Analysis on the Status of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Xinan River Basin

Taking Xinan River basin as research object,the status of agricultural non-point source pollution was analyzed based on field survey,as well as the effect of fertilizer and pesticide leaching and runoff,livestock and poultry breeding and rural domestic pollution on non-point source TN and TP.At last,some technical countermeasures of controlling non-point source pollution were put forward according to the characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in Xinan River basin.

New Normal Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Based on Kunming statistical yearbook and field survey data of agricultural non-point source pollution in counties or districts in the Dianchi Lake basin,previous and current situation of agricultural production and agricultural non-point source pollution control in the Dianchi Lake basin were studied,and countermeasures and suggestions of comprehensive control of agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin were proposed.

Study on Control Countermeasures of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Lakeside Belt of Poyang Lake——Taking Duchang Section in the Lower Reaches of Poyang Lake as Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control countermeasures of agricultural non-point source pollution in lakeside belt of Poyang Lake.[Method] The current situation of water quality of Poyang Lake was analyzed firstly,then the causes of agricultural non-point source pollution in Duchang section of Poyang Lake were studied,finally corresponding control countermeasures were put forward.[Result] Agricultural non-point source pollution in Duchang section of Poyang Lake was mainly related to the rapid development of pearl industry and livestock industry,aggravated soil erosion and excessive utilization of fertilizer.Based on analysis of current environmental situation and bearing capability of resources in Poyang Lake basin,agricultural non-point source pollution would be controlled through the reduction of external source pollution load,restoration of river wetland and construction of aquatic ecosystem.After the primary implementation of agricultural non-point source pollution control project,the amount of agricultural non-point source pollution in demonstration plot was reduced,and the quality of effluent met the first Class (Class A) of state Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002).Meanwhile,biodiversity index in river wetland increased by about 30%,so the pollution load entering Poyang Lake was decreased.[Conclusion] The study could provide technology integration and demonstration for the environmental remediation in lakeside belt of Poyang Lake.

Integrated Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution to Provide Safe and Healthy Drinking Water for Rural Areas

Agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main part of water pollution prevention and control in China. This paper made a brief introduction to the causes and hazards of agricultural non-point source pollution and the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control in China. In view of the serious agricultural non-point source pollution in water environment of Guangxi and the difference in quality of drinking water between urban and rural areas,it came up with recommendations for strengthening agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control from scientific distribution,linked operation and maintenance,popular science education,and legal system construction,to guarantee safe and healthy drinking water in rural areas.

Advances in History, Current Situation and Control of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in the Dianchi Lake Basin

Based on Kunming statistical yearbook and field survey data of agricultural non-point source pollution in counties or districts in the Dianchi Lake basin,advances in the history,current situation and control measures of agricultural non-point source pollution in the basin were summarized to provide theoretical and technical support for the thorough improvement of present situation of water pollution in the basin.

Impact of social capital on farmers' response to different policies for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution

Chinese society in rural areas is typically a geographically and genetically related society.Scattered farmers can be connected to form small groups through their social capital,which can affect farmers' agricultural activities in the process of controlling agricultural Non-point Source pollution.An ordered Logit model can be built to analyze the effects of social capital to farmers' responsive willingness to different measurements of controlling agricultural NPS pollution by using survey data in Shaanxi Province.This paper characterizes farmers' social capital in three dimensions:social trust,social participation and social network.The results indicated that farmers' social capital significantly affects farmers' response to different policies.When governments construct and implement policies to control agricultural NPS pollution,the effects of social capital need to be considered at same time with the effects of governmental supervision,market and education measurements.

Validation of an agricultural non-point source(AGNPS)pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed,China

This study tested and evaluated the agricultural non-point source （AGNPS） model for the Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in the Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province, China. The AGNPS model was calibrated and validated for the study area with observed data on ten storms. The data on eight storms in 2002 were used for calibration while data on two storms were used for validation of the model. Considering the lack of water quality data over a long-term series, a novel method, comparing an internal nested catchment with its surrounding catchment, was used to supplement the less long-term series data. Dual calibration and validation of the AGNPS model was obtained by this comparison. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients were 0.99 and 0.98 for runoff, 0.94 and 0.95 for the peak runoff rate of the large catchment and the small catchment, respectively, and 0.76 for the sediment of the small catchment only. Each pair of correlation coefficients is homogeneous for the same event for the two catchments. With the exception of the sediment yield and particulate phosphorus, the peak runoff rate and other nutrients were well predicted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Soil Conservation Service curve number and rainfall quantity were the most sensitive parameters, which resulted in high output variations. Erosivity and other parameters had little influence on the hydrological and quality outputs.

Study on the Control Model of Rural Non-point Source Pollution——Taking Ninghe County in Tianjin as an Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.

The Roles of Countrywomen in Controlling Non-point Source Pollution

The main causes of non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake are the improper ways of crop production, animal husbandry, and daily runoff. The paper discusses the relationship between countrywomen and non-point source pollution control by 731 questionnaires in Weidu village and 466 questionnaires in Dapu Town. The roles of countrywomen have changed in families and they have close relationship with non-point source pollution. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility and methods of organizing countrywomen in non-point source pollution control.

Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Drinking Water Conservation Area of the Hongfeng Lake in Guiyang City

On the basis of investigating rural population, land types, livestock and poultry breeding scale in drinking water conservation area of the Hongfeng Lake in Guiyang City, as well as the urban domestic pol utant discharge coefficient, livestock and poultry excretion coefficient, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer loss rate in the first national pollution source survey, this paper tried to explore current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution, and provide scientific support for the pollution control. The results showed that in the drinking water conservation area of the Hongfeng lake in 2013, contribution rate of pollution sources to the water pollution in the Hongfeng Lake followed the sequence "livestock and poultry breeding > rural life > farmland fertilizer". Among all agricultural non-point source pollutants, livestock and poultry breeding pollutants were major pollution sources, with a contribution rate to CODCr, TP and NH3-N in water above 50%; rural domestic pollutants were also important pollution sources, its contribution rate to CODCr and NH3-N was 43.49% and 46.69%, respectively; contribution rate of farmland fertilizer pollutants to TN and TP was 33.76% and 27.71%, respectively, higher than that of rural domestic pollutants(25.87% and 6.75%). Therefore, the control of non-point source pollution within the drinking water conservation area should be enhanced, so as to control the pollution from the source.

Effects of Rainfall Change on Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Liangping County

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the impact of rainfall change on agricultural non-point source pollution in Uangping County. E Method ] Based on daily precipitation data of Liangping from 1955 to 2011, changes of precipitation and frequency of heavy rain in Uangping during a year were analyzed firstly, and then the risk of surface runoff caused by rainfall to agricultural non-point source pollution was studied, finally chan- ging trends of annual average precipitation and frequency during 1955 -2011 were discussed using Mann-Kendal method. [ Result] Total precipitati- on of heavy rain in Liangping mainly concentrated from late May to early September, especially in eady and middle July as well as early September. Meanwhile, fertilizer and pesticide were applied to main crops in Liangping in the periods above, so agricultural non-point source pollution became more serious. In recent 57 years, annual average precipitation and frequency of heavy rain in Liangping showed an increasing trend respectively, and surface runoff rose with the increase of the precipitation, thereby probably enlarging agricultural pollution area. [ Conclusion] The research could provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the control of agricultural non-point source pollution.

Evaluation of the Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Chongqing Based on PSR Model

Through a series of exploration based on PSR framework model,for the purpose of building a suitable Chongqing agricultural nonpoint source pollution evaluation index system model framework,combined with the presence of Chongqing specific agro-environmental issues,we build a agricultural non-point source pollution assessment index system,and then study the agricultural system pressure,agro-environmental status and human response in total 3 major categories,develope an agricultural non-point source pollution evaluation index consisting of 3 criteria indicators and 19 indicators. As can be seen from the analysis,pressures and responses tend to increase and decrease linearly,state and complex have large fluctuations,and their fluctuations are similar mainly due to the elimination of pressures and impact,increasing the impact for agricultural non-point source pollution.

Farmers' Willingness to Pay( WTP ) for Reducing Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution: Based on the Empirical Analysis of 453 Farmers

With the rapid development of modern agriculture,agricultural non-point source pollution becomes increasingly serious in China,improving farmers' environmental protection consciousness plays a very important role in the reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution,and the WTP of Farmers for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution strongly reflects the strength of their environmental protection consciousness. Therefore,this investigation and study choose rural areas of five counties from Chongqing city and Zhejiang province as our sample,respectively make interview survey with the WTP(money or voluntary work) of farmers for improving local water and soil quality. Based on the statistical analysis of survey data,this study also takes empirical test and analysis with the influence factors on the WTP of farmers for reducing agricultural non-point source pollution. The analysis and conclusions of this research provides the supports in theory and practice for optimizing farmers' behavior,promoting the management of agricultural non-point source pollution and implementing new rural construction goal.

Removal of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollutants by Artificial Aquatic Food Web System: A Study Case of the Control of Cynobacterial Bloom in Jiyu River

An artificial aquatic food web (AAFW) system was designed to remove the non-point source pollutants in eutrophic Jiyu river. A certain amount of Scenedesmus obliquus and Daphnia pulex was cultured in the system for the control of serious cyanobacterial bloom. The AAFW system was a continuous-flow system including one storage basin of 3 m3 capacity with polluted river water (the total nitrogen-TN: 4.49 mg⋅l-1;the total phosphorus-TP: 0.192 mg⋅l-1), one phytoplankton tank of 3 m3 capacity with an initial concentrations of S. obliquus about 5.8 × 103 ind⋅l-1, and one zooplankton growth chamber of 1.5 m3 capacity with an initial abundance of D. pulex about 22.5 ind⋅l-1. The system was optimized by setting hydraulic retention time of phytoplankton tank as 5 days and the experiments were operated for 45 days. Compared with the polluted river, TN and TP were removed about 28% and 47% by the AAFW system, respectively. The biomass of phytoplankton decrease from 6.33 mg⋅l-1 to 1.48 mg⋅l-1 and the percentage of cyanobacteria decrease from 43.93% to 2.36%, the biomass of Crustacean zooplankton increase from 0.34 mg⋅l-1 to 1.53 mg⋅l-1 and the percentage of D. pulex increase from 19.19% to 57.62%. Our results indicated that the AAFW system not only is an efficient, flexible system for reducing nutrient levels in tributary rivers, but also has an ability to control the cyanobacteria bloom and rebuilding the aquatic ecosystem from the polluted river water.

Agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of dierent vegetation types in riparian wetlands: A case study in the Yellow River wetland in China

Riparian wetland is the major transition zone of matter, energy and information transfer between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and has important functions of water purification and non-point pollution control. Using the field experiment method and an isotope tracing technique, the agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of different vegetation types in riparian wetland was studied in the Kouma Section of the Yellow River. The results showed that the retention of agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution by riparian wetland soil occurs mainly in top 0-10 cm layer. The amount of nitrogen retained by surface soils associated with three types of vegetation are 0.045 mg/g for Phragmites communis Trin Linn, 0.036 mg/g for Scirpus triqueter Linn, and 0.032 mg/g for Typha angustifolia Linn, which account for 59.21%, 56.25%, and 56.14% of the total nitrogen interception, respectively. Exogenous nitrogen in 0-10 cm soil layer changes more quickly than in other layers. One month after adding KISNO3 to the tested vegetation, nitrogen content was 77.78% for P communis Trin, 68.75% for T. angustifolia, and 8.33% for S. triqueter in the surface soil. After three months, nitrogen content was 93.33% for P. communis Trin, 72.22% for S. triqueter, and 37.50% for T. Angustifolia. There are large differences among vegetation communities respecting to purification of agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution. The nitrogen uptake amount decreases in the sequence： new shoots ofP. communis Trin （9.731 nag/g） 〉 old P. communis Trin （4.939 mg/g） 〉 S. triqueter （0.620 mg/g） 〉 T. angustifolia （0.186 mg/g）. Observations indicated that the presence of riparian wetlands as buffers on and adjacent to stream banks could be recommended to control agricultural non-point pollution.

The Degree of Farmers' Cognition on Non-point Source Pollution:Based on the Statistical Analysis of 453 Farmers

With the rapid development of modern agriculture,agricultural non-point source pollution becomes increasingly serious in China,improving farmers' environmental protection consciousness plays a very important role in the reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution.Therefore,this investigation and study chooses rural areas of five counties from Chongqing city and Zhejiang province as our samples,our investigation and statistical analysis includes the following four aspects:farmers' cognition on non-point source pollution concept,farmers' cognition to rural environment satisfaction,farmers' cognition on non-point source pollution in agricultural production and farmers' cognition on the consequences of agricultural non-point source pollution and the effects on ecological environment.The analysis and conclusions of farmers' consciousness cognition on agricultural non-point source pollution,provides the supports in theory and practice for optimizing the behavior of farmers,promoting the management of agricultural non-point source pollution and implementing new rural construction goal.

洱海流域生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田排水的净化效应

为探讨洱海流域生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田排水氮、磷去除效应及其应用前景,在流域原位构建生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田尾水进行了拦截净化,在分析流域雨季、旱季及全年3个时间段内系统进出水水质中化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand,COD)、总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(Total phosphorus,TP)及铵态氮(Ammoniumnitrogen,NH_(4)^(+)-N)浓度变化特征基础上,引入改进灰色模式识别模型和综合平均污染指数对系统水质净化效果进行综合评价。结果表明,生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田排水中TN、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TP和COD起到有效净化作用,全年对TN和COD去除率分别为15.20%~69.59%和4.46%~61.90%,出水最低浓度均可达地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准;系统出水NH_(4)^(+)-N和TP全年平均分别达到地表水环境质量Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类标准。系统在雨季和旱季2个时间段平均出水分别为地表水环境质量Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类标准,全年平均出水可达地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准,系统对农田排水中TN和COD的去除是影响出水水质变化的重要因数。该研究表明,生态沟搭配库塘湿地能明显提高对流域农田排水中氮、磷及COD去除效率,系统全年平均出水可达地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准,同时具有运行稳定和环境经济效益的特点。

基于审计视角的农业面源污染治理优化路径研究--以C市为例

本文以C市为例,以审计调查取得的2017年以来的农业面源污染状况及污染物构成数据为基础,通过数据对比,深入分析了C市农业面源污染的主要构成及特征。在剖析农业面源污染现状及特征的基础上,对C市农业面源污染治理存在的问题进行了归纳和总结,指出了当前C市农业面源污染治理在技术手段、制度设计等方面存在的问题和短板。同时以审计监督的视角,提出了优化农业面源污染治理制度,创新审计方法,落实审计整改,加强专业技术人才培养等优化建议,从而期盼进一步提升C市农业面源污染治理的质量和效果。

西南丘陵地区水田湿地磷污染的“源-汇”效应研究

以重庆市大足区典型水田为研究对象,在冬水田-水稻种植模式下,探究水田湿地的面源污染“源-汇”效应及磷拦截效果。在施肥期(3—5月)、生长期(6—9月)及冬水田期(10—12月及次年1—2月)开展水田田面水和淋溶水磷素浓度原位观测,结果显示:在施肥期,田面水和淋溶水中的磷素浓度大幅度升高,总磷平均浓度分别为0.20 mg/L和0.12 mg/L,易产生面源污染。在生长期,田面水中的磷素浓度保持较高水平,总磷平均浓度为0.18 mg/L。此时,田面水流失是面源污染的“源”。在生长期,淋溶水中的磷素浓度特别是溶解态总磷浓度呈下降趋势,总磷、溶解态总磷平均浓度分别为0.07、0.02 mg/L。此时,增加水田蓄水量,将田面水转化为淋溶水,能有效控制溶解态总磷的流失。在冬水田期,田面水和淋溶水中的磷素浓度较低,总磷平均浓度分别为0.09 mg/L和0.03 mg/L。此时,水田成为面源污染的“汇”。因此,在西南丘陵地区,推广开展冬水田蓄积工程建设能起到控制农业面源污染的作用。

沅江八形汊长河流域农业面源污染“减源-循环-控污”治理及其实施效果

农业面源污染是影响流域水质和水生态的重要污染源,该研究基于“减源-循环-控污”的治理模式,在湖南省沅江市八形汊长河流域实施农业面源污染的综合治理工程,并对实施效果进行监测与评价。结果表明:治理工程实施前,流域内主要农业面源污染源为畜禽养殖,地表径流、种植业与水产养殖污染物排放贡献率较小,分别占比6.3%、6.9%和4.2%;通过对不同治理措施开展连续监测,发现研究治理区主要污染物总氮、总磷和化学需氧量的总排放量分别减排约472.69、66.10和1866.47 t/a,减排比例分别为88.21%、92.36%和78.84%;各污染防治工程对水体化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷拦截净化效果较好,平均去除率分别为58.22%、74.33%、60.11%和61.05%,流域出水水质相对稳定。总体而言,“减源-循环-控污”治理模式在沅江八形汊长河流域应用效果较好,有效降低了农业面源污染对流域的影响,为后续洞庭湖区小流域面源污染治理提供借鉴。