Effects of Seeding Date and Density on Yield and Agronomic Traits of Millet : A Case Study of Wangu 098 Variety of Millet

[Objectives]To find out a suitable cultivation technique of Wangu 098 in Nanyang area,speed up the popularization,demonstration and application of Wangu 098,and provide a theoretical and practical basis for adjusting the planting structure and realizing the matching of improved varieties and methods.[Methods]The new self-bred millet variety Wangu 098 was used as the material,and the two-factor split zone experimental design was adopted.The effects of different sowing dates and densities on the yield,growth period and agronomic characters of millet were studied.[Results]The interaction of seeding date and density had a great effect on the yield and plant traits of millet.Millet yield was significantly and positively correlated with plant height,panicle length,single panicle weight,panicle grain weight and tiller number.[Conclusions]The reasonable combination of seeding date and density could give full play to the yield potential of millet.According to the experimental results and cultivation experience,the suitable seeding date of millet in Nanyang area is in the first and middle ten days of June,and the best density is about 750000 plants/ha.However,after June 30,the seeding millet did not tiller,so the density should be increased to more than 900000 plants/ha to obtain higher yield.In terms of cultivation and management,timely seeding,reasonable close planting,and coordination of vegetative growth and reproductive growth can make the plant tall and strong,panicle long and thick,and improve the yield of millet.

Genetic and Agronomic Parameter Estimates of Growth, Yield and Related Traits of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization

This study evaluated the genetic and agronomic parameter estimates of maize under different nitrogen rates. The trial was established at the Njala Agricultural Research Centre experimental site during 2021 and 2022 in a split block design with three maize varieties (IWCD2, 2009EVDT, and DMR-ESR-Yellow) and seven nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 kg∙N∙ha−1) rates. Findings showed that cob diameter and anthesis silking time (ASI) had intermediate heritability, ASI had high genetic advance, ASI and grain yield had high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), while traits with high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were plant height, ASI, grain yield, number of kernel per cob, number of kernel rows, ear length, and ear height. The PCV values were higher than GCV, indicating the influence of the environment in the studied traits. Nitrogen rates and variety significantly (p < 0.05) influenced grain yield production. Mean grain yields and economic parameter estimates increased with increasing nitrogen rates, with the 30 and 180 kg∙N∙ha−1 plots exhibiting the lowest and highest grain yields of 1238 kg∙ha−1 and 2098 kg∙ha−1, respectively. Variety and nitrogen effects on partial factor productivity (PFPN), agronomic efficiency (AEN), net returns (NR), value cost ratio (VCR) and marginal return (MR) indicated that these parameters were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by these factors. The highest PFPN (41.3 kg grain kg−1∙N) and AEN (29.4 kg grain kg−1∙N) were obtained in the 30 kg∙N∙ha−1 plots, while the highest VCR (2.8) and MR (SLL 1.8 SLL−1 spent on N) were obtained in the 180 kg∙N∙ha−1. The significant influence of variety and nitrogen on traits suggests that increasing yields and maximizing profits require use of appropriate nitrogen fertilization and improved farming practices that could be exploited for increased productivity of maize.

Genome-Wide Analysis for Yield-Related Agronomic and Biochemical Traits of Chinese and Bangladeshi Grass Pea Genotypes Using SSR Markers

Grass pea(Lathyrus sativus L.)is an imperative food crop cultured in dryland agricultural ecology.It is a vital source of dietary protein to millions of populaces living in low-income countries in South-East Asia and Africa.This study highlights the improvement of genomic properties and their application in marker-trait relationships for 17 yield-related characters in 400 grass pea genotypes from China and Bangladesh.These characters were assessed via 56 polymorphic markers using general linear model(GLM)(P+G+Q)and mixed linear model(MLM)(P+G+Q+K)in the tassel software based on the linkage disequilibrium and population structure analysis.Population structure analysis showed two major groups and one admixed group in the populace.Statistically significant loci pairs of linkage disequilibrium(LD)mean value(D′)was 0.479.A total of 99 and 61 marker-trait associations in GLM and MLM models allied to the 17 traits were accepted at a 5%level of significance.Among these markers,21 markers were associated with more than one trait;12 marker-trait associations passed the Bonferroni correction threshold.Both models found six markers C41936,C39067,C34100,C47146,C47638,and C43047 significantly associated with days to maturity,flower color,plant height,and seed per pod were detected in the Hebei and Liaoyang location(p≤0.01),and the interpretation rate(R^(2)value)11.2%to 43.6%.Conferring to the consequences,the association analysis methodology may operative system for quantitative,qualitative,and biochemical traits related to gene position mapping and support breeders in improving novel approaches for advancing the grass pea quality.

Relation Analysis of Several Agronomic Traits and Single Plant Lint Yield in Upland Cotton with High Quality

[ Objective] The purpose was to study the correlation between main agronomic traits and single plant lint yield in upland cotton with high quality. [ Method] Twenty-four upland cotton lines with high quality were analyzed for single plant lint yield and 10 agronomic traits in a randomized, complete block at the agriculture experimental station of JXAU, Nanchang, China in 2007. They were divided into three types （ high, medium, low yield） based on single plant lint yield by Ward＇s method. A total of 11 traits of three types were compared. Correlation a- nalysis and stepwise regression analysis of 10 agronomic traits to single plant lint yield were carried out. [ Result] There existed statistically sig- nificant difference in bolls per plant, ~int percentage, lint index, fruit node numbers, growth period for three yield types. The high yield type ex- hibited the highest bolls per plant, lint percentage and lint index, the lowest fruit node numbers and the shortest growth period. Bolls per plant, boll weight and single plant lint yield were significantly and positively correlated. Fruit node numbers and single plant lint yield were significantly and negatively correlated. Bolls per plant, boll weight, and fruiting position number were the most important factors influencing single plant lint yield of upland cotton lines with high quality. [ Conclusion ] The results will have certain significance for the development of upland cotton variety with high quality.

The Principal Component Analysis on Yielding and Agronomic Traits of Hybrid Rice of Liangyou 2111

In order to define the relationship between yield and important agronomic traits of two lines hybrid Uangyou 2111, the principal component analysis method was used to analyze the expadmental data of six test points in Yunnan Province. The results showed that the main factors influencing the production of Liangyou 2111 were grain number, grains seed number, panicle length, growth padod and panicle rate; then were 1 O00-grain weight, seed setting rate, effective panicle and highest stem tillers number; again was plant height. Therefore, when hybrid rice of Uangyou 2111 will be planted widely in yunnan province, we should focus on en- sudng the panicle traits, especially increase grain number and grain seed number, and coordinately develop other traits to achieve high yield.

Effects of Spraying Deltamethrin on Agronomic Traits and Yield of Soybean

At the seedling and beginning flowering stages,2.5% deltamethrin EC was sprayed to control the pests in summer soybean,and its effects on agronomic traits and yield of soybean were analyzed.The results showed that compared with the control,the plant height,branch number,effective pod number,grain number per plant,grain weight per plant,100-grain weight and yield of Qihuang 34 significantly increased by 9.3%,25.8%,15.8%,26.8%,33.2%,9.1% and 33.0%,respectively,while those of Qihuang 35 increased by 13.8%,10.0%,15.8%,16.9%,11.6%,6.0%and 16.9%,respectively;the noneffective pod number of Qihuang 34 and Qihuang35 significantly decreased by 18.5% and 38.7%,respectively.The spraying of 2.5%deltamethrin EC showed no significant effects on the other agronomic traits of the two cultivars.

Comparative Preliminary Evaluation of Agronomic and Quality Traits of New"Zhongtang"Superior Lines

[Objectives]Sugarcane is the most significant sugar cash crop in the tropical and subtropical regions of China.However,it is notable for its narrow genetic basis,limited trait improvement,weak adaptability of varieties,and poor planting efficiency.In order to accelerate the process of sugarcane variety replacement and expand the basis of genetic variation,interspecific hybridization and multiple mutagenesis are the most effective methods for obtaining new sugarcane varieties.The evaluation and identification of phenotypic traits of germplasm represents a significant analytical method.The"Zhongtang"series of sugarcane varieties is distinguished by its high yield and high sugar content.New sugarcane germplasms with excellent agronomic and quality traits can be identified and developed as breeding parents and new breeding lines through comprehensive evaluation of the existing germplasm.[Methods]A total of 181 new lines were selected through genetic origin and orientation,and evaluated and appraised for growth,yield,and economic characteristics.The data on 6 important agronomic and quality traits,including tillering,initial plant height,plant height,stem diameter,number of effective stems,and brix at maturity,were used to discover superior lines.These traits were evaluated during the two production seasons of the participant lines.[Results]A comprehensive evaluation of seedling growth traits and economic traits at maturity of the experimental lines identified 30 excellent new germplasms of sugarcane.Among the selected lines,1501 and 1701 exhibited superior agronomic and quality traits,rendering them suitable as parental lines for sugarcane breeding or breeding as new varieties.[Conclusions]The exemplary results obtained in this study provide a solid foundation for the improvement of sugarcane germplasm,with the goal of enhancing quality and efficiency.These findings are of great scientific and practical significance to the study of sugarcane yield and sugar-related genes,as well as the exploration of the evaluation and utilization of sugarcane germplasm resources.

Manifestations in Yield and Agronomic Traits of Sorghum 'Jia141' in Jiamusi Area

The suitable plant density was favorable for sorghum yield increase. In order to clarify the suitable plant density of dwarf-stem, early-maturing sorghum variety ＇Jiza141 ＇, in the open field condition,150 000, 200 000, 250 000, 300 000 and 350 000 plants/hm^2 tests were set to study the effect of different densities on yield and yield traits. The results showed that with the increase of planting density, LAI increased, chlorophyll content decreased, plant length had no significant difference, era length and era diameter tended to decrease, while biomass increased with the increase of density. The 1000-grain weight and single panicle weight had the maximum effects on yield, and both of them showed a significantly positive correlation with the yield. In Jiamusi growing areas, the optimal plant density of sorghum ＇Jiza141＇ was 200 000 plants/hm^2, and the yield could reach 9 183.00 kg/hm^2. The study provides a theo- retical basis and technical support for the ＇Jiza141＇ variety in the Jiamusi ecological region.

Correlation Analysis on Main Agronomic Traits and Yield and Quality of Hybrid Cotton

ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the correlations of the main agronomic traits, yield and quality of hybrid cotton cultivars. MethodThe growth period, main agronomic traits, yield components, yield and quality of 13 hybrid cotton cultivars were compared, and the correlations of their main agronomic traits, yield components, yield and quality were analyzed. ResultThe growth period of the 13 cultivars was about 123 d, and all of them presented strong growth potential throughout the growth period. The ginned cotton yield shared an extremely significant positive correlation with the first fruiting branch position, plant height, number of fruiting branches, number of bolls per plant, number of bolls per hectare and seed cotton yield; the first fruiting branch position and micronaire value shared a significant positive correlation. Keza No.1 and Chunzamian No.1 had the lowest micronaire value, 4.5. The specific strength of all the cotton cultivars ranged from 27 cN/tex to 30 cN/tex, presenting significant difference. In addition, there was extremely significant difference in the ginned cotton yield among all the cotton cultivars. ConclusionThe study provides theoretical reference for the cultivation of high-yield hybrid cotton.

Yield-related agronomic traits evaluation for hybrid wheat and relations of ethylene and polyamines biosynthesis to filling at the mid-grain filling stage

Because of the yield increase of 3.5-15%compared to conventional wheat,hybrid wheat is considered to be one of the main ways to greatly improve the wheat yield in the future.In this study,we performed a principal component analysis(PCA)on two-line hybrids wheat and their parents using the grain weight(GW),the length of spike(LS),the kernel number of spike(KSN),and spike number(SPN)as variables.The results showed that the variables could be classifed into three main factors,the weight factor(factor 1),the quantity factor 1(factor 2)and the quantity factor 2(factor 3),which accounted for 37.1,22.6 and 18.5%,respectively of the total variance in different agronomic variables,suggesting that the GW is an important indicator for evaluating hybrid combinations,and the grain weight of restorer line(RGW)could be used as a reference for parents selection.The hybrid combination with a higher score in factor 1 direction and larger mid-parent heterosis(MPH)of the GW and its parents were used to carry out the analysis of grain fling,1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylicacid(ACC)and polyamine synthesis related genes.The results suggested that the GW of superior grain was significantly higher than that of inferior grains in BS1453xJS1(H)and its parents.Both grain types showed a weight of H between BS 1453(M)and JS1(R),and a larger MPH,which may be caused by their differences in the active fling stage and the grain fling rate.The ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase),granule bound starch synthase I(GBSS/),starch synthaseⅡ(SSS),and starch branching enzyme-Ⅰ(SBE-1)expression levels of H were intermediated between M and R,which might be closely related to MPH formation of the GW.Compared with R and H,the GW of M at maturity was the lowest.The expression levels of spermidine synthase 2(Spd2),ornithine decarboxylase(ODC)and S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase(SAMDC)had significantly positive correlations with the grain flig rate(1=0.77,0.51,0.59"),suggesting their major roles in the grain flling and heterosis formation.These provide a theoretical basis for improving the GW of photo-thermo-sensitive male sterile lines(PTSMSL)by changing the endogenous polyamine synthesis in commercial applications.

Quantitative trait loci associated to agronomic traits and yield components in a Sorghum bicolor L.Moench RIL population cultivated under pre-flowering drought and well-watered conditions

The present study aims to identify QTL influencing agronomic traits and yield components under well-watered and pre-flowering drought stress conditions. One hundred F5 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and the parental lines of a cross between a drought-tolerant and a susceptible line in a field experiment were carried out at Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Drought stress was induced by withholding irrigation water from the plants at four weeks after sowing to flowering. Leaf area of the third leaf, stem diameter, plant height, days to heading, anthesis and maturity, panicle length, number of seeds per plant, hundred kernel weight and grain yield were measured. Plants were genotyped with 117 Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and eight expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Composite interval mapping was carried out on the traits and significant QTL were claimed at a logarithm of the odds (LOD) score >2.5. A total of 50 QTL were detected on nine chromosomes or 13 linkage groups, respectively. Six promising QTL regions with seven QTL for yield and agronomic traits especially related to pre-flowering drought tolerance were identified on chromosomes SBI-01, SBI-03, SBI-04, SBI-05 and SBI-07.

Effects of Sowing Dates on Yield,Agronomic Traits and Resistance of Millet in Yan'an

[ Objective ] This study aimed to investigate the appropriate sowing dates of different millet varieties and analyzed the yield, agronomic traits and resist- ance of millet. [ Method ] Split-plot design was employed with sowing date and millet variety assigned to the main plot and sub-plot, respectively, to investigate the effects of sowing dates on yield, agronomic traits and resistance of millet. [ Result] The results showed that early or late sowing would lead to yield reduction. Changsheng 07, Jingu 36 and Changnong 35 exhibited higher yield. Based on the yield, agronomic traits and resistance, the appropriate sowing date of Changsheng 07, Jingu 40 and Jingu 36 was May 13 ; the appropriate sowing date of Yangu 13 and Changnong 35 was May 20. [ Conclusion] The most appropriate sowing date of millet in Yan＇an was May 10 to May 20. Key words Millet; Sowing date; Yield; Agronomic traits ; Resistance

Effects of Different Water Treatment on Yield and Agronomic Traits of Wheat

In order to make clear the effects of water on yield and agronomic traits of wheat in Cangzhou,18 wheat cultivars from north part of Huanghuai Plain were collected for spring irrigation. The indoor and field surveys were used to analyze the effects of irrigation frequency on stem tiller situation,leaf area coefficient,yield and other traits of different wheat cultivars. The results indicated that the average yield of irrigation 1 increased by 68. 07 kg compared with that of irrigation 0,while the average yield of irrigation 2 increased by 60. 00 kg compared with that of irrigation 1. The survey of flag leaf area of wheat cultivars at the grain filling stage showed that the leaf area of irrigation 0 was the smallest( 18. 15 cm^2 on average),the leaf area of irrigation 1 was 20. 34 cm^2,and the leaf area of irrigation 2 was 24. 05 cm^2. With the increase in the irrigation times,the volume weight of wheat cultivars declined,the number of infertile spikelet dropped,and the plant height gradually increased. In conclusion,every decrease of one time of irrigation times,there will be loss of yield about 60. 00 kg.

QTL Analysis of Agronomic Traits in Soybean

[Objective]The aim was to analyze QTL of agronomic traits in soybean and provide reference for a discussion on soybean genetic mechanism and genetic breeding. [Method]The composite interval mapping method was used for QTL location and genetic effects analysis on 5 quantitative traits including protein content,fat content,yield,100-grain weight and growth period. [Result]The control of these traits 4,4,1,2,5,a total of 16 QTL loci was detected. The genetic contribution rate was in 7.4%-33.7%,among which,a large main-effect QTL of the genetic contribution rate were located in linkage group I Satt562-Sat_219,Sat_219-Satt496,Sat_219-Satt496 interval of the three control protein content QTL sites,their genetic contribution rates were 29.15%,33.7 % and 31.67% respectively,all from the female parent Hefeng 25 plus minor gene; still in O linkage group Satt477-Satt331,Satt331-Satt153 interval of two control growing period QTL loci,their genetic contribution rates were up to 24.69% and 24.96%,also from the female parent Hefeng 25 plus minor gene. In addition,six QTL sites from M linkage group Satt175 （protein）,A1 linkage group Satt684 （oil）,F linkage group Satt348 （oil）,J linkage group Sat_412 （oil）,C1 linkage group Sat_416 （100-grain weight） and C1 linkage group Sat_416 （growth period） marks only 0.01 cm were detected. [Conclusion]QTL sites which had effects on the 5 important agronomic traits in soybean were located.

Analysis on Major Agronomic Traits and Yield of Huayu Series of Peanut Cultivars under Mulched Drip Irrigation

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the appearance of major agronomic traits and yield potential of Huayu series of peanut cultivars under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, so as to provide core parent materials for new peanut cultivar breeding in Xinjiang during Thirteenth Five-Year Plan. [Method] A total of 16 peanut cultivars of Huayu series were studied systematically by field experiment and laboratory analysis. In addition, the main stem height, lateral branch length, pod number per plant, 100-pod weight, 100-kernel weight, pod length, pod width and yield of different peanut cultivar were compared. [Result]Under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, the appearance of major agronomic traits of peanut cultivars in Xinjiang was better than that in Shandong areas. In Xinjiang, the yields of the peanut cultivars were increased in varying degrees. However,there were some differences in appearance of major agronomic traits, as well as yield, among different peanut cultivars. Among all the peanut cultivars, the single-plant productivities of Huayu 22, Huayu 28 and Huayu 50 were higher than those of the other cultivars, and the yields of Huayu 33 and Huayu 50 were higher than those of the other cultivars. Meanwhile, the late two cultivars' comprehensive traits were excellent. [Conclusion] In the high-yielding breeding of peanut in Xinjiang, Huayu 33 and Huayu50 can be used as core parent materials. Under the condition of mulched drip irrigation, their yield potential can be further explored.

Correlation and Principal Component Analysis on Main Agronomic Traits of New Waxy Corn Varieties

[Objective] This study was conducted to provide certain theoretical reference for the comprehensive evaluation and breeding of new fresh waxy corn vari- eties. [Method] With 5 good fresh waxy corn varieties as experimental materials, correlation analysis and principal component anatysis were performed on 13 agronomic traits, i.e., plant height, ear position, ear weight, ear diameter, axis diameter, ear length, bald tip length, ear row number, number of grains per row, 100-kernel weight, fresh ear yield, tassel length, and tassel branch number. [Result] The principal component analysis performed to the 13 agronomic traits showed that the first three principal components, i.e., the fresh ear yield factors, the tassel factors and the bald top factors, had an accumulative contribution rate over 87.2767%, and could basically represent the genetic information represented by the 13 traits. The first principal component is the main index for the selection and evaluation of good corn varieties which should have large ear, large ear diameter but small axis diameter, i.e., longer grains, larger number of grains per ear, higher, 100-grain weight and higher plant height. As to the second principal component, the plants of fresh corn varieties are best to have longer tassel and not too many branches, and under the premise of ensuring enough pollen for the female spike, the varieties with fewer tassel branches shoud be selected as far as possible. From the point of the third principal component, bald tip length affects the marketing quality of fresh corn, and during fariety evaluation and breeding, the bald top length should be control at the Iowest standard. [Conclusion] The fresh ear yield of corn is in close positive correlation with ear weight, 100-grain weight, ear diameter, number of grains per row and ear length, and plant height also affects fresh ear yield.

RITSD Analysis of the Agronomic Traits of Somaclonal in Rice

[Objective]The aim was to study the sensitive response characteristics of the main agronomic traits of somaclonal and the variation of sensitive response of the lines of somaclonal to sowing date. [Method]The RITSD changing of agronomic traits was studied by using 24 rice somaclonal and its donor parent under two sowing dates. [Result]The average values of RITSD were higher （over one） for the traits of pant height （PH）,density of spikelets （DS）,filled spikelets per panicle （FSP）,spikelets per panicle （SP） and grain weight per plant （GWP）,but lower for days of sowing to heading （DSH）,effective panicles （EP）,panicle length （PL）,seed setting rate （SS） and 1 000-grain weight （1 000-GW）. These showed that PH,DS,FSP,SP and GWP were easily affected by sowing date and tended to higher with the later sowing; the RITSD of somaclonal changed with the agronomic traits. The frequency of RITSD＇ variation of DSH and PH was higher than that of PL. The RITSD＇ value of EP,PL,DS,FSP,SP and SS became higher,and higher or lower for DSH and GWP in different somaclonal; compared with the donor,20 of 24 was significantly different,and the frequency of RITSD variation was over 83. 3%,however,RITSD of the most lines （75%） changed only for 1-2 characters; cluster analysis showed that the RITSD of agronomic traits belonged to different combinations of somaclonal in rice. [Conclusion]the study had provided a theoretical basis for the screening and using of the somaclonal.

Improvement for Agronomic Traits of Partial Waxy Wheat by Combination of Backcrossing with a PCR-based DNA Marker

To improve agronomic traits of partial waxy wheat, crossing between Chinese Baihuomai and wheat cultivars PH85-16, Jinan 17, and Yannong 15 was performed. The progeny plants were further backcrossed to these cultivars as recurrent parents for five generations. To get homozygous plants with the null allele at the Wx-D1 locus, self-pollination was carried out in the BC5F1 generation. Through another three generations, 6 partial waxy wheat lines were obtained, which had similar agronomic performance as their recurrent parents and carried the null allele at the Wx-D1 locus. In each generation, the Wx-D1 locus was identified by a PCR-based DNA marker and the agronomic traits were examined in progeny plants. The results from this study indicate that the use of backcrossing with a PCR-based DNA marker was useful in waxy wheat breeding. These partial waxy wheat lines can be used in field production.

Effect of Planting Density on Physiological Indexes, Agronomic Traits and Yield of Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)

Ningqiao 1 was selected as the material to study the effects of planting density on physiological indices,agronomic traits and yield of buckwheat.The results showed that high density resulted in decreases of chlorophyll content,soluble protein content and activity of SOD,POD and CAT,and acceleration of MDA accumulation under drought conditions.Low density could effectively improve the grain number per plant,grain weight per plant,1000-grain weight and yield in drought conditions.

Research on the Agronomic,Quality Traits and the Corresponding Background Genes Distribution of Wheat Germplasm Ningchun 4 and Its Parents

[Objective] The aim of this study was to observe the agronomic,yield and quality traits of Ningchun 4 and its parents under the same environmental conditions,as well as to carry out molecular detection on the background genes distribution of the corresponding traits.[Method]Ningchun 4 and its parents Sonora 64,Hongtu,Abbondanza,Quality were used as materials to detect the agronomic and quality traits,as well as to analyze the genetic variation laws by molecular determination method.[Result]Ningchun 4 had inherited the advantages of bigger spike,red and hard grain from Sonora 64 and higher 1 000-grain weight from Hongtu.However,it had also inherited the disadvantages of late-maturing from Sonora 64 and lower tillering ability from Hongtu;the grain quality of Ningchun 4 was slightly lower than the Sonora 64;Ningchun 4 had high quality subunit of 5＋10,which had good dough rheological properties.[Conclusion]Ningchun 4 had inherited the long photoperiod characteristics and no-resistant to slow-leaf rusting and stripe rust characteristics from Hongtu and low PPO activity,high yellow pigments content from parents.