A Comparative Study on the Performance and Environmental Characteristics of Alternatives to R22 in Residential Air Conditioners for Tunisian Market

This paper presents the simulation results of a 9000 BTU/h air conditioner with some selected fluids that have been assessed for their suitability as alternatives to R22 for air conditioners. Only those refrigerants with zero Ozone Depletion Potential （ODP） are considered. The performances of 11 refrigerants were comparatively studied using the simulation software NIST Cycle_D. R134a, R290, R600, R404A, R407A, R407B, R407C, 407D, R410A, R410B, and R417A are considered in this study. The thermal performances, which are obtained with R 134a and R290, are very close to those of R22. The power consumptions of the unit operating with R404A, R407C, and R410A are higher in the range 22-31% with respect of R22. For the units operating with 407A, R407B, R407D, R407E, and R410B, the electric consumptions are higher in the range 10-23%. For R600, the power consumptions are in the range 6-8%. For all the fluids, the COP is lower by 7-24% than R22, except for R600 for which the COP is higher by 7-9%, and R134a and R290 which exhibit the same COP as R22. When considering the thermal and environmental parameters, R290 is identified as the best candidate for R22, provided the safety aspects of using R290 are addressed.

Optimal Scheduling of Air Conditioners for Energy Efficiency

Energy saving is one of the most important research hotspots, by which operational expenditure and CO2 emission can be reduced. Optimal cooling capacity scheduling in addition to temperature control can improve energy efficiency. The main contribution of this work is modeling the telecommunication building for the fabric cooling load to schedule the operation of air conditioners. The time series data of the fabric cooling load of the building envelope is taken by simulation by using Energy Plus, Building Control Virtual Test Bed （BCVTB）, and Matlab. This pre-computed data and other internal thermal loads are used for scheduling in air conditioners. Energy savings obtained for the whole year are about 4% to 6% by simulation and the field study, respectively.

Window Air Conditioners Transition and Restriction in Saudi Arabia

This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spreading inside KSA than the split type, also it will discuss some restrictions for trading and manufacturing of air conditioner devices inside KSA besides some restrictions on market and buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the consumption of energy which become a big trend in kingdom vision 2030. The results of this suggesting solution will help the decision-makers to start its plan for execution as it has a big difference between using window type from 2022 till 2030 and if we stop its sales and replace by an efficient one of split AC type in energy consumption in addition to CO2 emission reduction and decreasing of energy cost, hence our kingdom can save petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.

Jirong Air Conditioners

Various kinds of cabinet air conditioners,roof top air conditioners, cool-water set of air conditioners, and air treatment apparatuses,produced by Guangdong Jirong Air Conditioner Equipment Corporation, using world namebrand compressors, blower fans, computers,and control devices and other materials imported from abroad, are widely used in industrial and civil projects. The quality of the products is reliable, with low noise, easy operation, and high precision for control. Their main quotas for specifications are up to the international advanced standards. The output of Jirong cabinet and roof-top air conditioners is the leader in the country. The variety of cabinet conditioners includes water-cool and air-coon ones

Air-condition process for scalable fabrication of CdS/ZnS 1D/2D heterojunctions toward efficient and stable photocatalytic hydrogen production

We report the scalable fabrication of CdS/ZnS 1D/2D heterojunctions under ambient air conditions(i.e.,room temperature and atmospheric pressure)in which ZnS nanoparticles are anchored on the surface of CdS nanosheets.The as-formed heterojunctions exhibit a significantly enhanced photocatalytic H_(2) evolution rate of 14.02 mmol h^(-1) g^(-1) when irradiated with visible light,which is~10 and 85 times higher than those of pristine CdS nanosheets and CdS nanoparticles,respectively,and superior to most of the CdS-based photocatalysts reported to date.Furthermore,they provide robust photocatalytic performance with demonstratable stability over 58 h,indicating their potential for practical applications.The formation of 1D/2D heterojunctions not only provides improved exposed active sites that respond to illumination but also provides a rapid pathway to generate photogenerated carriers for efficient separation and transfer through the matrix of single-crystalline CdS nanosheets.In addition,first-principles simulations demonstrate that the existence of rich Zn vacancies increases the energy level of the ZnS valence band maximum to construct type-II and Z-scheme mixed heterojunctions,which plays a critical role in suppressing the recombination of carriers with limited photocorrosion of CdS to enhance photocatalytic behavior.

Remote Control of Unitary Air Conditioner Based on Manufacturing Message Specification

Traditional air conditioner used to be in local control mode. However, with the development of modern information technology, the control of air conditioner will have to support many more functions. As a first step in such a development, we have implemented a remote monitoring system of unitary air conditioners, using the manufacturing message specification (MMS). MMS is an OSI application protocol designed for the remote control and monitoring of real devices. The functions supported are those that an operator would do normally at the console of the unitary air conditioner. Due to the accomplishment of UMCS (Unitary air conditioner MMS Control System), there will be a leap of the application of MMS and the control technology of unitary air conditioner.

Critical assessment of R410A alternatives for mini-split air conditioners in the Egyptian market

In this study,the potential implementation of three different low-GWP refrigerants(R32,R452B,and R454B)as replacements for R410A was investigated.The study was performed using a simulation tool developed by the authors called RACHP-Lab,which is a vapor compression system simulation tool developed based on physics-based simulation for typical mini-split air conditioners.The simulation study was carried out and validated using experimental performance data of 10 different air conditioning units available in the Egyptian market.The units included fixed-speed or variable-speed compressors and operated in cooling or heating modes.Drop-in replace-ment with the new refrigerants was carried out.For R32,the capacity increased between 4.9%and 13%for cooling cases,and 6.3%and 12.4%for heating cases.However,COP did not improve in all cases.For R452B and R454B with direct replacement,the capacity nearly remained the same,with an increase of COP between 1.6%and 8.0%.Soft optimization was also conducted on cooling cases where compressor suction superheat,condenser subcooling,and compressor volumetric speed were optimized to maximize COP while maintaining the original capacity of R410A.R32 showed an improvement of COP over R410A between 4.6%and 15.5%,while for R452B and R454B between 2.2%and 13.2%.

DISPLACEMENT CONTROL AND KINETIC ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR FOR AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONER

A novel variable displacement compressor (VDC) for automotive air conditioner (AAC) is introduced, which inherits the advantages of common wobble plate type VDC. It has fewer parts and makes less noise, and instead of pneumatic valve the displacement is controlled by electronic control valve. In order to know the control mechanism well and get a good control effect, a mathematical model for the variable displacement mechanism is developed according to the geometrical and kinematical information of the compressor. Using the model, the effect of relevant parameters on variable displace control is estimated. It is helpful to make the optimum decision in the flow control of AAC. As the novel displacement control device, the structure and control rule of electronic control valve is introduced. It can get better effect than the conventional pneumatic valves. And by using this new electronic control device, the optimum systemic control of AAC is available.

A Study on the Reduction of the Aerodynamic Drag and Noise Generated By the Roof Air Conditioner of High-Speed Trains

In order to investigate how the aerodynamic drag and noise produced by the roof air conditioner of a high-speed train can be reduced,the related unsteady flow in the near-field was computed using the method of large eddy simulation.In this way,the aerodynamic source for noise generation has initially been determined.Then,the far-field aerodynamic noise has been computed in the framework of the Lighthill’s acoustics analogy theory.The propulsion height and flow-guide angle of the roof air conditioner were set as the design variables.According to the computational results,a lower propulsion height or flow-guide angle is beneficial in terms of aerodynamic drag and noise mitigation.However,compared to the design scheme with propulsion height of 0mm,the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the configuration with propulsion height of 190mm and flow-guide angle of 30°is slightly larger,while the aerodynamic noise is obviously reduced.Thus,from the viewpoint of the aerodynamic drag and noise,the design scheme with propulsion height of 190 mm and flow-guide angle of 30°is the optimal configuration in the range of conditions examined in the present work.

Girth welding system for vortex type refrigeration compressor of air conditioner

According to the requirements of welding process for vortex type compressor of air conditioner manufactured in product line, a special girth welding machine with PLC as control core was developed, which had both upright and 45 ° incline service positions. And some key technologies were researched, such as structural design of machine body, reliable conduction of rotary weldments and quality control of welding process and so on. The experimental results showed that this machine could satisfy the requirements of welding quality and girth welding technology, results also proved the machine was a high-effwiency and low-cost automatic welding device.

Water, land, and energy use efficiencies and financial evaluation of air conditioner cooled greenhouses based on field experiments

High temperature and humidity can be controlled in greenhouses by using mechanical refrigeration cooling system such as air conditioner(AC)in warm and humid regions.This study aims to evaluate the techno-financial aspects of the AC-cooled greenhouse as compared to the evaporative cooled(EV-cooled)greenhouse in winter and summer seasons.Two quonset single-span prototype greenhouses were built in the Agriculture Experiment Station of Sultan Qaboos University,Oman,with dimensions of 6.0 m long and 3.0 m wide.The AC-cooled greenhouse was covered by a rockwool insulated polyethylene plastic sheet and light emitting diodes(LED)lights were used as a source of light,while the EV-cooled greenhouse was covered by a transparent polyethylene sheet and sunlight was used as light source.Three cultivars of high-value lettuce were grown for experimentation.To evaluate the technical efficiency of greenhouse performance,we conducted measures on land use efficiency(LUE),water use efficiency(WUE),gross water use efficiency(GWUE)and energy use efficiency(EUE).Financial analysis was conducted to compare the profitability of both greenhouses.The results showed that the LUE in winter were 10.10 and 14.50 kg/m^(2) for the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses,respectively.However,the values reduced near to 6.80 kg/m^(2) in both greenhouses in summer.The WUE of the AC-cooled greenhouse was higher than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse by 3.8%in winter and 26.8%in summer.The GWUE was used to measure the total yield to the total greenhouse water consumption including irrigation and cooling water;it was higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse than in the EV-cooled greenhouse in both summer and winter seasons by almost 98.0%–99.4%.The EUE in the EV-cooled greenhouse was higher in both seasons.Financial analysis showed that in winter,gross return,net return and benefit-to-cost ratio were better in the EVcooled greenhouse,while in summer,those were higher in the AC-cooled greenhouse.The values of internal rate of return in the AC-and EV-cooled greenhouses were 63.4%and 129.3%,respectively.In both greenhouses,lettuce investment was highly sensitive to changes in price,yield and energy cost.The financial performance of the AC-cooled greenhouse in summer was better than that of the EV-cooled greenhouse and the pattern was opposite in winter.Finally,more studies on the optimum LED light intensity for any particular crop have to be conducted over different growing seasons in order to enhance the yield quantity and quality of crop.

Guangdong Rowa Air Conditioner Co, Ltd.

THE COMPANYGuangdong Rowa Air Conditioner Company Limited, a subsidiary of Great Wall Cybertech Limited, is a leading air conditioner manufacturer in the People’s Republic of China. It was formerly the Guangdong Sanning Air-Conditioner Co., Ltd.

The Energy Efficiency Label to Be Attached on the Air Conditioner and Refrigerator

It is reported that from March 1 st, 2005, the energy efficiency label will be attached on the household refrigerators and air conditioners in China.

Estimation of Vapor Quality at Compressor Suction of Air Conditioner

To evaluate performance and reliability of an air conditioner, the states of its refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle need to be understood. Since the isentropic exponent of the next-generation refrigerant R32 is larger than that of conventional refrigerant R410A, the compressor discharge temperature of R32 is higher than that of R410A. When a wet refrigerant is entered into a compressor suction line to decrease the discharge temperature, it is generally difficult to estimate the vapor quality at the suction. This paper describes a method that estimates a vapor quality at the compressor suction by applying energy balances on the compressor with the values of suction pressure, discharge pressure, discharge temperature, etc. In the air conditioner test, the vapor qualities at the compressor suction estimated with this method agreed well with those estimated with the conventional method by measuring liquid and vapor flow-rates. Moreover, this paper derived a relational expression for estimating a compressor suction state from a discharge state and discusses the characteristics of the coefficients in the expression calculated from the test results.

Fault detection and diagnosis of electric bus air conditioning systems incorporating domain knowledge and probabilistic artificial intelligence

The air conditioning systems in electric city buses usually operate in rapidly changing ambient conditions and are more likely to suffer from mechanical faults. Although many fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods have been developed for building air conditioning systems, they are difficult to be applied to bus air conditioners since its operation is highly dynamic and fault-free data are usually unavailable. Therefore, this paper proposes an FDD method for electric bus air conditioners to tackle the above issues. First, the method identifies faults in an unsupervised manner by comparing selected features among a group of peer systems. Then, considering the features are influenced by the operating conditions, Gaussian process regression (GPR) models are established to find the relationships between each feature and its influential parameters. The probabilistic nature of the GPR is used to differentiate predictions with large uncertainty, which are then excluded from FDD. In this way, robustness of the method is evidently improved. Finally, fault indexes are defined to detect and diagnose mechanical faults. We applied the method to a group of air conditioners in a city bus fleet. Results showed that it can effectively identify refrigerant undercharge and indoor and outdoor fan problems with low false positive/genitive rates. Also, the method is highly robust and not sensitive to the faulty systems in the bus fleet.

基于正交试验的空调室外机顶板优化设计

In this paper,the modal analysis of an air conditioner outdoor unit is carried out and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results to verify its accuracy.Aseparate structural optimization analysis is performed for the top plate,and the compression bars of the top plate are changed from transverse to vertical placement.The simulation results show that the natural frequency and stiffness of the top plate are improved.Under the premise of vertical placement of the compression bars,a three-factor,three-level orthogonal test is conducted to find the optimal combination of low-order natural frequency and high-order natural frequency in the given range.

Application-driven development of a thermal imaging-based cabin occupant thermal sensation assessment model and its validation

The air conditioning(A/C)of cabins allows for customized control,but manual adjustments may distract drivers,as well as result in energy inefficiency.Several existing thermal sensation models require complex inputs,which are challenging to gather whilst driving.To address this issue,this study developed a non-contact thermal sensation model for cabin occupants based on thermal imaging sensor.To collect actual data used for modeling,an outdoor subject experiment was conducted.In this study,initial training was conducted to compare the performance of six algorithms in building the model,with random forests algorithm showing the best performance.Besides,this study employed the recursive feature elimination(RFE)method with cross-validation algorithm for identifying the key features.In the end,the model was retrained using the selected features.The model that incorporated both environmental parameters and facial-temperature features demonstrated the best performance,with an R2 of 0.659 on the test set.Eliminating the hard-to-measure windshield surface temperature resulted in a slight reduction in accuracy,yielding an R2 of 0.651.To verify the generalizability of the model,this study further conducted independent validation experiments.The selected model,which exhibited a mean absolute error(MAE)of less than 0.4 in thermal sensation units,was proven to be highly applicable.The results can offer new solutions for automatic control of cabin A/C.

Demand response:a strategy to address residential air-conditioning peak load in Australia

Rapid growth in electricity network peak demand is increasing pressure for new investment which may be used for only a few hours a year.Residential airconditioning is widely believed to be the prime cause of the rise in peak demand but,in the absence of detailed residential demand research,there is no bottom-up empirical evidence to support this supposition or to estimate its impact.This paper first examines the developments in network peak demand,at a national,network distribution,and local distribution feeder level to show recent trends in peak demand.Secondly,this paper applies analytics to the half-hourly consumption data of a sample of Ausgrid’s interval metered customers,combined with local weather data,to develop an algorithm which can recognize air-conditioner use and can identify consumption patterns and peak load.This estimate is then compared to system peaks to determine residential airconditioning’s impact on overall demand.Finally,this paper considers the future impacts of air-conditioning load on peak demand as penetration rates reaches saturation levels and new minimum energy performance standards take effect reducing new units peak impacts.