesticide application modulates these results.Moreover,imposing the requlrements at the district-level caused more severe local food security concerns,and less environmental benefits.Furthermore,a closed Shanghai's agricultural economy would subtantally enlarge the regional het-erogeneity in the above-mentioaned outcomes.Exploring the ffects of a quantity control policy on current-use pesticides at diferent aggregation levels has important implications for regulating the use of agrochemicals.

Agriculture Modernization

Rural work conference maps out reform plans toimprove China＇s agriculture industryChina hopes to reform its agriculture sector this year to increase food produce quality,reduce the grain oversupply and help rural populations living in poverty achieve prosperity.The plan was laid out at the end of December of last year when Chinese leaders held a central rural work conference to review how the agriculture industry performed in 2015